Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
12-1986
A Demonstration of Cartographic Modeling for Evaluating Natural Resources
Olufemi Amos Olaleye Stephen F Austin State University
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This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Demonstration of Cartographic Modeling for Evaluating Natural Resources
This thesis is available at SFA ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/33 A DEMONSTRATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING FOR EVALUATING NATURAL RESOURCES l·
I I APPROVED: \J ~~~ \.. . Or. Kent T_ Adair, Dissertation Director \ , ---
Walker, Committee Member
Dr. David L. Kulhavy, C mmittee Member ... £..t.--.I!.~h . Dr. R. Lee Rayburn. Committee Member /~~b//~ / ,~ ~.. . ~mes E. Howard, Committee ember A DEMONSTRATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING FOR EVALUATING NATURAL RESOURCES
by OLUFEMI AMOS OLALEYE, B.S., M.F.
Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School of Stephen F. Austin state University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Forestry
STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY December 1986
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank the members of my committee; Dr. Kent T. Adair. Dr. Laurence C. Walker. Dr. R. Lee Rayburn. Dr. David L. Kulhavy and Dr. James E. Howard for their guidance and support throughout this study. I especially appreciate the support of Dr. Kent T. Adair. who served as my major advisor. I appreciate the support and encouragement of Dr. James C. Kroll and Robert Garner. I owe special acknowledgement to Dr. Joseph K. Berry and Dr. Clark S. Binkley of Yale University for their assistance. I extend my special thanks to Rodney Peters and other staff members at the U.S. Forest Service Supervisor's Office in Lufkin, Texas. for their assistance and cooperation in obtaining maps of the study area. I appreciate the assistance of Glenn Millard of Technical Support. Computer Center. Stephen F. Austin State University, in computer map reproduction. lowe special thanks to Dr. Garnet Brown and Mr. J.O. Alabi of the Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI) for their encouragement and support. I appreciate their assistance and cooperation. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Maria, and our children Tayo, Toyin and Tunde for their patience and
i understanding.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS...... ••••••.•••.• •••••• iii LIST OF FIGURES...... iv LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES...... v LIST OF TABLES ••••••••••••..••••.••••••••• viii I INTRODUCTION...... 2 II CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING...... 6 III COMPUTER MAPPING PROCEDURES...... 16 IV DEMONSTRATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING...... 25 V EVALUATION OF MODELS ••••.•••••••••••••••••• 37 VI CO NC LUS IONS. •• •• •••.••••.•••••••••.••.••••• 57 LITERATURE CITED ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 66
APPENDICES...... 69 APPENDIX 1: CELL-SIZE DETERMINATION •••••••• 69 APPENDIX 2: HISTORIC CHANGE MODEL •••••••••• 73 APPENDIX 3: HISTORIC TO CURRENT MODEL •••••• 99 APPENDIX 4: PROXIMITY MODEL •••••••••••••••• 113
ABSTRACT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 141
VITA •.•••••••••••.•••••••••.••••••••••••••• 142
iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.00 Data structure of MAP ••••••••••••••••••••• 14 Figure 2.00 Geographical boundaries of study area ••••• 18 Figure 2.01 Allocation of cells to the boundaries and areas within a rhombus •••••••••••••••••••• 40 Figure 2.02 X and· Y coordinates of the four corners of a square with side 1 inch •••••••••••••• 51
iv LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES Figure 3.00 Flowchart of the Historic Model showing the initial, intermediate and final maps •••••• 74 Figure 3.01 Map of the Angelina National Forest in 1984 ...... •..•..•.....••• 76 Figure 3.02 Map of the Angelina National Forest in 1948 ....•••.....•.....••...... •.•• 78 Figure 3.03 A composite map of the forest in 1948 and 1984 ...... •...... •....• 80 Figure 3.04 Map showing where changes had occurred in the forest between 1948 and 1984. This map also contains the non-overlapping boundaries of th e fares t 82 Figure 3.06 Map showing only those areas where forest area adjustment changes had occurred after the extraction of non-overlapping boundaries and insignificant changes ••••••••••••••••••••• 84 Figure 3.07 Map of Sam Rayburn reservoir •••••••••••••• 86 Figure 3.08 Map showing a combination of changes due to forest area adjustment and reservoir development ...... •.•.....•...... •.•• 88 Figure 3.09 Map of the Wilderness Area on the Angelina National Forest {only the Upland Island Wilderness Area can be shown because of space 1 imitations) 90 Figure 3.10 Map of changes due to forest area adjustment, reservoir development and management strategy ••••••••••••••••••••••• 92 Figure 3.13 Map of changes in the external boundaries of the National Forest in 1948 and 1984 ••• 94 Figure 3.14 Map of changes due to forest area adjustment, reservoir development, management strategy and boundary adjustment ...... •.....• 96
v LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES (CONTINUED)
Figure 3.15 Map of summary of all changes ~n the Angelina National Forest between 1948 and 1984...... 9Sl Figure 4.00 Flowchart of the Current-to-Future Change Model showing initial, intermediate and final maps •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 100 Figure 4.01 Map of boundary of the proposed Roc k1and res erv oi r. ••••••••••••••••••••• •• 102 Figure 4.02 Map of the proposed Rockland reservoir •••• 104 Figure 4.03 Map of the area within the Angelina National Forest in 1984 ••••••.•••••••••••• 106 Figure 4.04 Map of the Angelina National Forest in 1984 108 Figure 4.05 Future map of the Angelina National Forest area due to the proposed Rockland La ke Proj ect. ••..•.••••••....•••.••••••• •• 110 Figure 4.06 Map showing a summary of changes in the Angelina National Forest due to the proposed Rockland Lake Project •••••••••••• 112 Figure 5.00 Flowchart of the Proximity Model showing initial, intermediate and final maps •••••• 114 Figure 5.01 Map of the major roads in the northeastern portion of the Angelina National Forest ••• 116 Figure 5.02 Map of the pulp mill site ••••••••••••••••• 118 Figure 5.03 Map of the proximity of the forest to the pulp mill in miles •••••••••••••••••••••••• 120 Figure 5.04 Map of the forest compartment in the study area...... 122 Figure 5.07 Map of areas that are further than four one quarter-mile units from the roads ••••••••• 124
vi LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES (CONTINUED)
Figure 5.12 Map ~f the proximity of the forest to the roads in quarter-mile units •••••••••••••• 126 Figure 5.13 Forest to road proximity map excluding a buffer zone on either side of the roads ••.•.•...... •.....•...... ••.•.• 128 Figure 5.14 Map of the forested and non-forested areas ; n 1986 ...... •.....•...... ••• 130 Figure 5.15 Map of the available forest resources excluding the Wilderness Areas and the Bannister Wildlife Management Area ••••••• 132 Figure 5.16 Map of rivers, creeks, and reservoir in the study area ••.••••••••.••••••••••••••• 134 Figure 5.17 Map of the areas that are susceptible to flooding or erosion ••••••••••••••••••• 135 Figure 5.18 Map of the available forested areas excluding the buffer zone along the roads, wilderness areas and flood-prone ar eas •••••••.••.••••••••.••••••.••••.•••• 138 Figure 5.19 Proximity map of the available forested areas to the roads and pulp mill ••••••••• 140
vii LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Allocation of cells to linear features by MAP ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 Table 2. Allocation of cells to boundaries and enclosed areas of features ••••••••••••••••••• 42 Table 3. MAP estimates of the area within the Angelina National Forest at a scale of 1:126,720...... 44 Table 4. Map estimates of the two wilderness area at a scale of 1:126,720 •••••••••••••••••••••• 45 Table 5. MAP estimates of the Turkey Hill Wilderness Area at a scale of 1:24,000 •••••••••••••••••• 47 Table 6. Tabular comparison of the Angelina National Forest in 1948 and 1984 ••••••••••••• 49 Table 7. Tabular comparison of the Angelina National Forest and the Rockland r eserv 0 1 r 52 Table 8. Tabular comparison of the Compartment Map and the PRESAVAIL map •••••••••••••••••••••••• 54
viii A Demonstration of Cartographic Modeling for Evaluating Natural Resources CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Recent advances in space technology have facilitated the acquisition of extensive and accurate information on the natural resources of the earth. One of the challenges posed by the availability of this information is how to utilize it for the benefit of mankind. Fortunately, many research organizations and government agencies are actively engaged in the conversion of these data into usable forms like satellite imagery and maps. Natural resource managers are then faced with the arduous task of utilizing these maps for their resource management activities. This task has become more beneficial and less cumbersome because of the utilization of computer mapping systems. One of the most important components of these systems is the geographic information system (GIS). Devine and Fields (1986a:l) observed that GIS is simply a technology to expand the use of maps in management. Many public and private natural resource management agencies are already employing GIS in their day-to-day operations. The Tennessee Valley Authority has conducted over 350 regional and site specific projects using an upgraded IMGRID system
2 3
(Smart and Rowland 1986). Many industrial forest land owners use GIS to produce accurate maps that depict cover type, volumes; value, treatments, activities, conditions and hazard ratings (Consoletti 1986). The rapid increase in the number of these GIS in less than five years can be
attri~uted to the actual and perceived benefits of using them for natural resource management. Many developing countries are not able to manage their resources efficiently because of inadequate or insufficient data. Apart from the scarcity of data, the real problem lies with the method of using the available data for natural resource management. The increasing availability of map type data (e.g. landsat and radar) will apply to developing countries--so geographic information system (GIS) is needed in developing countries to make better use of currently scarce information, but also to organize and guide the incorporation of new information as it becomes available for natural resource evaluations. Developing countries need to take advantage of the availability of different kinds of GIS. These systems have different capabilities and limitations. It will be extremely valuable if these countries train and develop a cadre of professionals and managers who will be competent in selecting, establishing and managing natural resource information systems. 4
A computerized management information system that is adapted to the needs of a developing country like Nigeria will help many resource management agencies to collect appropriate information in an organized fashion. A suitable management information system will eventually lead to the development and establishment of a reliable data base or bank. If such data banks are readily accessible, many resource managers will be able to exercise better judgment and take appropriate actions. The utilization of a computer mapping system can playa vital role in solving some of the problems associated with lack of reliable information and limited capabilities for solving natural resource problems in developing countries. A thorough understanding of how a representative low-cost grid-based computer mapping system is used to construct cartographic models for will aid in the evaluation of the utility of computer mapping systems in developing countries. 5
Objectives
The objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate cartographic modeling as a tool for resource evaluation in the context of developing countries. This evaluation will include: 1. Testing its analytical power in a variety of problems. 2. Demonstrating the logic (map algebra) that must be understood for building models. 3. Evaluating map accuracy at different scales with a grid-based system. CHAPTER II
~ARTOGRAPHIC MODELING
A cartographic model is a computer-assisted analysis
of maps (Berry 1984b:I). The primary unit used in
cartographic modeling is a map. Several of these maps are
stored in files in the data base of the particular GIS used
for building cartographic models. Each map contains vital
information on specific themes or categories of that map.
The spatial relationship and other attributes of all maps
in the data base are explored in a variety of ways by
combining these maps to produce new meaningful and useful
maps. The process of combining maps with the aid of
digital computers is facilitated by the values or numbers
assigned to each category or feature.
In a grid-based computer mapping system, a particular
category is represented by grid cells having the same
value. Maps may then be combined in a variety of ways by
using special commands or operations which instruct the
computer to combine the category values of one map with category values of other maps. Actual combinations of maps are done on cell-by-cell basis or on area-wide basis. The process of combining maps for constructing cartographic
b 7
models is similar to traditional algebraic methods. Berry (1984b:9) built a simple model to determine the percent change in land value for an entire town by using a series of map overlays which included data for current and past land values. This model can be expressed by the following commands: SUBTRACT MAPI MINUS MAP2 FOR MAP3. DIVIDE MAP3 BY MAP2 FOR FRACHNG. MULTIPLY FRACHNG BY 100 FOR PCTCHNG. Two maps were used in the construction of this model. The category values of MAP2 were subtracted from those of MAPl to produce a new map (MAP3) with new categories. Category values of MAP3 were divided by those of MAP2 to produce another map called FRACHNG. The category values of FRACHNG were then multiplied by 100 to produce a final map called PCTCHNG. There are two main physical requirements in cartographic modeling. First, cartographic modeling requires a suitable computer mapping system. This system (natural resource information system, geographic information system, or spatial information system) consists of a package of computer programs for manipulating and analyzing spatial information. Secondly, cartographic modeling requires an acceptable format for representing features in a given study area. The most acceptable and 8
widely used format is that of a map. Map-like articles such as aerial photographs are sometimes used. A computer mapping system typically consists of computer hardware, complete geographic information software, a data base and trained personnel to make the overall system work properly. Benefits of this system include increased rationality, ready production of effective graphics, ability to readily test ideas and the creation of a common framework for analysis (Oangermond and Smith 1982). One potential disadvantage of such a system is the familiar -garbage-in garbage-out- (GIGO) principle. Gittinger's (1982:9) warning about the vengeance of the GIGO principle is also applicable in cartographic modeling. Carstensen (1986) cited five major advantages of a computer mapping system. These include: 1. Large volumes of data can be stored compactly and retrieved Quickly and easily from a computerized data base. Since the study area is usually large, the use of a data base will provide Quick access to data and Quick comparison of data that would be impossible to integrate in any other manner. 2. A computer mapping system would eventually reduce the cost and time of generating maps and data. Carstensen (1986) noted that this advantage would be obvious once the initial cost and time have been expended to collect and 9
store data. The cost and time advantage is also obvious if the computer-based information system is compared to manual methods of doing the same analysis. 3. A computer mapping system would permit the use of data analysis methods that would be technically and economically infeasible through manual means. 4. Data can be updated more readily by a computer as opposed to other means. 5. A computer mappping system would facilitate the comparison of different development plans or actions. lists of available computer mapping systems have been compiled by Carter (1984:82-84), Berry (1984a), and the American Farmland Trust (1985). These surveys reveal that there are not less than 56 computer mapping software packages in the United States. Two distinct groups of computer mapping systems are recognized-- grid-based and polygon based systems. A grid-based computer mapping system is designed to represent features of a map by grids of square cells. One of these grid cells is sometimes called a pixel (picture element). Polygon-base systems represent features as irregular or geometric figures of three or more straight lines. Three examples of polygon-based systems are Comarc Intelligent Mapping System (CIMS), Land Use Mapping and Information System (LUMIS) and the Canadian Geographic Information System (eGIS). Other 10
computer mapping systems capable of storing and displaying features in grid and polygon forms include Areal Design and Planning Tool (ADAPT), Map Image Processing Systems (MIPS) and ODYSSEY Geographic Information System. The advantages and disadvantages of the grid and polygon based systems are highlighted by Berry (1984b:82). He observed that in a grid-based system, encoding can be done manually and less eomputer time and space is required to perform analyses. Grid cell representation also allows more sophisticated data analyses to be performed. Furthermore, grid-based systems employ less complicated software and the intuitive data structure of these systems is a distinct advantage. However, grid-based systems have four disadvantages: 1. Loss of spatial accuracy. 2. Difficulty in representing points and lines. 3. Commitment to one cell size. 4. Inability to represent dense data without small grid size. Polygon-based systems have two advantages. The first advantage is the accuracy or original data. Meyer et al. (1978:901) referred to this advantage as "geographic specificity". The second advantage of polygon-based systems is their capability to convert to any grid cell size for analysis. However, polygon-based systems require 11
sophisticated encoding and display requirements. Apart from this disadvantage, polygon-based systems employ very complex software. One important disadvantage pointed out by Meyer et al. (1978) is the difficulty of overlaying several polygon maps. Polygon-based systems are much more complex and expensive but are generally of higher resolution and track more information. The cost of acquiring and managing these systems are extremely varied (as are the systems capabilities). The cost of purchasing software along ranges from as low as $50.00 (TOMIS) to as high as $150,000 or more (GEOMIPS). In developing countries, a low-cost system with limited capabilities would be of interest because budgets are limited and because limited data bases would not require extended analytical techniques.
Map Analysis Package Map Analysis Package (MAP) is a low-cost high-technology computer mapping system developed at Yale University for main-frame computers. It is one of the most widely used systems. Eighty-one universities, 24 public agencies and 53 private organizations are in possession of this software package (Berry 1984a). Tomlin (1983) described MAP as a set of computer programs pr~viding for encoding, storage, analysis and display of cartographic 12
information. The processing capabilities of MAP are organized as a series of basic operations which may be flexibly combined in a variety of more complex procedures. These operations are specified through user-oriented command language of short phrases assuming no prior experience in. computer programming. The processing capabilities of such sustems lie in their data storage and analysis operations. Four major sets of operations are available--reclassifying. overlay. cartographic distance and cartographic neighborhood. Berry (1984b:l0) defines these sets of operations as follows: a. Reclassifying: This is better conceived as the process of -recoloring a map-. Each of these operations defines a new map by reassigning categories of an existing map. b. Overlay: These are referred to as -light-table gymnastics·. Each of these operations defines a new map based on the inter-relationship of two or more existing maps. c. Cartographic distance. Each of these operations defines a new map as a function of proximity or connectivity among locations of an existing map. d. Cartographic neighborhood. This set of operations is visualized as a -roving window·. Each of these operations defines a new map based on 13
aggregate characters of neighboring points within an exising map. Data structure of MAP All information that is stored for processing by MAP is organized on the basis of individual maps (Tomlin 1980). These maps are collectively referred to as a data base. Each of these maps is stored in seperate file locations. Everyone of these map is designed to have"a name, category values, category labels, grid cells, map scales and a protection indicator (Figure 1). Figure 1 is a map called WATERMAP which has three category values of 0, 1 and 2. These category values represent dryland, river and ocean. These descriptions are the category labels. The category labels of a map will be dep~cted on the computer maps by symbols that represent their respective category values. The symbol for the 3 categories above are as follows: o = (blank)
1 = - 2 = =. The scale of these maps indicate the size of one cell or the resolution. The protection indicator prevents untimely removal of a particular map from the system. These pieces of information are required for the system to store and 14
------1----+ map file location number ------2----+ I ------3----/+ column number +------4-----+ 1 +------5----+ I +------6-/--+ +------/--7-----+ +------1------8-----+ grid cells · ---:--:--:--:--:--:--~--:il:-~-~-~-----9----rll' 1 1 2 ~ ~. ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "Imapscale 3 2220010000000/ 1 / 4 2200001000000 I I 5 2200000100000 I 6 2000000010000 , • 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 • 22200000000 1 0 I TI 22220000000011 row 1 ntJTIbe s WATERMAP (SCALE = 328) I (PROTECTED) I 0 = DRY LAND \ .1I I 1 = RIVER \ + I 2 = OCEAN + 1\'I \" \ 1+••••••.•.\ ••.•••• .).••.•..•••.••.••.•....\ ...•• I \ \ map name map map map category "category protection value label indicator
Figure 1.00. Data Structure of MAP. (from Tomlin, c. 0, 1980, Map Analysis Package, p. 5). 15 analyze data. Computer Mapping Procedures CHAPTER III
COMPUTER MAPPING PRELIMINARIES
Data Base Definition Two natural resource data bases were created. The first was compiled from maps at a scale of 1:126.720 and the second from maps at a scale of 1:24.000. The first data base was used to evaluate historic changes in a given natural resource management area (Problem 1) and to project future trends in the study area (Problem 2). This data base will be used to evaluate the accuracy of MAP at small scales. The second data base will be used to determine the proximity of resources to specific locations (Problem 3) and for further accuracy evaluation. Each of these map data bases is a collection of data about the cultural and natural resources of the specific study area. These data bases were created by encoding map information and storing it in computer memory. The first data base was from a study area that was geographically defined by Longitudes 94°37'30. Wand
94°02'30. Wand latitudes 31°00'00. Nand 31° , 30 00 . N (Figure 2). This study area is approximately
17 Chireno 2 1
Huntington • •
Figure 2.00 Geographical boundaries of the study area. *1 First Study area. *2 Second study area. 19
806,400 acres (322,560 hal and includes most of the USDA Forest Service Angelina National Forest in East Texas and adjoining areas as far west as Huntington. The eastern boundary of the study area is near Blue Springs. The northern boundary of the study area includes the city of Chireno while the southern boundary is about one mile south of Rockland. This area was chosen because of the availability of map information from 1948-1984 and varying land use. The second study area is included in the northeastern portion of the first study area. The second data base is at a larger scale (1:24,000). It is from an area that is geographically defined by longitudes 94 0 22'30· Wand 94 0 07'30. Wand latitudes 30 0 30'00. Nand 31 0 , 15 00 . N. This study area covers an area of 108,810 acres (43,524 hal. A second larger-scale area was used to examine the effect of scaling on the accuracy of the computer mapping system and to define the limits of this accuracy for resource managment purposes. Adaptation and Testing of MAP MAP was adapted to the Honeywell CP-6 mainframe computer system of Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU). The School of Forestry at SFASU is equipped with the following hardware for computer mapping: a. A 55 inch x 45 inch digitizer. 20
b. An IBM color monitor. c. A Tektronix 4105 color monitor. d. A Tektronix 4695 color printer. e. A 15 inch x 18 inch Bausch and Lomb plotter. g. A Bausch and Lomb CPS-19 complot plotter. The hardware and software were subjected to initial testing to ensure proper functioning of MAP. Maps of the
Ste~hen F. Austin Experimental Forest maintained by the USDA Forest Service were used to conduct these tests. Features on these maps were digitized and converted to grid-based computer maps. Selected MAP commands were used to ascertain that the system was working properly. Further tests were conducted with the use of MAP modules from Yale University. Encoding and Storing of Data Appropriate maps of the study areas were entered into the computer system by tracing map features on the digitizer. Extensive map files of important features of the study area were built. These files contain such information as county boundaries, roads, drainaige, relief, forest, and land-use. Each of these files is a record of the x and y coordinates of the boundaries representing the features. The editing and plotting capabilities of the computer mapping system were utilized to ensure that all 21
the data obtained from the digitizer truly represent features shown on the source maps. Errors emanating from shifts and rotations of maps on the digitizer were eliminated by fitting or referencing the digitized data to a 'mastermap' with well-defined corners and other permanent features. These data were converted to x-y coordinate units specific to the data base. Grid-based computer maps of these features were then created by use of special MAP commands (TRACE. CLUMP. RENUMBER. POINT and MAP). The TRACE commmand creates a new map by assigning values to cells which are situated along specified line segments. Each of the line segments is defined by the x and y coordinates specific to the data base. The CLUMP command is designed to assign grid cells to features that are completely enclosed by boundary cells. Before the CLUMP command is used. the RENUMBER command is invoked to assign a zero (0) value to the boundary cells and lIs to all other areas. The CLUMP command is then used to aggregate cells that are completely enclosed by boundaries. Boundaries of features may be retained by use of the RENUMBER command again to assign appropriate positive value. The RENUMBER. CLUMP and RENUMBER commands are used in succession for aggregating cells enclosed within boundaries of features. The POINT command is designed to create a new 22
map by assigning values to individual cells of an existing map. For example, the POINT command can be used to create a new map showing the site of a sawmill if the x and y coordinates are known. The MAP command or operation is designed to create a new map by assigning a constant value to all the cells of a map. For example, if a value of 100 is specified while using the MAP command, all the grid-cells of the new map will have a value of 100. After the creation of appropriate computer maps through these commands, cartographic modeling was used in solving each of the problems defined. Output Capabilities The accuracies of digitized line data were checked by displaying lines on color graphics terminal and plotter at different scales before conversion to grid-cells. Grid-cell maps were displayed and observed on a color monitor with the invocation of the DISPLAY command of MAP. Specific sections of the maps were examined by the inclusion of predetermined row and column numbers. Apart from the interactive display capabilities of MAP, hard-copies of grid-cell maps were obtained by routing output to a standard high speed line printer. Final high quality copies of satisfactory maps were obtained from a special line printer that eliminates undesirable top and bottom margins from the computer printouts. 23
Testing Resolution Prior to the cartographic modeling stage, tests were performed on the resolution .of the computer mapping system. Since MAP is a grid-based computer mapping system, map features were represented by grids of square cells in a well-defined row/column configuration. A cell is the smallest unit for representing features on computer maps. The size of each cell or the resolution of the map is a function of the scale of the source map, the size of the study area and the number of cells available in the map system. If the number of cells in a row or column are fixed, then the cell-size is automatically determined. MAP, as configured at SFASU, has a fixed format of 300 x 300 row and column cells. The cell-size and cell-width of the first data base were determined to be 8.96 acres and 625 feet respectively (in Appendix 1). The cell-size and cell-width of the second data base are 1.55 acres and 260 feet respectively (Appendix 1). Since MAP is a grid-based computer mapping system, several tests were conducted to see how features of different shapes and sizes would be represented on the computer maps. The number of cells allocated to each of these features by MAP were recorded and compared. The following features were used to conduct these tests: a. A series of 10 inch linear features drawn 24
along specified angles on transparent graph paper. b. Six square features with different widths and orientations. c. Two circular features with radii of 2 inches and 3 inches. d. Ten arcs with different radii. These tests were conducted to determine the accuracy of the computer mapping system as regards the length and shape of boundaries, and areas of features enclosed within these boundaries. The role of cell-size in determining the accuracies of these features were examined. A comparison of the accuracies of features based on the two chosen scales were made. The relative importance of boundary cells in accuracy determination was studied. The overall understanding of these inter-relationships may help to determine the utility and limitations of MAP in solving the three problems described in Chapter IV. Demonstration of Cartographic Modeling CHAPTER IV
DEMONSTRATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING
In order to demonstrate the utility of cartographic modeling for natural resource management, the MAP Analysis Package (MAP) was selected as a representative, low-cost grid-based computer mapping system. Three types of problems were addressed: 1. To evaluate the historic changes in a given natural resource management area; 2. To project future trends in the study area; and 3. To perform point-in-time evaluations such as determining resource proximity.
Problem One The main objective of this problem was to compare acres of manageable forest in 1948 versus 1984. Two U.S. Forest Service maps of these two periods at a scale of 1:126,720 were used to input forest boundaries. Computer maps were used to develop a cartographic model for determining changes in manageable forest in acres. The modeling process identified four types of changes
26 27
likely to affect the r~source management area. These were categorized as follows: a. Forested area adjustment changes--these changes are those that are due to acquisition, transfers, exchanges, and withdrawal from forest to non-forest uses. b. Reservoir changes--these changes are exclusively due to the creation of Sam Rayburn reservoir. c. Management Strategy Changes--these changes are brought about by changes in the status of
t~e forest from an unconditional and multi-purpose use of the forest to a limited and restrictive use of the forest for wilderness or special wildlife management. d. Boundary Adjustment Changes--these kinds of changes involve adjustments in the external boundary of the National Forest. It is not uncommon for boundary adjustment changes to overlap with forested areas adjustment changes. However, not all areas affected by boundary adjustment changes are forested. The He model (Appendix 2, Figure 3.00) was built in several stages: Forested areas of the National Forest in 1948 and 1984 were 28
isolated and compared by using reclassifcation and overlay operations. The two existing maps involved are NATFOR84
(NATIONAL FOREST IN 1984) and 48NATFOR (19~ NATIONAL FOREST). These were reclassified and overlayed to create COMPO FOR (COMPOSITE FOREST). Areas where changes had occurred between 1948 and 1984 were extracted from COMPOFOR (Appendix 2, Figure 3.03) to create TOTFORCHANGE (TOTAL FOREST CHANGE). MAPCOVER (MAP COVERl was specially created by use of the POINT command to isolate and eliminate insignificant changes in the forested area of the National Forest. The product of these MAP operations is a new map called FORCHANGE (FOREST CHANGE). Then, an existing map of the Sam Rayburn Reservoir called SAMRAYBURN (SAM RAYBURN RESERVOIR) was overlayed with FORCHANGE (Appendix 2, Figure 3.06) and reclassified to produce" FOR&RESC (FOREST AND RESERVOIR fHANGE). NATFOR84 was reclassified again to produce WILDERNESS (WILDERNESS AREAS). WILDERNESS (Appendix 2, Figure 3.09) was later combined with the newly created FOR&RESC to produce FRMSCHANGE (fOREST, BESERVOIR, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY CHANGE). Two existing maps of the boundaries of the National Forest in 1948 and 1984 (BOUND48 and BOUND84) were reclassified and overlayed to identify areas where boundary adjustment changes have taken place. The product of these operation is BOUNCHANGE (BOUNDARY CHANGE). 29
In order to examine all the four kinds of changes that have occurred, BOUCHANGE (Appendix 2, Figure 3.13) was combined with FRMSCHANGE to produce an intermediate map
called FRMSBDCH (£OREST, !ESERVOIR, MANAGEMENT ~TRATEGY.
AND ~OUNQARY CHANGES). For display purposes this map was reclassified to produce a final map called CHANGES (Appendix 2, Figure 3.15).
Problem Two The purpose of the second problem is to examine the current-to-future changes (CFC) that are likely to occur to the forested and nonforested areas within the Angelina National Forest if the proposed Rockland Lake Project (RLP) is implemented. Specifically, this model will attempt to measure acreages that will be lost within and outside the National Forest boundaries. The impact of this proposed lake on major categories including forested, nonforested and wilderness areas will be closely examined. Preliminary reports from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Fort Worth. Texas (U.S. Army Corps 'of Engineers 1985. "Notice of initiation and announcement of public meeting for initial reevaluation study: Rockland Lake. Neches River Basin.- p. 3.). indicate that the RLP would involve the construction of a multi-purpose lake on the Neches River in Texas. If implemented. the RLP would provide flood control measures. 30
conservation storage water, hydroelectric power and lake surface area for recreation, fish, and wildlife. For the purpose of solving this problem, the boundary of the proposed reservoir was defined by the minimum pool level of 150-foot contour line. This boundary was digitized from the 1985 USGS Topographic map of the study area at a scale of 1:24,000. The data were subsequently reduced to a scale of 1:126,720 through the fitting procedure of the computer mapping system. These data were then converted to appropriate map coordinates for building computer maps of the Rockland reservoir. Cartographic modeling was then used to project current-to-future land-use changes in the study area. The current-to-future change (CFC) model (Appendix 3, Figure 4.00) was built from an existing map called ROCKBOUND (ROCKLAND BOUNDARY). Reclassifying and neighborhood operations were used to distinguish cells within the reservoir from those outside.
ROCKRESV (ROCKLAND RESER~OIR) was the resultant map. To identify areas of the National Forest that were likely to be affected by the Rockland reservoir, an existing map called AREA84 (AREA WITHIN 1984 NATIONAL FOREST) was overlayed with ROCKRESV (Appendix 3, Figure 4.02). Then, reclassification was used to create a map called FUTURE (Appendix 3, Figure 4.05). FUTURE was reclassified to a final map called FUTURE2. This is a 31 summary of all the changes that were likely to occur if the proposed Rockland Lake Project is implemented.
Problem Three The third problem concerns evaluation of the current resources of the Angelina National Forest. A cartographic model was built to determine the proximity of manageable timber to a specific location. A hypothetical pu1pmi11 site was located at the junction of Highway 103 and the western boundary of the study area. With the aid of MAP. the proximity of manageable timber to the pu1pmi11 was determined as a sum of straight line distances to existing roads and distances along roads. Four constraints were imposed for the construction of this proximity model: 1. Protect those areas that were close to the roads for scenic purposes and to make provision for non-forestry development or construction along the roads. This constraint was limited to a 260-foot buffer on either side of major roads. 2. Preserve and protect those areas likely to be susceptible to flooding or erosion. The limit of this constraint was determined from the drainage pattern of the study area. 3. Preserve and protect those areas that have 32
highly restrictive uses, namely Turkey Hill Wilderness Areas and Bannister Wildlife Management Area (WMA) •. Bannister WMA will be reserved exclusively for the management of wildlife. 4. Model development was limited to the compartment level. It was necessary to impose this limitation because of inaccuracies that would occur if smaller units, such as stands, were used. These inacuracies will be due to the closeness of the boundaries and smallness of the management units at at this scale. The construction of this model involved the use of new data analysis operations which include measuring cartographic distances and characterizing cartographic neighborhoods. New MAP commands that were used in the development of this model include SPREAD, SLICE, MULTIPLY and COVER. The SPREAD command creates a new map by computing a value for each cell according to the length of the shortest path between that cell and another target area outlined on a map. The SLICE command creates a new MAP by dividing a range of values for a map into equal intervals and redefining each value according to the ordi?al position of its interval. The MULTIPLY command creates a new map by comparing two or more maps on a cell-by-cell basis. The COVER command creates a new map by replacing the values of 33
one map with the non-zero value of another map on a ce1l-by-ce1l basis. It is possible to use the COVER command for an extended sequence of maps. Several maps were used in building the proximity model (Appendix 4, Figure 5.00). An existing map called NEROADS
(~ORTH IAST AREA ROADS) was reclassified by assigning positive values to the roads and negative values to the non-road categories to create a surface map of the road called THATMAP. Then, a map showing only the mill site was created using the POINT command. By use of the SPREAD command which measures cartographic distances between one or more cells and a target area, an intermediate map showing the proximity of the forested areas to the mill along the major roads was created. These distances were converted to miles by the use of the SLICE command which grouped the distance-cells into mile-units. These units were determined from the scale of the source map (Appendix I). The intermediate map at this stage of the modeling
process was called NEMILES (~ORTH EAST AREA MILES). NEMILES is a proximity map of the forested areas to the mill along the major roads (Appendix 4, Figure S.03). NEROADS was used again to determine the proximity of the forested area to the existing roads. This was accomplished by a progressive determination of areas that were more than quarter-mile units from the roads. New maps 34
showing the proximity of the forested areas to the roads were created and converted to a series of dichotomous maps ·(zero and one category maps). One of these maps was called
NEREM04 (~ORTH lAST REMOTENESS MAPi). This map (Appendix 4, Figure 5.07) showed all areas that were farther than 4 one-quarter mile units from the roads. Seven of these dichotomous maps were overlayed to produce a composite called REMOZONES (REMOTENESS ZONES MAP). This map showed how far the forested areas were to the roads in quarter-mile units. REMOZONES (Appendix 4, Figure 5.12) is actually a proximity map of the forested areas to the major roads in the study area. The next stage in the development of the model involved identification of a buffer zone along the major roads. This was done by first reclassifying NEROADS and subsequently extending it sideways by 2 cells with the SPREAD command. An intermediate map (THATMAP) created in this process showed areas that were greater than 260 feet from the road. THATMAP was combined with REMOZONES to produce a new map called REMOBUFF (REMOTENESS AND BUFFER MAP). This map contains forested areas that are not within 260 feet of the roads in the study area (Appendix 4, Figure 5.13). An existing map called NEFOR86 (~ORTH-lAST FOREST OF 19~) was reclassified to exclude the Turkey Hill 35
Wilderness and Bannister Wildlife Managment areas. The resulting dichotomous map (THATMAP) identifies only the forested areas that were available for intensive forest management. This temporary map (THATMAP) was combined with REMOBUFF to produce RESAVAIL (RESOURCE AVAILABILITY MAP). From an existing map called NEWATER (!ORTH lAST AREA WATER MAP), areas that were likely to be susceptible to flooding or erosion were identified based on their nearness to water bodies including lakes, rivers or creeks. The degree of susceptibility was determined by the size of the water bodies. Possible danger zones around these water bodies were determined by extending the boundaries of each of these features to predetermined distances. This was done by the use of the SPREAD command to extend the boundaries of each category of the NEWATER (Appendix 4, Figure 5.16) map. A new map called NEFLOOD (!ORTH lAST AREA FLOOD MAP) was created by this process. This map was reclassified to create another temporary dichotomous map called THATMAP. THATMAP was then overlayed with RESAVAIL to produce PRESAVAIL (fROTECTED RESOURCE AVAILABLITY MAP). In order to see the total modeling process in a single map, NEMILES was overlayed with PRESAVAIL (Appendix 4, Figure 5.18) to produce a final map called PROXIMAP (PROXIMITY MAP). Evaluation of Models CHAPTER V EVALUATION OF MODELS System Accuracy Allocation of Cells to Boundaries MAP allocates cells to linear features of equal lengths according to the orientations of these features from the horizontal and vertical axes of the source map (Table 1). Linear features that were oriented along the horizontal and vertical axes have nearly equal allocation of cells (170 and 171). The one cell difference may be caused by error in drawing and measuring precise lengths on a graph paper along specified angles. A slight increase in the end point of the measurement may cause the allocation of an addition grid-cell. As the linear features were oriented away from the horizontal and vertical axes, the number of cells allocated increase. The highest allocations were found along the 40 0 and 60 0 angles. There was a 40% increase in the number cells allocated to linear features along these orientations. The number of cells allocated to the sides of the rhombus with base length 4- doubled (Fig. 6). That is, the boundary was 2 cells thick instead of 1. Again, this can be attributed to the orientation of the sides of the rhombus to the
38 celt EXpected Proporbon of Feature Dimension Orientation Allocation Allocation Expected Alloe Straight Line 10 inches rfJ 170 170 1.00 10 inches 100 196 170 1.15 10 inches 2rfJ 214 170 1.26 10 inches 3()O 230 170 1.35 10 inches 400 238 170 1.40 10 inches 450 225 170 1.32 10 inches saO 239 170 1.41 10 inches 600 231 170 1.36 10 inches 700 223 170 1.32 10 inches 900 171 170 1.01
Table 1. Allocation of cells to linear features by MAP. 40
-_-_.-.-.... _- -_- -.-_- -_ •...... •._- -_ ...... •_- ----_ ...... •_- -_ ...... •••._-_- -_ ....•...... •.._- -_ ..••...•...... •_- -_ ...... •._- -_-_ ---_- -_ ...... •.....•.•...... _- -_ ...... -.-_- ...... --- -_ ...•....•...•...•.•.....•...... •.•.•_- --- ...... ------_-_ ...... •...... •_--- -_-_ -_- -_-_ ...... •••...... •.....•..•--- -_ ...... •...... _- ...... _- _ _- -_-_ -- -...... -_- -_ . - -_-_ _- -_ ....•...... •...._- -_ ...... •...... ••...... _-_- -_ _- --,...... •••.- -•...... ••...... •.- ...... _- -_ ...... _- -_ _-_- ...... _- -_ - -_-_...... •...._-_- -_ - -_ _- -_ .. _-
Figure 2.01: Allocation of cells to the boundaries and areas within a rhombus. 41
horizontal and vertical axes. The number of cells allocated to the perimeter of circular features are 160 and 243 (Table 2). These allocations are proportional to the size of the circular features. These results show that there is considerable loss of spatial accuracy when a grid based system like MAP is used to depict features with angular and curvil1inear boundaries and this is a limitation of the system. Although the system is accurate. the precision of maps is limited by computer capabilities.
Allocation of Cells to Enclosed Areas The number of cells allocated to enclosed areas of features were less than expected (Table 2). The relative proportion of -these allocations to the expected allocations range from 83% to 99%. However if 50% of the boundary cells were included in the estimates. these proportions improve remarkably to a new range of 96% and 101%. As the size of the features increase the contributions of the boundary cells in accuracy determination become less important. Areas of small sized features determined by MAP will be less accurate than larger sized features.
Area Accuracy MAP estimates of the total area within the National Forest in 1948 and 1984 were compared with official records 42
Allocatioo Allocatloo Allocaboo E ~are 1" 67 17 240 289 83% 96% 2" 134 34 1024 1156 83% 94% 3" 200 51 2352 2:00 91% 97% 15" ffi2 151 223:D 22500 m 101% ~ 2.8" 268 51 2112 2244 94% 100% Circle Rad. 2" 1ffi 126 1179 1257 94% 100% ~. 3" 243 UB 2744 2828 m 101% Table 2. Allocatioo of cells to bourdaries ard enclosed areas of features. 43 of the U.S. Forest Service in 1978 and 1985. The computed area for the 1948 map is 97% of actual (Table 3). When 50% of the boundary cells were included, these estimates increased to 99% of actual. The total area for the 1984 map is 95% of actual. If 50% of the boundary cells were included the estimates improvep to 100%. Estimates of 2 wilderness areas on the Angelina National Forest were compared to known records (Table 4) at a scale of 1:126,720. Without including the boundary cells, the estimates for Turkey Hill Wilderness Area is 92% of actual. If 50% of the boundary cells were included, this estimate increased to 99% of actual. The area estimate for the Upland Island Wilderness area is 91% of actual. If 50% of the boundary cells were included, the estimate is 102% of actual. This over-estimation may be due to the orientation and curvillinear nature of the boundary of the Upland Island Wilderness Area. MAP estimates of areas at this scale improved remarkably by the inclusion of 50% of the boundary cells. Accuracies of Computer Maps at Larger Scale (1:24,000): MAP estimate of Turkey Hill Wilderness Area at a scale of 1:24,000 is 5,301 acres (Table 5). Without including portions of the boundary cells, this estimate ranges between 97% and 101% depending on which of three known 44 M3iitbTe f'6 of tilds JIiea of roe Tota) USFS ~latlVe cell Jlcreages Estirrate kcuracy AM:A48 42,291 8.96 378,721 )jI,l))) 97% AlQ18 (with :m; of OOurrlary cells 43,092 8.$ 336,104 391,£XX) ~ 42,834 8.$ E,793 391,£XX} PffiD84 (with :m; of I::ourdary ce11 s 43,782 8.$ 392,'lE7 391,£XX) 100% Table 3. r·~ estirrates of the area within the ~el ina ~.ational Forest at a scale of 1:126,720. 45 M3p Feature tb of cells kealcell Total kres USFS kreage kOJracy Turkey Hill Wilderness 551 8.% 4,991 5.400 9~ Turkey Hill Wilderness (with :m of OOurdary cells) 639 8.% 5,358 5,400 m Q5lafd Is lard I,m 8.96 10,958 12,M 91% 451ard IslaIii (with 50% of OOurdary cells) 1.372 8.% 12,293 12,(00 102% Table 4. M\P estirmtes of the boo Wilderness Areas at a scale of 1:126,720. 46 estimates were used for comparison (Table 5). The inclusion of 50% of the boundary cells at this scale overestimated the area of Turkey Hill Wilderness area between a range of 102% and 106%. Comparison of MAP Accuracies at Two Different Scales: When MAP estimates of Turkey Hill Wilderness Area were compared at two different scales, the degree of accuracy of the large scale map (1:24,000) was 98% (Table 5) while the degree of accuracy of the small scale map (1:126,720) was 92%. Higher degrees of accuracies are obtained if large scale maps are used for creating data bases to be used in MAP. If small scale maps are to be used for estimating enclosed areas, portions of the boundary cells have to be included in the estimates. The inclusion of 50% of boundary cells remarkably improved the estimates of areas of features of the National Forest determined by MAP at the small scale (1:126,720). The inclusion of 50% of the boundary cells at a large scale (1:24,000) over esimated the area of Turkey Hill Wilderness Area. Cartographic Models Problem One A single map was produced to document the historic land use changes in the Angelina National Forest between 47 Kriownft Feature No of cells Area/Cell Total acreage Estimates Accuracy Turkey Hl11 . Wilderness (3,SI0) (Without boundary cells) 3,421 1.55 ac. 5,301 5,400 1 98% . 5,251 2 101% 5,439 3 97% Turkey Hi 11 Wilderness (With boundary cells) 3,581 1.55 ac. 5,550 5,400 1 103% 5,251 2 106% 5,439 3 102% Sources: 1. Suddath, J. (ed). 1984. Five areas of r~tiona1 Forest in Texas designated as wilderness. Texas Forestry News 63:8. 2. USDA, Forest Service. 1985. Draft Enviro~~enta1 Lmpact Statement, National Forest and Grassland-Texas. Atlanta, Georgia, Appendix C-l. 3. Estimates by plannimetric method. Table 5. ~AP estimates of the Turkey Hill Wilderness Area at a scale of 1:24,000. 48 1948 and 1984 (Appendix 2, Figure 3.15). These changes involve acquisition (A), withdrawal of forested land (W), reservoir development (R), management strategy (MS) and boundary adjustment. A total of 91,602 acres of non-forested land is now covered by the Sam Rayburn reservoir (Appendix 2, Figure 3.15); 21,629 acres of forest were inundated by the reservoir. The area of forest acquired since 1948 stands at 12,195 acres while 7,526 acres of land are no longer in forest use. MAP estimates of the Turkey Hill Wilderness Area and Upland Island Wilderness Area are 4,991 and 10,958 acres respectively. The estimate of the area of Bannister Wildlife Management area is 13,628 acres. The most surprising result identified in this model is the non-overlap of the external and internal boundaries of the 1948 and 1984 maps (Appendix 2, Figure 3.04, Figure 3.13 and Table 6). These differences may be due to map-making errors. Another possible source of error may be due to the method of digitizing. Despite efforts made to reduce this kind of error by the fitting procedure of the mapping system, errors may still be introduced by the choice of method used in digitizing especially if boundaries of features on the source map are represented by thick or curvillinear lines. The appropriate position to place the digitizer cross-hairs is not easy to determine under these 49 Table 6. Tabular comparison of the Angelina National National Forest in 1948 and 1984. ,sco.r u ... rrol If 'IlIA "D••' SCDII: "."'01 If .a""••' I ., I I' uP , I' TOla\. rorll. avr'·SI (Ill I II(A SCDII 'COil SCOII uP cut'OIIII ••U 0 1110.-'0111' 6"0' 76.1 'O'llS 61.' "NA"~ 14611 ...J 1U1. ".1 S.1l «."afI 01 ] 'Olin S.t~ 'OIiSt IOU.' . "IS S.7 ]0\1' ... N ... "oe ".1 •t ftDIUII "0' .., 1\1' I.J 4.' • " .... J'OI ...,'4. N.'.... _----_ _-- , ..In l.U 10t"L ,(1 ••P '0001 I I' I I' J01al AvlRaGE ••P , or JoraL Aua SCOII senl• sco.1 hP t.' "'01UI Cllli .16 .. o.-'OIllr "o0. .,.e .nn .n.l .... HOI" 0 .0Zl ] J.U I "JI'LIN. IS. IOU.' In .J .. u"" 0 .... ].el TUlatntlU. VILI S57 .1 ..56 l.' 01'4 l H.l l.1S 'II" ] 'O~II' n .. .0.] uzzt .. , HO'" 1.7 un 1.1 ••Sl N. UOII4 ., .0u".'IT 'UI ].1I •S 11.".1$111 .OU•• .., .. 4 J I' ]" .. ].0] '0' , ,,,,".UTrl ..., IS" 1.7 Hll"" '.1 'U, JlO'I' ] .OOSI tI.7 l.U 7 'OIl'ISt "DU.' .. ..7 ].01 •• "01" uPtiMI IS. wlL'1 illS I •• J1Z6 Jut,n••, "" .] J.lI - • lUll": 'MILL DOU.' II .1 US Hi 1 '01" .. •• 1 •• 1 .ft $11'1 ... '.\;11. la"'" "'0 'Ul Ill" 01 I' '0 .O.V lul1 11.7 '.JO MAlIO.I' II SA'"'' U ,f'VOI...... _-----_ ...... _-- .11 To'.... r(1 ••P 90000 1Ull I 0' I 0' I II ., Tot II. ,u..I 01 111111. I pUJOl ,,' HOI "." "alt tILLS• 'ila AI E' ,1£1 .,(fLlP CUHOIIII CHE,••UI 11"0 n.l H.l 90.61 0 Maca-ICIlsr II JlON·rO'fSf Il.' l.20 IS. IOU'" l] .0 .0 < •• 0 IlIn..... 'O.lsr 1 u, .. '" ... l.lO ] IIIl] 1.1 •• s '0.' 0 NON ... 'OJlfSr fOlfS' n.n .1 80UNDAII 7U .1 ••0 .... 0 .. c: ..... 'O.lsr • Jl .0 .0 l.n JilCN-IOIlsr ~ .aWN) $Tt2 IOU.' ••• 0 fOUSf .ltuMi ISJ .t 1.2 26.] U.U 0 HDfC-'OUST 7 t TUIU: '"ILL IOU.' n .•0 .0 '.U V NntlI·'OIlSl Il.'7 ••1 H.lI IV SA"'" fDU'" IOUN' 211' l.' J.I 0 .. OW·'OIfST 6000 1.7 '.7 )T.IS ",*-10111' II SA"'&f I(UIVO.I .... 0 1.U o 110"-'01(1' 671 ., J.l .. 1 'OIfS' IOU..I IIJ • f n.o ] '011:$1 t Uf'lU" IS. .. ".61 U. ., J.1 H.7 5n... H,IIS1 l TUllE uttlL wiL' ] 7J1I '.1 lO.t n.l u.S! ] 101(S' J 10Ifst I hI J6 .0 .l l.l •.n '011 st 10U"I'I' ., .7 n. (10) (10) 13260. 13990 14275. 1400) o ------+ C A ------B 13255. 14990 14265. 1:ax> 13260. 15(00 (10) (10) Figure 2.02. X and Y coordinates of the four corners of a square with side 1 inch. 52 Table 7. Tabular comparison of the Angelina National Forest and the Rockland Reservoir. 1 Of % Of TOrAL TOTAL AVEUGE IIA" ' 0' SCOIlE SCO'E SCORl e"HORlU CEllS AREA NOn-fo.(~T 590011 65.6 11300 n. I .1' IIAHO"l' 0 .0 .00 UPlAHD IS. 1l0'INI 297 .J 0 IIA HO'''4 1 .0 .00 rUlll(ETNILl VllD 557 0 "AHO'1I4 2 •• 20 .l .00 3- '01£$1 9266 10.3 llA Ho. 114 J.4 .26 4 HI BOUIIOA.' 1521 1.7 40l IIA HOR a4 0 .0 .00 ~ 111111115TE' nOUIlD 361 .4 NAHOR86 .0 .00 6 IIANNISTE' VilA 1524 1.7 fJ NAHOR86 7l .6 .02 NA HOR a4 7 fOREST DOUIID 351ft 3.' 1.4 0 .0 .00 HO~ B unA"lI IS. vau 1Z21 .NA a4 .1 0 .0 .00 1/4 HOR 114 9 rUUtllliLl BO'INI Bl 4.1 II .0 .00 NA HOR Jl4 10 SA~'olTOURN eOUNlI 3670 8961 10.0 0 .0 .00 HAHORa4 11 SA~'ol' RESERVOl' ------.1] TOTAL PER nA" 90000 11194 1 Of Z Of TOTAL AVEUGE IIAP , 0' lOrAl seoAl seoRl (AI EGOAl £S C£ll S AREA scon a5H4 95.0 21590l 99.6 2.5l ROCICIE sY 0 orHE' AREAS 1.1 621 .3 .ll 2 'OCKLAHO RCSE'VO '015 .0 CICA £SV 1.6 229 • 1 .16 .0CklESV 4 'O(I(.ES 80UHOA" lUI ------l.U TOTAL PER HAP 90000 21615' I 0' % Of % Of , Of rOTAL HolJ O. I'lilfe- S ,.AJO. IIA" III NO' I'lAP OVE.LAP (AHGnRlES (ELlS AREA AREA AREA CATEGO.US 92.1 64.0 18.l9 OTIIF.' AREAS S4151 60.11 0 Neil-fOREST 0 95.0 49.92 RoenAMD ROERVO 2a64 3.l 4.' 0 NOPl-fOREST 2 2.4 96.7 49.51 4 .0CklES BOUNDU' 1591 1.5 0 NeH-fO'EST 297 .3 100.0 .J 50.17 l:rLAIID IS. UOIIND U OTHE' AREAS .7 50.]] OTHEI AREAS 557 .6 100.0 2 TU~I(ETHILl 1I1lD 0 to .8 55.39 orHE' AHAS 926t 10.3 99.' 3 10UST 0 .20 .0euES BOU HDU' 5 .0 .1 .J 3 10.EST 4 1'.7 1.6 45.13 Oll'E' AREAS 1549 1.5 4 III BOUIlUU a 9.4 4.7 7.07 .nCrLAND '~SEIVO 141 .2 4 NI DOUIlOAU 2 l.O 1.96 4 .0c~R£S ROUNDHT 2' .0 1.' 4 HI BOUNOAU .4 50.ll AREAS 368 .4 100.0 5 BANNISTE' a OUND 0 IIIIIER l.a 50.19 UEAS 1524 1.7 100.0 6 DAIINISTE' ellA 0 OTIIE' 99.4 4.1 51.73 orllER ARE AS .3494 3.9 7 fORE ST DOIlND a .3 .25 ROCI(LAHO RE SE.VO .0 .l 7 It/REST \lOUND l .61 .0CI(.ES ~OUHOA.' 14• .0 .4 1.0 7 10REST BOU"D 4 1 2 23 1.4 100.0 1 .4 50.71 r: UPLANlI IS. III LlIE CI OTHE_ "'EAS .1 50.05 OTHE_ AREU IZ .1'100.0 9 TliUETHILl BOU'U 0 4.3 52.U AHAS 3670 4.1 100.0 10 SAIIU TBU'N 80UNI 0 "rHER 55.24 AREAS a9 611 10.0 100.0 10.S 11 SAllllA T 'E Sl IlVOll 0 olHER 53 scale map (1:126,720). Problem Three The cartographic model for Problem 3 produced a proximity map of available forest resources to the existing roads and pulpmill after due considerations were given to special areas for scenic purposes, management strategy and flood protection (Appendix 4, Figure 5.18). Based on the relatively simple restrictions imposed in this model, a total of 7,032 acres of forested areas were available for intensive forest management purposes. Most of the areas were not further than one and a quarter miles to the existing roads, and not more than 17 miles from the hypothetical pulpmill proposed for the study. Most of the available forest resources are concentrated in the northern part of the study area (north of Highway 103). The compartments concerned are I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 104, 105 and 106. A table of this result (Table 8) was generated by using the SCORE command to compare COMPART (forest COMPARTMENTS) by PRESAVAIL (fROTECTED RESOURCE AVAILABITY MAP). Not many forested lands were available south of Highway 103 because of the restrictions imposed on the use of Bannister Wildlife Management Area and Turkey Hill Wilderness Area. It is known that there are several colonies of Red-cockaded 54 Table 8. Tabular comparison of the COMPARTMENT map and the PRESAVAIl map • ?IlESAVAIL 3Y .'olE Ca:~PART :"lEIH % OF % Of lUI" • Of TOTAL TOTA L AVEilAGE I'lAI" CA TEGaRIES CELLS AREA SCORE SCORE SCORE PIl~SAVAI 0 OTrtER AIl~~ S 8H82 93.3 287224 86.9 3.42 Pil ~SAVU 1 JUAiiTER ~ILE la.... 1803 2.0 7901 2.4 4.38 PII ESAVAI 2 HALF MILE ZONE 1454 1.6 9334 2.8 6.42 P!l~SAVAI 3 3-JUHTER MILE l 715 .1I 11357 3.4 15.a2 PIl:SA'JAI 4 a~E :'IlL: ZONE .307 .3 71!7 2.2 2.3.41 PIl':SAV.u 5 O."4E ~ QUAil T:~ I'll 261 .3 6786 2.1 26.!:I0 P'lESA'JU 30 STUD1Ail:A aOUllID .300 .3 0 .0 .00 PilESAVAI 31 Nf aOUN')Al1 Y 1175 1.3 729 .2 .!l2 ------TOTAL PEil o"!AI" 90000 33051! 3.!l7 :: Of % OF ;"IAi" of TOTAL TOTAL AVEUGE ,''!Ap CAiEGOR!ES CELLS• AilE \ SCJIlE SCOR E SCORE NECO:"IPAR 0 OT:!E~ AilEA S 61751 68.6 aS8! 81.3 .72 NECO:1PAR 1 CO."I?HT ONE 1261 1.4 1104 2.0 .38 NECO:~?AR 2 Ca:"l?AilT TIIO 1629 1.3 972 1.8 .60 ~ Eca:1P AR 3 CO,'·PAilT nil:E a53 .9 587 1. 1 .69 NE COI1P,\R 4 CO."I?AiH FOUR 773 .9 1107 1.5 1.04 NECOI'l?AR 5 CQo"!PAilT FIVE 743 .8 403 .7 .54 ~ E COI1PAR 0 CQ"lPAilT SIX 396 1.0 54Q 1.0 .!JO ~Eca:"lPAR 7 CO'1?AiH sevE:' 2733 3.0 8 t..3 1.6 .32 • !:I 1 NE C~:'1PAR a CO/'l?\RT E!GHT 4577 5.1 36 • 1 .'01 ECO.'1PAil lil CO:"l?ART TE; .... 341 .9 I) .0 .00 ~ECa"'?Ail 11 O"PA~T ELEVE!t 1289 'I. ~ 0 .0 .00 'IE 0"':> All 12 c:l:'1?ART T'J~L'JE 1054 1.2 J .0 .00 N~CO:"lPAR 13 OI~PART PIIHEE.. 105~ 1.2 .0 .00 N:CC~PAR 1';' CO.'1PART FOUATEE't 939 1.0 "0 .a .00 "'E~O.'1",Ul 15 CO:"!PAil; F IFTEE" 2287 2.5 17 · ~ .01 ,'IECO:,\PAR 16 CO."IP.tAT SIXT::'t 107:3 1.2 !:I .0 .')0 NEC~:1PAA 17 CO "'I?\il; SIXTH" 979 1• 1 0 .1) .00 !\IE~C~?..\R 18 CO."!? UT ':IGiHEE'f 71 1 .3 J .0 .oa NECQ:"'I?Ail 19 CC.'1P ART NINETCE'I 476 .5 32 • 1 .J7 NEca"'''AA 20 CO.'1? 'ilT EIGHTE:'" 39~ .4 a .0 .1)0 r4E::::l~"AR 23 CC."IP~ilT 23 19 .0 0 .0 .00 NEC~~P"R 24 c:l:'l?4 III 104 560 .~ 547 1.0 .98 NECO,.?AR 25 CO.'1'> 'iH 105 748 .8 1034 1.9 1. :sa NEc:l'1PAil 26 co .. ? 4ilT 106 !J26 .7 2456 4.5 3.n ~IE':C.'!P"'R 27 SA .... il" 'f ~ES:;/VOI~ 1726 1. ~ a 37 1 • 5 .48 ------T~ TAL PEil ."IAP 91J·)Oa 54~23 • S1 55 0 o TIlE R AREAS 0 OTHEI UEAS 60103 67.0 71.1 97.7 1'.13 0 OTHER ARE AS 1 COPIPAIT ONE 511 .6 .7 U.l H.lI 0 o ruER AME AS 2 CO,,"'R T TwO 11)22 1.1 1.2 62.7 31.91 0 OTHER ARE AS 3 CO"PAIT T HR fE 422 .5 .5 49 .5 24.99 0 OTIIER .liE AS 4 COIIPART fOUR 401 .4 .5 51.9 26.11 0 OTIIER AilE AS 5 COIIPAIT fiVE H2 .5 .5 59.5 30.01 0 a PiER ARt AS 6 COIIPAIT Sll 5.i5 .6 .6 59.7 30.17 I) OIHER ARE AS 1 COI'PAIIT SEVEN 2100 2.4 2.6 19.0 40.10 0 OIliER ARE AS I CO"PART EIGHT 4551 5.1. 5.4 99.4 52.43 0 a TilE R ARE AS 10 CO/lPART TEN 841 .9 1.0 100.0 50.50 0 OTIIER AREAS 11 CO"PAR T El E \lEN Il1l9 1.4 1.5 100.0 50.77 (j o rHE R ARE AS 12 COIlPAIIT hELVE 1054 1.2 1.3 100.0 50.63 0 OllIE R AHAS 13 COIIPA lIT TItUltEN lil 51 1.2 1 .3 100.0 50.61 0 OTHE R AN E AS 14 COf:PART fOURIEEN 9H 1.0 1.1 100.0 50.56 0 OilIER ARE AS IS C~/lPAIIT fifTEEN 2219 2.5 2.1 99.1 51.11 0 OTHER AN E AS 16 CO~P All T SIXHEif 1013 1.2 I .3 100.0 50.6' 0 a litE R ARE AS 11 CO/,\PAaT S IllEEN 919 1.1 1.2 100.0 50.51 0 o TitE R AN E AS 11 CO"PART EIGHTEtN 111 .1 .1 100.0 50.• 42 0 (IIIIE I< Alit AS 19 COllPART NINErEEN 405 .5 .6 91.1 49.12 0 a THE RAilE AS 20 CO"PART EIGIITEEN HI .4 .5 100.0 50.24 0 orllER ARE AS 23 COIIPART 23 19 .0 .0 100.0 50.01 0 o Tilt R ANE AS 24 ':OOlPART 104 340 .4 .4 60.7 30.56 0 a Itl ER A~t AS 25 COOlPAIIT 105 361 .4 .4 48 .3 24.35 0 OTIIER AU AS 2t. CO"PUT 106 60 • 1 .1 9.6 4.83 0 OTI1ER AN E AS 21 SAI'RA Y HHRVOIR lOY9 1.9 2.0 91.4 50.21 1 'UARTER IlILE ION 1 CO/lPA lIT ONE lS5 .4 19.1 21.2 H.92 1 QUARTER /lIlt ION 2 COIlPAIIT , \/0 H2 .3 15.6 17.3 16.41 1 QUAR TE R /lIlE lOll 3 COllPA RT TitHE UI .3· 15.4 J2 .6 24.00 1 QUARTER IIlli LON 4 COOlPART fOUR 107 .1 5.9 13.1 9.19 1 (;UARTER /lll E ION 5 COHPA lIT FIVE 1'19 .2 11 .0 26.1 11.91 1 DUARIfR /lIL E ION 6 ':O/lPA lIT sn 201 .2 11 .1 22 .4 16.79 1 QUANTER IIll E I(,N 1 COr-PART SEVEN 317 .4 17.6 11.6 14.59 1 YUAI 2 HALf II IL E 10llE 1 COIlPART ONE 226 .3 15.5 17.9 16.73 2 IIALf /lIL E 111"£ 2 COIIPA lIT TWO 2115 .3 19 .6 17 .5 11.55 2 HALF /lILE lONE 3 COIIPART T HR fE 150 .2 10.3 17.6 13.95 2 HAL f /lllE 10"£ 4 COIlPART f au. 129 .1 1.9 16.7 12.11 2 IIALf III LE 10llE 5 CC."PAIIT FIVE I il2 .1 1.0 13.7 10.H 2 IIALf IIll E lONE 6 COllfART Sll HI. .2 9.7 15.7 12.U 2 HALF MILE 10"i 1 COr-PART SEVEN 222 .2 H.3 1.1 11.10 2 IIAlf O1llE ION E 8 C"lIPA RT EIGHT III .0 .7 .2 .45 2 HALf /lIlE 101.E 15 CCIlPAAT f!flfEH 1 .0 .5 .3 .39 2 ItALf "Il E lot.E 19 CO"PART NINETEEN 1 .0 .1 .2 .14 l HALf /lllE lIlliE H COIlPART 104 61 .1 4.6 12.0 1.29 114 2 HALf IlllE 10"" 25 COIIPA RT IDS •J 7.1 15.2 11.54 3 3-QU"A RIE R ''II £ 1 1 COIlPA II T ONE 99 .1 lL4 7.9 10.12 5 3-"UAN TER 1111 E Z 2 COtlPART TwO 40 .0 5.6 2.5 4.01 ) 3-YUARIER MilE 1 3 COM,.ART T HI EE 3 .0 .4 .4 .38 3 3-uuAf 4 aIlE /lllE 10 HE 4 COMPART fOUR 34 .0 11 .1 4.4 7.74 4 ONE "ILE 10 Nt 24 COJ1pAI 5 ONE , DUARTe_ "1 26 CCIIPAIIT 106 201 .3 100.0 41 .7 70.SS 10 STUDY AREA ,01lNIl U orllE Ii AHAS 300 .3 100.0 .5 50.24 31 N' SIlUrlC .. R, 0 OTHER AR E AS 11 41 1.3 91.7 1.9 49.71 31 "f BOUNDAR' 27 SAJ1RA , RESE"VOIR 21 .0 :?o3 1 .6 1.93 Table 8. Tabular comparison of the COMPARTMENT map and the PRESAVAIL map. 56 Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) in the Bannister WMA. Since this woodpecker is an endangered species, it is necessary to preserve their home range of at least 125 acres (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1985, p. 54). If the preservation of all known Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) colonies is considered in this model, then the total area of manageable forest will be less than the 7032 acres (Appendix 4, Figure 5.18). CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS Problems and Limitations of Using MAP The CLUMP command of MAP was widely used in creating computer maps from data files containing the x and y coordinates of the boundaries of map features. In several instances, the system was not able to perform this task because ·there were too many cusps to clump·. This is an error message of MAP indicating that the size of the file was too large. ·Cusps· are supposed to be separate units recognized by the system when the CLUMP command is used. The problem of not executing the CLUMP command under this circumstance was overcome by separating such large files into smaller sub-files. Much additional time was spent in editing files, recreating and combining map sections for the final map of a particular feature. Therefore MAP has very limited capability for handling large data files. The system also identified many clumps that were not completely enclosed by boundaries. These 'false' clumps were manually eliminated by using the RENUMBER command of MAP. There were many borderline cases requiring careful judgement by the MAP user. If the right decisions were not made, MAP 57 58 estimates would be inaccurate especially when the resolution (cell-size) of the data base is large as in Problem 1. This indicates that the accuracy and precision of a low-cost grid-based system is also limited. Initial problems were encountered when the SCORE command was used to compare categories of different maps. These problems were due to the assignment of large values to map categories. This problem was avoided by the reassignment of low values (less than 20) to map categories. The only disadvantage of this approach is that it placed limits on the use of high values for enhancing the visual quality of computer maps. Once again, this disadvantage shows the limited data handling capabilities of MAP especially when many categories are involved. The SPREAD command was widely used for determining cartographic distances between two points (Problem 3). The maximum number of cells to 'spread' any target area is 327. The analytical capability of MAP for measuring cartographic distances would be greatly enhanced if it were possible to 'spread' beyond the allowable maximum of 327 cells. This advantage is obvious if the row/column configuration of the data base is greater than 300 x 300 cells. This limitation did not jeopardize the use of the SPREAD command for the construction of the proximity model 59 (Problem 3). Apart from the 327-cell limit in using the SPREAD command, the system was slow to execute the operatinn. The SLICE command was often used in conjunction with the SPREAD command to determine precise cartographic distances. A first-time user may experience some difficulties in defining the appropriate units or intervals for aggregating cells when the SLICE command is used. Therefore, some of the MAP commands are not easily understood. Furthermore, the text capabilities of this grid-based system is limited. Cartographic modeling This study has demonstrated how cartographic modeling is used for evaluating the natural resources of the Angelina National Forest. Like other modeling techniques, cartographic modeling requires the use of simple building blocks. In cartographic modeling, these building blocks are computer maps. The construction of useful cartographic models require the use of a reliable computer mapping system consisting of computer hardware, complete geographic information system (GIS) software, a data base, and trained personnel. MAP has proven to be a reliable and useful GIS for developing cartographic models for solving natural resource problems. These models were built for addressing 60 three typical problems that resource managers face regularly in developing countries. The first model was used to evaluate historic changes in a giv.en resource management area. Through the use of cartographic modeling, it was possible to examine the sequential changes that took place in the Angelina National Forest between 1948 and 1984. The processing capabilities of MAP made it possible to easily overlay and reclassify map features for developing the model. The flexibility of MAP enables a user to examine alternative analyses until the desired model was achieved. Six relatively simple MAP commands (Appendix 2, Figure 3.00) were used in the construction of the historic-to-current change model. The concepts embodied in these MAP commands are understandable by any resource manager who is not familiar with computer mapping systems. With the aid of cartographic modeling, it was possible to examine the future impact of the development of the proposed Rockland Lake Project. Once again, the flexibility of MAP allows one to make assumptions about the boundary of the proposed reservoir. It is possible to examine several scenarios about the impact of the reservoir on the affected areas if the boundary is changed. These kinds of basic information are useful to the natural resource manager. The capability of MAP to generate 61 tabular data by use of commands like SCORE greatly enhanced the utility of MAP as a complete GIS software. The unusually large number of cells allocated to the boundary of the proposed reservoir is of great concern. This suggests that serious problems may be encountered when data are converted from a large scale map to a small scale map when grid-based systems such as MAP is used. Despite the fact that the first two problems were evaluated with small scale maps, the accuracy of MAP estimates range from 92~ to 99~ (Table 4). Since higher estimates were obtained with the inclusion of 50~ of the boundary cells, then boundary cells ought to be considered when MAP is used to estimate acreages from small scale data bases. The orientation and curvil1inear nature of boundaries of feature in the source map affected the allocation of grid-cells by MAP (Table I). The results from the construction of these models highlight the major disadvantages of using grid-based computer systems like MAP, namely, there was loss of spatial accuracy and difficulties were encountered in representing point and line data. Furthermore, the commitment to one cell size limited the accurate representation the boundaries of features and the areas they enclose. The third model was constructed to determine the proximity of forest resources to a specific location 62 (Appendix 4, Figure 5.00). Other data analysis capabilities of MAP were used in the development of this model. Apart from reclassifying and overlay operations, cartographic distance and neighborhood operations were used. like other MAP commands, these cartographic and ~eighborhood operations are not difficult to understand and use. Since the proximity model (Appendix 4, Figure 5.18) was built from a large scale (1:24,000) data base, accuracy estimates were about 98~. (Table 5). Thus boundary cells are less important in improving the accuracy of MAP estimates at this scale. However, it was not possible to extend this model beyond the compartment level such as stand types because of inaccuracies that would result at this scale due to the closeness of the boundaries and the smallness of the management unit. This limitation is partly due to the commitment to one cell size and the inability of the grid-based system to represent dense data without small grid size. An important advantage of MAP is its compatibility with most of the main-frame computers. The adaptation of MAP to the CP-6 mainframe computer facilitated the adoption of the 300 x 300 row/column configuration at SFASU. This configuration made it possible to obtain large _(55 inches x 31 inches) computer maps from special lineprinters. Also, MAP has special commands for highlighting or overstriking 63 character symbols to produce clear high quality visually appealing computer maps. The only observable flaw with these maps is the distortion along the vertical axis because of the width of the alphanumeric characters of the lineprinter. This distortion can be rectified by use of the OUTLINE command of MAP. Cowen et ale (1986) have overcome the problem of the visual distortion of the lineprinter output by linking MAP to a grid plotting program called BITMAP thus facilitating the delineation of homogeneous areas through the OUTLINE command. Display and enchancement of MAP data bases in 16 different colors has been accomplished by use of a standard IBM PC monitor with Techman high resolution graphics by these map users. Difficulties were also encountered in an attempt to go beyond the 300 x 300 row/column configuration on the Honeywell CP-6 computer. Special efforts have to be to improve this situation if it is necessary to do so. Problems The construction of cartographic models require careful selection of appropriate computer maps. If these maps are not readily available in the computer map files, then it would be necessary to have an extensive and reliable data base for creating computer maps. The creation of this kind of data base is one of the most important tasks in using MAP for developing cartographic 64 models. Extra care and patience is needed to complete the time consuming and delicate process of obtaining map data through the digitizer. It is at this stage that MAP users are constantly reminded of the 'garbage-in garbage-out' (GIGO) principle. Transfer of Computer Mapping Technology Many developing countries stand to benefit from the use of computer mapping systems in their management efforts. However. the process of transferring this technology is beset by many problems. There are problems with the selection of appropriate hardware and GIS software. the creation of reliable and extensive data bases and the training of personnel that will use and maintain the system. One of the most important factors to be considered in addressing these problems is the cost of owning and maintaining such a system. Guidelines for approaching these problems include a thorough investment analysis for GIS acquisition (Devine and Field 1986b). The American Farmland Trust (1985) survey of major GIS is a useful guide in carrying out such analysis. Until recently. the cost of obtaining such a system was highly prohibitive for poor and underdeveloped countries since most of the systems were tied to espensive main-frame computers. The development of less expensive but powerful microcomputer-based systems will encourage many developing 65 countries to make use of this tool for solving their resource management problems. LITERATURE CITED American Farmland Trust. 1985. A survey of geographic information systems for natural resource decision making. American Farmland Trust, Washington DC. 25pp. Berry, J.K. 1984a. Organizations acquiring the Map Analysis Package and supporting software materials as of April 1984. Yale University, New Haven, CT. 4 pp. Berry, J.K. 1984b. Papers on Spatial Information System. Yale University, New Haven, CT. 219 pp. Berry, J.K. 1986a. A microcomputer package for instructions in computer-assisted map analysis. Proceeding: Geographic Information Systems Workshop, Atlanta, GA. April 1-4. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, VA. 426 pp. Berry, J.K. 1986b. Using a microcomputer system to spatially characterize effective timber accessibility. Proceeding: Geographic Information Systems Workshop, Atlanta, GA. April 1-4. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, VA. pp. 426 pp. Carstensen, L.W., Jr. 1986. Developing regional land information systems: relational data pase and/or geographic information systems. Surveying and Mapping 46(1):19-27. Carter, J.R. 1984. Computer mapping: progress in the 180s. Association of American Geographers, Washington DC. 86 pp. Consolletti, W.l. 1986. GIS in industrial forest management. J. For. 84 (9):37-38. Cooney, T.M. 1986. Decision support systems (OSS). J. For. 84 (1):13-14. Corson-Rikert, J. and O. White. 1986. Building large geographic data bases for planning: The Minute Man National Historic Park. Technical papers, Geographic Information Systems. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 286 pp. 66 67 Cowen, D.J., Hodgson, M., Shinar, W., and W.T. Wallace. 1986. Integrating US Geological Survey digital line graphs into a low-cost GIS. Proceeding, Geographic Information Systems Workshop, Atlanta, GA. April 1-4. American society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, VA. 426 pp. Curtis, R.l. and E.B. Rowland. 1986. land management applications of a geographic information system. Proceedings, Geographic Information Systems Workshop, Atlanta, GA. April 1-4. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, VA. pp. 426 pp. Dangermond, J. and l.K. Smith. 1982. Concepts and issues in large area natural resource information systems. Proceedings: Workshop on In-place resource inventories, Orono, Maine. August 9-14. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, HD. 1101 pp. Devine, H.A. and R.C. Field. 1986a. The gist of GIS. J. For. 84 (8):17-22. Devine, H.A. and R.C. Field. 1986b. GIS applications. J. For. 84 (9) :35. Gittinger, J.P. 1982. Economic analysis of agricultural projects. The John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MO. 505 pp. Herring, B.E. and M.l. Freeman. 1985. Areal calculations using an accoustical digitizer minicomputer system. Surveying and mapping 45 (4):319-330. Hornick, J.R., Ze~be, J.Y. and J.l. Whitmore. 1986. Jari's successes. J. For. 82 (11):663-667. Howe, R.J. 1981. Building profits through organizational change. American Management Association, New York, NY. Idachaba, F.S. (ed). 1981. The crop sub-sector in the Fourth National Development Plan: 1981-1985. Workshop Proceeding, August 29-30, 1979. Federal Department of Agriculture, lagos, Nigeria. 218 pp. Meyer, C.R., Kennedy, M and R.N. Sampson. 1978. Information systems for land use planning. In Planning the uses and management of land: Beatty, M.T. et. al. (eds). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. pp. 1028 pp. 68 Monmonier, M.S. 1981. Maps, distortion and meaning. Association of American Geographers, Washington DC. 51 pp. Pottier, D. 1984. Running cattle under trees: an experiment in agroforestry. UNASYLVA 36(143) :23-27. Rowland, E.B. 1984. land information systems for resource planning. Proceedings: Forum on Remote Sensing and land J~formation Systems in the Tennessee Valley Region, Chattannoga, TN. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, MD. 174 pp. Smart, C.W. and E.B. Rowland. 1986. GIS in the Tennessee Valley Authority. J. For. 84 (9) :36-37. Suddath, J. (ed). 1984. Five areas of National Forest in Texas designated as wilderness. Texas Forestry News 63:8-9. Tomlin, C. D. 1980. Draft of the Map Analysis Package prepared as part of Digital Modeling Techniques in Environmental Planning. Unpublished. Tomlin, C. D. 1983. An introduction to Map Analysis Package. National Conference on Resource Management Application, CERMA International Conference Series, Vienna, Virginia. 46 pp. Tucker, C.J., Townshend J.R.G. and T.E. Goff. 1985. African land-cover classification using satellite data. Science (4685):369-375. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Red-cockaded woodpecker recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 88pp. U.S. Forest Service. 1978. Final environemtnal impact statement and timber management plan: Angelina National Forest. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Region, New Orleans, LA. 160 pp. U.S. Forest Service. 1985. Proposed land resource management plan: National Forest and Grassland-Texas. Review Draft. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Region, New Orleans, LA. 500 pp. APPENDIX 1 69 DETERMINATION OF CELL-SIZE AND CELL-WIDTH (FIRST DATA BASE) Scale of source map = 1:126,720 Dimesions of study area = 17.75- x 17.5-. Rox/column configuration = 300 x 300 cells. Number of cells per map = 90,000. 1 sQ. in. = 126,720 2 sQ. in. = 1.6957 x 1010 sQ. ft. 144 = 1.1151 x 10 8 • 43,560 = 2,560 acres. If 1 sQ~ in = 2,560 acres Then 17.75 x 17.5 (sQ. in.) = 806,560 acres. If 90,000 cell = 806,560 acres. Thenl cell = 8.9617778 acres. Approx. 8.96 acres. About 9 acres. Determination of cell-width: I- on the source map is 126,720 on the g!ound. That is, 1" represents 10,560 feet. So, 17.75 u will represent 187,440 feet. If 300 cells represent 187,440 feet, Then 1 cell will represent 624.8 feet. The width of 1 cell is approximately 625 feet. 70 71 DETERMINATION OF CELL-SIZE AND CELL-WIDTH (SECOND DATA BASE) Scale of source map = 1:24,000. Dimensions of map Row/column configuration = 300 x 300 cells. = 90,000 cells. 1 sq. in = 24,000 x 24,000 sq. in. = 5.76 x 10 8 ft. 2 • 144 = 4,000,000 ft. 2 43,560 = 91.9827365 acres. If 1 sq. in = 91.827 acres. .Then 39" x 39" sq. in. = 139,668.87 acres If 90,000 cells represent 139,668.87 acres, Then 1 cell will represent 1. 5518763 acres. Determination of Cell Width: I" is equivalent to 24,000" on the ground. That is, I" represents 2,000 feet on the ground. So, 39" will represent 78,000 feet on the ground. If 300 cells represent 78,000 feet on the ground, Then 1 cell will represent 260 feet. The width of 1 cell is 260 feet. 72 DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF CELLS IN ONE MILE (SECOND DATA BASE) 24,000- on the ground is equivalent to 1- on the map. That is, 2000 feet is equivalent to 1- on the map. Therefore, 1 mile (1760 x 3) is 2.64-. If 39- is represented by 300 cells, Then 2.64- will be represented by 300 x 2.64 = 20.3 cells. Approximately 20 cells. 1 mile is represented by 20 cells. APPENDIX 2 73 HISTORIC TO WRREllf CfWljE ~DDfl RENI.J1 W\lFOF24 --~) TI-VH1'W' ----, ADD --." cafDSFOR RENUM I 48NATFOR --~) THIS'W'- RENUM Q1RJSFOR --4)TOTfORCHA -, . ADD . RENUM I 1--+THATh1J1P-----tt FORCIWGE ~mOVER---J RENLM SPfllPAYruRJJ ) THAn/lAO -, ADD----, I l-. FOR&PESC FORCPArtJE---l RENtJ-1 rVUFOR84 --~) WILDERNESS...., COVER I ---7 F~1SCIW,GE FOR&RESC~ RENll'\ EOJM)48 -----'I) TH Isr1AP ---, ADD~ REN1J'1 RENLM I TI-lATIW --~,. EUlCHl1J'GE - oourID84 ----..,.~ 1Ml1tnP - Figure 3.00. Flowchart of the Historic Model showing the initial. intermediate and finai maps. 74 75 Figure 3.01 Map of the Angelina National Forest in 1984. UATFORS4 a NO':-FOREST 590ca CELLS 65.6% ------1 UPLAND IS. aOU~D 297 CELLS .3%. ------2 TU~KEYHILL '''; IL i) 557 CELLS .6% 0000000000 3 FO~E5r 9266 CELLS 1 !) .3: :J1!33A!!!A 4 :~ F 60Uj'4DAit'( 1321 CE LL3 1 .77- ·...... 5 cA'lNrSTE~ aO\JN:> 368 CELLS .47- 1I111II1I1 6 aA~iHSTER .. i-tA 1524 C:LLS 1 .7% +++.+++ ++++ 7 FJREST 80UND 3516 CELLS 3.9% ·...... B U?LA~D IS. WIL:>E 1223 CE LLS 1.4% ********** 9 "rURKEYHILL aOUNO 32 CE LL5 • 1 :'C 0000000 000 10 SA.'1KAY8UK.·~ 60UND 3670 CELLS 4.1 i: 1111111111 11 SA.1RA Y ~E~EitVOlii 8968 C=LL5 1 u. 0: 76 "llZlllllZZZlZZZZ22ZZZZZlZZ1122lZ11Z11lZZZZ1ZZZllZZZ __ u.uuU,4~SS5S!l5'5'5~w.u.66666T77T77T77r-~;;;111" """""""11"'" •• 11." "'"'""1111 •• 11'" '" ~ )()(;QV.."WOO" 11111 1 1112222112Zl.sSln1]J]]u.UUUu.~ _ -, u;.S.leOO IU4~1a;o,lJ'S.1UO1U4»1190'lJ'S.;e;g1l.J4 I.TC;o Ill'.s.aoo,D.S67aOO' Zl'.S"170'Zl'SOII00'D'Sllt'lO ._ 02t ••=- OZ'J OZI .~ OZI OZZ ~ Oll l1ZJ .~. on 024 ••'XXXJ:,Q'" OZ4 on .~ 0lS OZ. .~- OZ. o.z7 .~- OZ7 CZI ••••~- 02t 029 0Zt 0]0 --oo::r::a;J-'---x:a:ar- OSO OJ' ••_-=- 0" c12 • -:xxxx:xa;; ... OU cn- .~ oJ) 034 .-:::a:x:z::c-- 0J4 OJ! ••CCJCXXlQ- - on 0],6 •••:crx:g-..... 0J6 011 ••~._.... 037 all .-- Figure 3.01. 77 Figure 3.02. Map of the Angelina National Forest in 1948. 48NATFOR a !'jO~-FOREsr 63604 CELLS 76.2% 0000000000 3 F;JRE:iT 14677 CELLS 15.3% 1I~&!.!8~~aa 4 FOREST aOJNO 5115 CELLS 5.7% ********** 9 1Y40 N.F. aOUND 1604 CELLS 1.8% 78 ... 11""'11"'11"'11'11'111"11111"111111111111'11'" II II 1122222122222222222222222222222212222222222222122222l .. ... """'''~~~~~~5~~56!!!!6!!111777777777M&UU.Y~~IIIIIIII''2222222212Jn3n3333"""""5.. ... 1234561'9012J4561!90I2J4~61'901234~611'01234~616901234~671'01234567!901234567'901234~67a9012J4561''01234561'90.. 020 020 OZI • OZ' DlZ lCTICrrrtYrnnlrno 02l lIZS J::xJ:).IIOIl'(i)OiI 023 OZi lOOC>l1 IIIIIIIIXlOO1 021 DlS loooe ~rnrn 025 026 J!XXla ~ 026 OZ7 n.CCIOI ~ 017 au 1m loooe IOX'CXlOCDl 02. 02t rcx:nJoooe IClXXXlOl:JOI Dlt OJCI UClOOJCXlCX)I "'ClXXXlOl:JOI 030 OJI J:xxo:xlO'XI 1III ~ 03' 0Jl n co::o::xxn: U Illel ':DXXXXXlIl Oll 033 III 1:011''':00 111:11 l:axxxxol 033 OJ' I 0 lOOCOO::axxxx:. 1I1111:xxlC1lO'1C11 OJ' 035 I Inl no...xoxo:::ox<:it '.O:OO:>XlUI on 0361 nllrn'"III.. IICIl. IL:"XXrXXXXlI 036 037 I n 1111no:x:o:xx;oXXX Figure 3.02. 79 Figure 3.03. A composite of the forest in 1948 and 1984. COj"?OSFO 0 I'JO;~-FOREST 73302 CELLS 01.4% 0000000000 3 4-'1FOREST 41 28 CELLS 4.6: ·...... 5 34FoRESr 2021 C=lLS 2.2% ·...... ii 43/84FJRE:iT 10549 CELLS 1 1 .7% 80 ••• III InI n I I I I I I I l111111nn11 I lInlIn11111111\111 III 111111222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ... ••• '''''''''555555555566U66U661111117117~~~~O""uvwO':11111'11'112222221222311111131144444444445 ••• ••• 121'Slola~I13'547aioOI2}4561a~12}4561a~\21'561biUl23'561a~121'567!~1214567eiDI214561ayDI23'567e~I21'S61a~... oll Oll 021 021 022 022 023 ::::::::::::::::. Oll 024 :::: 024 025 ::: :::: 025 02'. :::::::: 026 027 ::: :::::::: 027 021 ::: :::::::: 021 029 u ::: :::::::1 029 030 :::::::1 :::::::1 030 031 ::::::::: I::::::: 031 032 o I:::I::: 032 on ::::::::::DO o :::::::: on 0]4 ::::::::::DO :::::::: 0]4 035 :::::::::::0 I:::I:::: 035 016 :::::::::::0 .. :::I:::: 016 037 :::::::I::::: .:::::::: 011 011 .DO :::::::::::0 .::::::: 031 019 03' 0l.0 00. ::::::::1 •::::ooooaoco 040 041 ::::::11 . ::::0 041 042 :::::::1 042 043 ::::::::::::0 041 044 ::::::::::::0 044 045 ::::::::::::0 .:0 O4S 046 ::::::::::::0 .:0 04' 047 047 041 ;;;;; ;;~:::::o :;?:: ::::: :::0 0l.0 049 :::::::0 .::::::::::::::::::: 049 ~ .... :::I .:::0 .::::::::::::::::::: 050 OSI .•::::::0 .:::0 .:::::::::: :000: OSI OS2 ••:::::::0 .:::0 .:::::::::: 1 OS2 OSl OSl 0S4 .: ;;~~;~::~~~;; ~~::: :~~ ~;;; ;;~: ...... ~::::ca:D 0S4 OS5 ..::::::0 .:::::::::: .:::::::::..:::0::: OSS 0S6 •••:::::::0 oooo::::DO ••••••••••• DO OS, OS7 .:::::::::0 .::: 057 OSI ::::::::0 .::: OSI OS, ::I::I:: .::: OS, 060 ::I::I:: .::: 060 061 :::::::::0 061 062 •.0::::::::0 06Z 06J 0:::::0000 •••.:::::::::0 06J 064 OYOC'·C·YO::::::: :::::::::::::0 064 065 ::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::: .. 065 066 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 066 061 .:::::::::::::OXaY(X'O)Xi'O-lXY"'O 067 061 .::::::::::::1 ...••• 061 069 069 010 .;~~~g~~;~;;: ;;~;;~;;;~~o 070 011 .:::::::::::::::: :::::::::::0 011 on :::-:::::::::::::::1 :::::::::::::::::0 012 on ::::::::::::::::::1 :::::::::::::::::0 on 014 ::::::::::::::::::: .::::::::::::::::0 014 075 ::::::: :::::::::::::: ::: :::00:::::::::::: :::: :::::::::: 075 016 ::::::: ::: :::: :::: :::: ::::00: ::: :::::::::: ::::::::::::: 016 :::::;:::::::::::::::::::00:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 0"011 ::::::::::::::::::::::::00::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 0"018 079 ::::::::::::::::::::::::00::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 079 GIlII :: ::::::: :::::: :: :: :::: :: 00: ::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: CIlII OBI ::::::::::::::::::::::::::00::::::::::::::::::::::::::: OBI oaz :::::::::::::::::::::::::::0::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :0:0 062 OIl :::::::::::::::::::::::::::0::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :0::0 OBl OSlo :::::::::::::::::::::::::::0::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :0:::0 0&4 oas ::::::::::::::::::::::::::00::::::::::::::::::::::::: 065 056 00:; ::::::::::::::::::::::::::000:::::::::::::::::::::::: 0!6 OBI 000: :; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::00:::::::::::::::::::::::: 067 081 0Gal0ll: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::000::::::::::::::::::::::: 061 089 0000 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::00: :::::::::::::: :: :::: :: 089 090 0000 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::000::::::::::::::::000CXXl DO 090 09\ 000 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::000::::: :NXaxxoxxxl:::.. 091 092 Qo) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::000:: :0CY'J.l.:::::::::::::: 092 091 o :::::::::::::::0::::::::::::::00::000. ,,:::::::::::::: ••• 091 094 DO ::::::::::::::0 000::::::::::00000:::::::::::•• ::::::::::0 094 09S o :::::::::::::DO :::::::::::::::::::::..::::::::::0 09S 096 :::::::0 .::::::::::::::::::::...:::::::::0 096 091 :::::::0 .::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::00::::0 097 OYI ::::::::0 . ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::000:::0 091 099 ....•.••• . :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::00:::0 099 100 ::::::::::::. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::DO::O 100 111111111111 I 1111 I 1'11"1111111'111'11111111111111111" 1111222222222122222222222222222222221222222222222222222 ... 444L""45555S55SSS66U6bU601117171717:.t!.!.5:.:.oa.:~h;VWW'iOOOuc.cC~:lGI1111111112222222222B1Bl1Bl44"'''''45. 1214567e~ 12.34 567ayo1214So 76.01214 561:r:l1214 501ayo 12h 5676.0121.51.7eyo121.567a901214567e.o\ 21.567tioO 1214567e~ ... Figure 3.03. 81 Figure 3.04. Map showing where changes had occurred in the Angelina National Forest between 1948 and 19S This map also contains the non-overlapping boundaries of the forest. TOTFORCH f) OTHER AREAS 331351 CELLS 93.2% 0000000000 3 .. IrHD~A~;\I FOR~ST 412a CELLS 4.6: ...... 5 AC1U!REO FOREST 21)21 CELLS l.2Z 82 21' llO ooao o llO 0 000 215 21' aa o o ooao 000 0 216 217 o o o ooooao COD 0 217 21. OOOD 00D00Dll0 OOOD 0 0 21. 219 O. 000DlI !XlCX()XlYX'lXX 0 219 2200 o 0000000110 00000 CiCJClOCJOCJIXFD:D:1OO 0 220 111 o aa ooao oaa lXX. Figure 3.04. 83 Figure 3.06. Map showing only those areas where forest arei adjustment changes had occurred after the extraction of non-overlapping boundaries and insignificant changes. FOR CHANG U. NQ Ci-lANGE 053.,3 CE:LL5 94.97 0000000000 3 4dFO~EST C~) 3~5~. C:LLS 3.6% ...... 5 8l.FOREST CA) 1361 CELLS 1 .5% 84 ••• 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111221222222212222222222222222122212212222222222212222 ... •_ ""'''''~~~55555~~66U6U6667771777771~''~''OOC~OOOOOIII11111112122222222B3J33333)''''''''''5 .. _. 12 1'~6 7B9O 121'567B90 12 l'567B.O 12l/.567B9(1 12l/.561e;o12l'5618YO 12H 561 8~0 12l'~67B.O 121'567e*121'567B90 121'561B90 ... 021 020 021 021 021 AU 02] all Ole. 024 025 025 016 026 027 027 021 021 029 029 0]0 030 0)1 all all 012 all on 034 034 035 035 036 036 037 037 all all 01' 01' 0:.0 040 041 041 042 042 04] 04] 01.4 01.4 04S 045 046 046 047 047 04. 041 04' oso04' oso OSl OSI OSl 052 OS] OS] 0S4 0S4 OSS OS5 0S6 OS6 OS7 OS7 OSI OSI OS, OS9 060 060 061 061 062 062 06] 06] 064 064 06S O6S 066 066 067 067 061 061 06t Gil, 010 070 071 071 072 072 on on 074 074 075 075 016 076 077 077 011 071 079 079 010 taO 011 011 OIl OIl OIl OIl 054 014 GIS OIS 0116 00 016 017 CIllO 017 OM lXlOOQI) 01& 019 0000 019 090 0000 090 091 CIllO 091 092 ClO 092 09] o 09] 094 o 094 09S 09S 096 096 097 097 091 091 099 099 100 100 ••• 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111122222222222222222222222222?222222222222212222222222 ...... ''''''U'555555555~!.t.1lUU6601777777nn~B.!''·''.~;.9999WCwO(lOQOOIII11111112222222222]]1]]]]]]1''''''''''5. ••• 123'S61e90123'5618Y01214S67B90 121. ~61e.~12345676.01214S67e;012H ~678Y01234 567e;>Q 123'567e90123'S67~ jl()1234 567B90 .- Figure 3.06. 85 Figure 3.07. Map of Sam Rayburn reservoir. 3AMRAyau ~ 0 r;f c: R ARE ~ 5 77362 CELLS 36.0% OCOOIJQOOOO 1J SA,~RAY E:l1)\Ji1CARY 3.,70 CELLS 1+.1% 1111111111 11 5A~RAY RESERVOI~ 3963 CELLS 1J.O: 86 111111111111111111122222222222222222222222222212222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222220 . ~Wf9'N9999000000000011111111112122121112!)B1Bn)4444444444H~H~~~~~6UU'"'67777771771U!U.!!.!!!';n999?9990 . 12J4S61a9012J451>789012)4~6n901234S67e9012J4~61e';01234S6189012J4561e<;0123451>189(;123451>18vOI23456n?OI234 51>181012J451>789O - IllO 000 01111111111000 000 IllO 11>1 000 001111111110100000 161 162 1~ 011111111101000 162 I/>} 10 01111111110000 ~ Il>l 164 ~ 0000(;11111111110 0 0000 164 11>5 ~ 0 00001001111111100 0 0000 11>5 166 0 00 000001000001111110000 0110 166 11>70 00 000 000 000001100010000001111000000000 167 164 00 000 00 0000 00(;00000 00010C011111100oo10 164 11>9 0 lY.lOOO 000 00000000 00000001111111100100000 11>9 110000000o 00010 0011000 0011001111111111100000 170 171 11110 01000 0011~ 0 0 00111111111111110000 0 0 171 In 11100 0110 00100 0000 0 0 001111111111111110000 00 000 In 173 1110 00 0110 000100 0 000 0 0110000000 0001111111111111110000 000 00000 173 174 111000000 01100011100 000000 00 01100100000 0001101111111111110100 OOO~OOOI10 174 175 11111::;::;0001111111100 0:0111000 0000 011110::00 0100:00011111111101100 0011111110 175 176 111111111111111111100 0::0111100010 011110 00000::1110111111111000000 011111100 176 177 11111111111111111110 010011110 01CO 0011110000000 01000 0000111111111:00:>00 01111000 177 17& 11111111111111111110 0111111100010100111111100000 000 C0000111111101000 001000 IT! 179 1111111111111111111000 C0111111100100011111111000 (;0111111111110 00001000 179 lao 11111111111"11111"'0 001111111111111111111:000 001111111111100 COll11000 180 1&1 11111111111111111111100 C011111111111111111000 00 001111111111110 011111100 1&1 182 111111111111111111111100 01111111111111111110 0011111111111110001111110 152 1M 11111111111111111 1111110000111111111111111111000 001111111111111100001111100 leJ 184 1111111111111111111111100COOll11111111111111110MD 01111000111 1111111111111100 184 185 11111111111111111111111101 COll1111111111111110COD 0:100000111111111111111110 115 1M 111111111111 111111111111111 1111111111111111110 0000101111111111111111100 186 leT 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000 0001111111 II I 11111110 leT 1M 1I1111111111111111111111111111111111111111COOCD 011111111111111111110000 1!II 1&9 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 000111111111111111111000000 189 190 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 01001111111111111111001100 190 191 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111000 00000111111111111 11 100100 191 lv2 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111000 00 01111111111111111100000 192 19] 11111111111 11 1111111 I 111111111111111110100 00111111111111111100000 In 194 11111111111111111111111111111111111110000 011111111111111100 194 195 011111111111111111111111111111111111000 0 00011111111111111000 195 lv6 000111111111111111111111111111111111000 000 00011111111111111100 196 19711011111111111111111111111111111111100!lO 0000 00001111111111111101000 197 19~ 0:;,:)1111111111111111111111111111111110000 00010 OCO:;01l111111111100000 19& 199 0101l1111111111l111111111111111111111100 0110 00111111111111100000 199 200 0:::;0:0011111111111111111111111111111110 01100 0 00 (;0111111111111111000 200 201 00 0111111111111111111111111111111100 0;;110000 0 000:11111111111111100 0 201 202 01111111111111111111111111111111100 0111100 0 000 0::01111111111111110 000 202 203 0001011111111111111111111111111111110 0011:000 00 000000111111111111111100 010 20l 204 0000C111111111111111111111111111111100 0 0011000000000 000 OC00100:;0011111111111111100 010 204 20S 0111111111111111111111111111111100 00 001001000000000010 00011111111111111111111010 010 20S 206 01111111111111111111111111111111000100001111000010011110 a CIl100111101111111111110000 0010 206 207 011111111111111111111111111111110:01C:Ol01110:;.:)1100 011100 0 0000000II1111111111llOCa 0110 207 201 011111111111111111111111111111111:::C0100011111110010011oo 00 0 000::011111111111111110 0110 201 209 000 0 0011111111111111111111111111111111110011111111110'0011100 000000 00100:01111111111111100 0000 209 210 000000010111111111111 I 111111111 11111111111111 11111111110:0111110 0:;00100 00010::::01111111111111100:000 210 211 COGl00C::llllll11111111111111111111111111111111111111 I 1111111110 c01110000 0001000;;111 I 1111111111111000010 211 212 000IeOlI11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I 11111110 ':::01110;;000 000000:0111111111111111000110 212 21l 01111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111000:011111100 0:::;01111111111111111110 21l 214 0000011111 I 11111111111111 111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111110010 00111 11 11111111111110 214 215 ~1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111l111111111111111111111111100000 0::00111111111111111110 215 216 0111111 I 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I 111 I 11111111100000000 OC:;:::COll111111111111110 216 217 00111.11101111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111111111110 00 0111111111111111 10 217 21& 111110000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I 11111111111100 011111111111111110 21& 219 11110000011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 0 0011111111111111110 219 22011000100011101111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 00 0 00011111111111111110 220 221 0000 000::0:01111011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 0000 00 0 000011111111111111110 221 222 a 0010001;:00000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111001000 000 00 000011111111111111110 222 2Zl 0010:000 000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101010 00 00 ::011111111111111111110 2Zl 224 00000 0000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100000 0 0000000:0111111111111111111110 224 225 00 0000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 000011111001111111111111111111110 225 226 00111011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 10100 0:0000011111111111111111111111110 226 227 0111001101111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111: 100000 011111011111111111111111111111110 227 228 001100100011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 000100011111111111111111111111110 22& 229 0011100000001000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I 111000000001111111111111111111111111110 229 230 0000010000001010101111111101111111111111111111111111111111111111000111111111111111111111 11111111 I 110 230 231 0:00:000 OOCCOOOJOIl1111 1100010011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 211 212 00 COO:;W0110011100:;0010001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 232 233 000 0100001010110000 0111111111 1111111111111 11 1111111111111111111 11 1111111111111111111110 Zll 234 0000;)00101010000 0101111111111111111111 11 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 234 235 0:00 00000100 00 0:;;11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 235 236 00 00 0000 00::00111111 I 111 11 1111 11 11 11 1111111 11 III 11 11 111111111111111111111 I 110 236 237 0 000:;:;;11111111111111111111 I 111111111111 11 111111111111111111111111111 10 237 234 00 C:OIIOOOIl1111111111 II 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 234 239 0:0100000111111111111111111 II 1111 11 11 11111111111111111111111111110 239 240 00 coo C00I1I11111111111111I111111111111111111111111111111111111110 240 241 0 OCOll11" 1111111111 11 11111111111111111 I 111111111111111111110 241 242 0010111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 242 24l 0010'00011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 24l 244 00000,,000010111111111111111111111 I 11111111111 I 11111111110 244 245 00 000COll111 11111111111111111111 I 11111111111111110 245 246 0"011111111111111111111111111101011111111110 246 247 0011111111111111111 I 111111 1000000111111100 247 24& 00111111111 I 11 11 11111111111100 COOOOll00 24& 249 011111111111111111111111111110 000000 249 250 001111111111111111111111111000 OOoJO 250 Figure 3.07. 87 Figure 3.08. Map showing a combination of changes due to forest area adjustment and reservoir development. FORs.RESC 0 NO CHANGE 75161 CELLS 83 .S 1- 0000000000 3 FO~ TO r~ 0 Nfe R {'.I 840 CELLS .0.,...... 5 NOiHO~ TO FOR (~ 1361 CE llS 1.5% I) 00000 0'01)iJ 10 LA~jO TO RESV (0) 10224 CELLS 11.4%' 3333333533 13 FOR TO Rl:SV (I) 2414 CE LLS 2.7X 88 ••• 111'1111l111111111.122112111111122111121111111111221121121212122121111121111212111111111 11112111111121111212121121111220 _ ••• ~~N""")ooo{)ol1111111"~12lZ22211Bn]]~11)LU':'HU"~~SSSS55S'5:~1711711177~~.- ••• 11J4~14~11'"~la"g12J'~4119012)45"t9(.1214 ~11;.oIH4S.laiG12].. So611901lJ''A7e901lJ,4S41aV012J.4 5"1;.01214 S,11;..)1234S67IVO .... '.0 ., ltXIXIII CD __ 16' ]JJ CIXXXXXIO ...... 1111,.11,111" 1.,1122122211222221222znnlH222222ZZ:C??Z22222Unn2222112Z222222lZ22Z1122112222Z"?nnnZZ112nnZn?t20 . ••• ~~~NY97~:w~"\011tI1111112}22222222111J~11!11"~4"""'';''~~~~~~~~~~~~....:.J:J..4111177j77i'~~~;~~••• ..... 12]". '!.6le90 12J(,~.la~14:1' Solei-1l1?](, \.'!~12].. ~ol:"':'\l3~ 5clc~ 12~ .. ~(;lc;.o12J' 5.t.7!:iGI2~" ~ol!~ 123.:. \~l:...o 12].:. ~~]!~ 12]~ S.7!~ .- Figure 3.08. 89 Figure 3.09. Map of the Wilderness Areas on the Angelina National Forest (only the Upland Island Wilderness Area can be shown because of spac 1imitations). U (H~E~~RE.~S 8322') CELLS 9d.07 ==::===-==== 2 rJ~~EYHrLL ~Il~ 557 CELLS .6% •••••••••...... e. 8 UPLA;~D ISLAND 1223 CELLS 1. 47. °60·£ ~lJn5u _. CM'I.'S'[llO~il9S'(llO~iIQ'i.,rll~;l"~ "'fll GeVI.'i ~{Z, 06;I'~":{l\~~i!'S'[ll.,e1l';"'llDt';l''i~tll~~c; !'s·t?\O~'l''i..tl'~il'\':{ l L ••• _. IJl.l1111l11~;;ii;'iS;;;":.,,=,,:,~,:,,,:,,,,,,r'i:,ri,tl;i~ZZlltZlll\'I"'I~~~~oei.=.;,t;";";:'lllllllJ.l~••• _. Illlllllll"'lll"'ll'I'IL"'III""LL'lll""'I"'111llLll'1111Llll'l'l"llllll1:CO'()l'\":':~~=~':':;)t'~"":'C':)OO"ICtc~'••• ill~ ~ -~ =~ ~ - w ~ ~ (U (~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 06l l'6~ M~ Hi n/ nl l.1 l'~ ftl ftl PI Pi til"I "l(VI nl ~I 'IZ 'U ~I"I "IWI ~I ~I UI Ul ~l ~l \IIm ::I \IIm UI • .:: Ul Ul .:: :::: Ul UZ .::" I:::: IlZ ~~ tI:::: I::: :: oa _ HI :::: :: nl "I :::::: : "I l'Z ,,:::::: : l'l "Z I::::::: : "I "Z :::::::: "I "I :::::: :: "I I:: :: I::: "I19Z :: II:: I::: "Z191 1'1 I:: :: :::: I::: I'l "l ::1 :: :::::::: "I III .:: :: n. :: :::::::: III ~ ,:: I :::::: :: II:: nl I~ ,\: : :::::: :: II:: I~ m '" : :::::: II I::: m re ,::: : :~: ;:: ;; ;;;: re m ':111 111m 11 ;::: m F,! ~j j 11. 1m 11 :::: F,1 ~ :i!lli Il!!111:1 :' ~ III U:U: :: r· 1:: . ttl Hi mm m· .m Hi III U:Ut :: u: III IZI 'II. ,:: III 'Zl '" ::: 'll m~I ,.::, ;;: . m~l III II ::: : III III "' ::: :: III RZ "' ::: : III all t: ::: 6" "1 III III IlZ 'Il flZ III III "I ~l liZ III nl nl liZ III III 'Il ~ ~I IOZ IOl III lR til IOl III 101 10l '1Ol III III IR 101 ~ ~ 1O1 ~ - 1I001'S ~lloe'l'nrz I oe'I'~' III ~'l'~H IIt'6'I'S'1I I~'['\ltlIOt.I'\'HIOt'I'S'tIloe'I'S'fllOt,I'S'fll061l'S'rz.06lltS'(II ••• _. 'UllU.UU~UH;'SC.S~S'"''''''''tt[nIll'lllllUlilt I" III' Il~ JOOC.* _'6e~2n7';'X'Tl'illlllllUI""",,,,"", ...... &ILli ILl'Llllla,,""'IIII'II11111 II I'IItil' III 111'11111 IIIL"'" IIII' 'l'IalltillOCl'XJCJOOOOC'»JOIJOCi))CJWOJOOWCOOOOOOUO ••• 06 91 Figure 3.10. Map showing changes due to forest area adjustment, reservoir deve~opment and management strategy. F IV' SC HA:~ 0 NO CHANGE 733 a1 CELLS ~l.S% ------1 LAND TO RE SV (R) 10224 CELLS 11.4% AAAAAAAAAA 46 NO'4FOR TO FOR (A 1361 CELLS 1 .5% IIIIIIIIII o~ FOR TO RESV (R) 2414 CELLS 2.7% TTTTTTTTTT 75 TURJ ••• 111111111111 I 111111111111 111 1111111111111 I1111111111111111 1l11l11111l21l11l121U21222112111111221111111I212222 ••• U."U444H5~~S'''55~1777''1111~~~.NG:::;1111111'''ln2222Z(l]]]]}]BBU''U'''''''' "".. 12J.:. 5,le;v12]4""6"';1214 S".9O.2)4S.,f.iOIll4'6;1:;0 1214~"'YO12]"Stoll: 'FO 12 J.:. 5611:.C' 214 S"e~o 1214 5"eYO121'561190 ... ll2lI AMAI>A ll2lI 011 ...... 021 022 ...... OIl Oll AU...... & 021 024 ...... 024 Ol' m 02' ""UJJoA...... 026 021 UJJoA 027 02' Oll 029 ~- lI29 050 A"A-.."" 010 011 UA.UA OJ! oil OJI 011 ...... AM....- on 014 ...... 014 Ol~ .u_ on 01' MIoAA 016 011 017 osa osa 01' -"""...... • OJ, ll4t ...... 114' ...... 1141 0'"1141 ~Uol lI4Z 1141 ~Uol 1141 lI44 ""Uol 1144 114~ ..... 114S 114' 046 1141 ..... 1141 ll4t A lI4I 114' ... 114' l OS, - OSI I ou ... 051 ou ...... CKl CSI ...... -..... 051 0S4 ~ -...... 0S4 \ O!~ ...... 'lAA& OS5 IJ,J.A&..U...... A.AM ~ I OS1 .& u.A.A.J. 41u.u..u.a 051 O~ ,u...... AU.....u..u.a os. os, AA.J"A_ ...... OS. 1 - DOl .uA ...... DO' ... •••••• &,M 1 DOl •••••• A 0"lI6l I -06J IlOJ 065 1IU lI:.6 "" 1101 1107 - A 111111 DOl DOl 1I"ln,n, Olt 010 I "11 011 "IJlltlnlIt"" 071 on ...... _...... ""IIInl"nul on - nl",lIllI.."rr 011 011 ...... -.--O'. 014 ..-...... 1IIIIIIfI'"'"'' 074 015 ...... nUIIU'Inll. I,nl Jllinn 015 016 ...... _...... IIUII"11'11111111 rrlII'n" 07' on ...... -...... 'n'"I1"1111 111111 n" I rr un on 07...... TIll II It I 1111" II111 1ft 11 '" I II' 011 Olt ...... 1111 I lilt'tllllf" ,"" II I" I'fI' 011 taO ...... 1111111 ""r II I 1111111 IIIn,n'' oal ...... 1111" 11111""I rr, rr ItllHI JI nn oal 0&2 Itr", rJ JIll 1'1 JlIIII. r11111 I I' n, 0&2 lI&J 'IIIIIIIIIIIIHII'I,IHIIHUll'" 1IU lIM 1111' 11'" II" 11'11" II rr Ifl It.,n OIlS ...... 1111111 11111111 rIII'fin' lIIS \ 056 •••••••••1/ ,I"ITTUrr rIIfllIUJln 016 -oa1 ·······1.. IflTIIIII t III Itt, II II nf 1111 I c.&I ·····111111 II t '"III'"IJI' I JlIIf' oa, •••• -1111" I "'"1""III I IIIrr n, lilt 000 ·····1111·· "IItltrlrtllln otlI 011 •.••• -I II·" 111111 011 , lItl eNI ...... 111 091 ·······1······ II 011 I ··············1 ~ ~ ...... * 096 ...... --_. 096 -0';1 ...... lIt1 .,...... uti ...... ott ...... 1110 \ 1110 -1I '" 1I I II I 1111 I III I 111111 '"''IIII 1I1111111111111111111111IlZl2nnl1nlnnlnnznZllIUnZ21UU212121Z222 - ",,~.c.~';'':'!S~~~5S~ !5~111111T711~~-N"n~uu'JCCp:-:w' '" 111 t 112i;Zn22:.?3H:n3H3H4"4U..c.~U .. 1234 S&.l ~ru 121~St.l :.;.0' 2J.:, ~.; l;.o12),;, 5.6.16~1214 ~l';.o 12)4Sole:90' 21' ~",~;.(;j1ll.St.] ~C;G 12""~.7tW'O 1Z.l'" 56;liN1234561890 - Figure 3.10. \ 93 Figure 3.13. Map showing changes in the external boundaries of the National Forest between 1948 and 1984. 9CUCHA:'ofG U NO CH,\N6: 87457 C:llS 97.2% 0000000000 3 1948 aOUr-.OARY 642 CellS .7% .111'.1111 4 4~/~4 5JUNOARY 962 CC"llS 1.1% ~ ~ ~oooooooc 9 1i~t. 30UNOARY 939 CEllS 1.0% 94 ••• OCOOOOOCt()QOC"lOGOOO~"*"","'.Q60~11111"'11"""""111"'1111111"1"1111'll11""""",1111111,'1,',"",1,',1.. ••• ~7171m1716~~~"1"11111ll.l2121212)UJn])UU~lU"U~S5H55S~S~lnl7Tln71... ••• Ill Figure 3.13. 9S Figure 3.14. Map showing changes due to forest area adjustment. reservoir development. management strategy and boundary adjustment changes. F1H1SBDCH 0 ~O CHANGE 71413 CELLS 7~.3i. ------1 L,\ND TO RES" (R) 10224 CELLS 11.4% 0000000000 3 43 NF 80UND~~Y ., 45) CELLS .5i. ~ 3a3lU! :UJ 4 oj .. ~~ F a0 U i~ iJA RY 736 CELLS .8: *~~~;'(**;E;E* 9 4.3/04 f'.4F 3aUND 779 CELLS .9i. AAAAAAA).AA 46 ~~O~FO R TO FOR (A 1) f.: 1 C:LLS 1 .. s;: IIIIIIIIII 64 FOR TO RESV (R) 2t.14 ( c: LL S 1..7i. TTTTTTTTTT 7S TiJRi ••• ~11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,',1,'",'... ••• ~1111111771au...t..!..wum~;)()OQII'11111111121211111J))]]!JJJl.:(1.1.1.4:'='44~5S'5'5S'5SS!~lnlml111...... •n,S071' 101 • AJ.lJJ...J~_ 201 .. .ua....u"oU..l.l..A..U..U, 201 lCll 10 w..AoU.U J ".u..u.a..u.AA lOl lOJ 10 ~ u a.u.,u ..&..\A& 2QJ lQ4 10 ~ A.I".t.A.U,A A& lOC lOS 10 ~ J.J,. .uA4 lOS lO' 10 ~ .0...... lQ6 107 10 ~ u...... 101 201 10 ~ .u.u. 201 210 ~ """ 21' 211 ~ ... 211 m- ~ -m 2') ~ 211 211 ~ 211 21) ~ 211 2" ~ 216 211 ~ ...... , • 217 2" 10 u..u.u.u.w III 2" 2" , ..&& A ~..u.u..... wll lit 2lO o.a .LU.lJ,.U.. lltI. .11 120 221 .. WAl.t.UJ".I.u.t. IIIIII"..U VI. 22' 2Z1 II 1.U..lJ,..U.J..\.u II' ~. Ul 221 10 , ·u 221 124 110 &1 214 22'S II ,...... U ll5 221 I V.'UU""UU u.u 22.6 22' llt 1.LUJ..Ll'LU.U lUI U 22' 22. .. LU.U...... u.u.LLJ..UI 224 22't • U-.-U..J..A.J..LU lU...I..U.ll.I. 22't n. a. \A.U'LU.U WJJ.J..JJ..J.U no 2]1 .. 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I.I...... 251 1S4 Q I .. "'M ""W l.U.A I ..,. II ' .. h ...I...... UMA, N lS1 Q I ~ , 1"...... AA.AAA 1S1 lSI 0 I 'tA~ 1.l.U.J..J.J..J...U.UA.U.U l.U..l..U.U.i LI..I...l..J,.I.\..UA,I ~. lSI C1l1 W ....·.AA.AAj lU.U.U..U.~UJ l.U.JJ LL.U..LI,I • UAA 1St 2611 o. \NJI.AAAAIrtI u..u..u.u.A.·I·········.. 1.&1 A...u..A.4 161 26. aa w " .. I ., u.a.u 26' l61 • w w l02 26J • ...... , \llUJ " 261 264 10 w u..tLt.U.IJJ 264 liS 10 LLt.U.U..u.t.U.W 2" 266 10 ..... •..• ·u • 166 267 10 Lu.V.. """"""" 100 267 261 nlG \J.UU..W u.w ,,"au 261 lit lOll u w..u.u.u..w .ooocu I cat l69 210 IQ I• .. • ...... " ClllullllQ 271 211 lX.I 0 co LU.A.J I.M,A).: fl...J,AJJ..lJ Col U'" 211 27'1 Ui.X.C£1I u..a.u.u..·.a .. ...LU.. • .:G&.:... GI' 2n 21] ex' lug u..u.o... .. h.l.JlluIU& &I II. DI In 2" 1I...au: • l..LlJ,.A.h:.aUA 10 11'1." 2" 215 au 01 0 C ....u...... ua .... • 21'S 216 oaa oa:x.au e :::u.. .. &I 1 216 zn 0&.1 ~U:U.lL:£"a.:..ILI U IU 01 .., 2n 211 cx:. all uU&I """1&1 01 211 279 0.. c.... GO "00 La 279 lIlA llOOQ& CU 11.00" 210 lI' ca u • 10 c.... 21. 251 au.. UI..1I 212 21l llt IIU 21l lS4 01 G&IIl 21' 2.S OIl au III 216 lXllI CIa. ll6 l.7 0 I QI 217 21t GOI a:xxDI 21t 219 II ch"D 2at 290 ca.... 290 nl ~ n2 nl ~ ~ m m ~ ~ m m ~ m ~ 290 1_. ~~.ocoOOJ..JOoJOOOOOO':;~j{,,;.e,c')'X)x,c..)Q111111' 11111111111111111111111111111' 111111111 ~ 11111 1111 I 111"11' 11 I 11111 ""1'" ... ". t.U.t~11111117115.:..:..·U!..t!.:.~n~X-.A::CUJ:::':'1111111111ni~~i i? :l~]! ~ ~ ~~! 3J::';'_';"_';'';'''~~~5!l5'5~!~~17717n771S --. -." lZ34S,,;,: i'O Ill"~"a~121 .. s.:.;,~;.,:;o 121C.~&~t~ 123"S"'t;V121';'~.1: ~ 1'J.. ~: ,: ~y..:i 11 J4 ~c. i :¥-u113 .. Sc.l!.;.Q 12 !:'567~90123:' ~~"~Y012J';'5.1I;o -.- Figure 3.14. 97 Figure 3.15. Map showing all the changes that had taken place on the Angelina National Forest between 1948 and 1984. CHA:~G::S 0 NO CHANGE 71413 CE LLS 7~.3% ------1 LAND TO RESV (R) 1 fJ 224 C=LLS 11 .4% 0000000000 3 413 NF eCU~;MR'( 4 S3 CELLS •S% S!a~3a~!Sa 4 84 NF 13 0 U~~ DA RY 736 CELLS .8% 9~ ***~*:i:-€:-€** :~ 431134 NF a OU!~O 779 CELLS • AAAAAAAAAA 40 I'lO~1 FOR TO fOR (A 13 C1 CELLS 1.5% IIIIlIIIII 04 fOR TO iH 5" (R) 2414 C=LL S 2.7% TTTTTTTTTT 7S TURKEYHILL (:1 S) 557 CELLS .67. UUUUUUUUUU 76 UPLA N0 IS. Cl-1S) 1223 CELLS 1 .4% WWWWWWW\olWW 78 FO~ TO NOI'l fO R (W 840 CELLS .91. 98 ... O.-olJOOIlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOClIllllllllllllll 111111,11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 _ ••• ~71lnllllleu~9W~.0l0IllllllllI111nlnllllllllllll"UUU44~SSSSSISSS~1I111111171_ ••• Ill ... oc..;'"...::..A'\{'Q{,()QXh1COOU~C4>G.::..:xn111111111 111111111111111'111111111111111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. • ,, ~.)41111117777~~~!.!~~~J':,:..u.:'luv:'l111111111111221121.2ZJ3!13!~1!]'':''''':''''4~55~~5~~~~~~Tll1nl1nl.. 1}}..O, 5cl~:nJ 12.3:. ~ol!;'D 12.3:'~Q.7aYG 121:.5.:.:!;.c, 121.:.56: !;,J1214~t7l!,.17I12l'-S~"!";i234 5,]eY012~)tl!;.o12l4'S.t7e.;.u12~ ~e.le.;.o12}.l,S~7!;.o .. Figure 3.15. APPENDIX 3 99 CURPf.NT TO FlIlURE (}lA'(£ rroo. REMli CLt.tP REMl't AJCK3)J1) }o llto.1Ha.P ) TPAl1'W' ~PJXJ Figure 4.00. Flowchart of Current-to-Future Change Model showing initial, intermediate and final maps. 100 101 Figure 4.01. Map showing the boundary of the proposed Rockland reservoir. ROCK e CU ::0 o I @1'HFJV ~W. 88559 CELLS 9 /:).4 % IIIUBB!!. 4 RESERVOIR BOUND 1441 CELLS 1.6% 102 ••• ClGOOOOOOOOOC ;)OOIJOOOOOOOOOOG,)G t 111'111t " , 1111 ... ••• ~1"'1111111112111111']1]])311)(L""44"5~SSSSS\S1646Lb06466111177n77UYAU.!.!!~~~111111_. ••• 11}1, ~l'o 111 ".111 l~ l~ llJ lIS m ZU l'S Zit ZU III ZI1 ZI1 21' u ..Ulull II • 21' 21' • II IU'II 21. 210 • IWII" UII II IlO II' •• ... .. ll' III • II .. II Zll Ill' ... • II 12) He. • II. • I' ll' ZZI • ... • .. II II ZZS 21. • IU'" 11'11 II lli 227 II' ..... "I 227 21. II 11111 II III 219 .1 • l~ ZIO • II lSO Z)I II •• ZJ1 IJZ II • II Zll Zll II II .. • zn ll4zn •II II.n ...UII'• InZJ4 I~ • U 11";a l~ 217 II II • IIIUIi ZJ7 111 II II • 1111 • 211 2~' II ... .. II 2]' 240 "IU'" • II... I'" lU II. '11 '1 .1 UI 2" Zt.Z II' II II. II III If.1 It II lIat II 24J 2u • u" I I .., II' II II 244 Z'S II II • II • • .U .. II Z4' Z'I U' 1'..... II UII' II "' II • .... Z46 247 uul lUI IIIIU II II' II II. • III .. ", zc.s lIuun II 11"11' I' II... • II II' III '4' 11111111' U..... • II " 24' l'~ II...... IIIIU II III 1Y dl ••II• II ... • n' =n ...... II IU.U..... II 11l 2H IIIUII lUlU II' • II' II 2"1 ~4 II II U.. III .. 2n lSI 'U lSS lS' • uu lS' IH '1 lS1 lS' .u II lSI ~. •• .,Id I.' 2" 260 'UII lUI •• 260 261 II .. ... UI U2 .. au n... W 2!.1 .. uua IU'I 261 2~ II II .... II. 264 l~S ... II II .U.. 26S lU .u. .lUI UI II' 266 2*1 '11 I"" 111 II JlUIl 2'7 2:.4 '11' ..... II • UUIUI 26A 2:..9 II ...... IIUI II III II • II' a' 27Q aU IIIIIUUUJlI1I& II 'ui ... .11 .U llill ..I 17Q 211 ..I" II...... "IIU'"' ."..... U lI,uII IU 211 211 ..lin'" ..I •• IU.II &lUi...... II..... 211 271 .... UI&..... II' .1 I ... IJlII.UII..I' II ..... zn 214 II 11111111 1& JlIII II 1.1 .... lUI II II III 274 21S q ...... 11111 I 1111""11' .. II "I II' 21'S 216 U•U 1111'" III • II III..... "'" • 276 In II. • .. " 111111111" II' 217 218 U• 11...1 II II II ... 27. 219 II U .... CI' 'U.U. III .... II' l" ~ •I II' IIUI II III UII 'U' 2ao U. II 11"1 •• IIIIU ...... I 1&&., .... 1111 .... 211 212 • lUI "1"1 III II III IUIUI I.... UI ,el 2!S lUll II III • 1111 II' •• 215 2" II 1.1&.1 ... II' .... II... • 2&4 2-"S II.UII • III' ,...... • '''1'' .... IIIIUII ,ss l~ I• .1 ..... lU II..... II ••11' II 2" 211 II • .... II.. 11"1 U ..11.1 217 ~ II .1 au. u • u... • .1 2!1 a9 • •• ..un 11 I..... 11..1 II IIIUII. III' 2et ~ IIUI .. IU' I ...1 .. II 111111'11 111.1 290 191 lUI '1 U IlJaIlIl "' • 11111 I 291 ~l ~l ~J ~J l~ 1~ m 1M 206 196 107 197 ;OW 29. ~ ZW """._ oc:A)O:"'..,XlOOC~::c.Jlj~OOG£:,OC""VO~.. '"IO·· • ..·7···..~DOCUC.::.oc~UC~~::;:~C~oa.::;c,uOOCOD'l'lll',"I,t'1'.-000 .... :..:~:a'I'll I t I', U::?2111123~1~'~31 ~ !.:..:.,.;.:.:._.;. ... '!.~~~5~''\!~~t~17in71771!!~.:!!~!~~.~::..:;~.;wlI1111_. _. 12...)4 ~ 11!;V12J,.:, ~.:.l!;Y 12J'~~i!;.ul Zl:. !l~1.tliii'2J,;,~.i!;;11J.:.~';a;.Q12]..;. S61~;.Q 1214~bla;o 12)4St 71;,,) 11J~ ~Qla;.v 'llL!"i!Y01Z14S .- Figure 4.01. 103 Flgure. 4• 02.• Map of the proposed Rockland reservoir. ROCKRESV- o OTHER AREAS 85544 CELLS 95.0% 2 ROCKLAND RES 3015 CELLS 3.3% 18181118111 4 RESERVOIR BOUND 1441 CELLS 1.6% 104 ••• ~~().'MjOOOo(ji'OOJOOOCC.voooooc,~-'OOOOVOOOOO~OOCoOl"1"'111111'".. CJOCA"lUw~t" 1111n'i222211.!~ !I))~S~S5S~~~.b61111117771!~~. ~ aU " t nUHBr.,:.:.a"".. x-cx" ....u " ... J0111111 ...... 1214SO 11;.012 J4S,'e9Q 12].4 S61 !l;o~ 12)45'It.,.il1214S61heu,U5" t)ioQ 123.. ~t.1! iG 121.4. U 16"'"12 s.:. St.l!;o, 2 ~ So l!YO Ill S"I;IQ1ZJU ••• 2~ ~. ~, ~, 2Q ~2 2~ ~J ~4 2U 2" 2" 2U ~, ~7 ~1 21' u..... II • 21' 21' .u.1t 21' 220 UII .111-" III 221 I·...... IU';'4&1 111 222 I······.. U ..II 222 22] ,...... a..... 2n 22' I·····... 1..11 224 215 I···.·... • ~,,, II 2lS 22' I·····...... 1111 II 216 227 .11" "I lZ' 22"& u...... 1. II ll. 229 _...... 1,a I.. 2lt 210 ••••••••••••• • •••••.. 1'. 210 211 , •••••••••·..N .:...... Z11 21J2!1 I...... l···········.. •...... •• • 11ZIII ZU .n...... uU...'54 211 , 1 •••• III.nu..... 155 234 I········... II····",·.... II 234 21123. ,...... I···.·······.. IIU •...... ••.;:..:.1...:... 2J7lSi 2402]' ,I·········..11...... ·•• ••• • 11····_·····...... ,•••:...... 1&.0lJ' .".&1 " 14' 2'2241 II .I'·uII············...,. 142 2"24J ••••••••••••••••I·········...... I....• ••, ••• • I•••·········..•• 2lS244 '" 1••--•••_...... ••••• • •••• • '1 '4' "6 ••••••• ••••••• 1111111"1'.1 •• 11.1. • ,... 24.6 241 111.···.·· '1...... u.... ••• '1 '1' •••••••••··111·" 247 1'. , 1•.••.•1••••'" •• ••• 1·4 ~... 24' 2" 4...... 11111" 24' 2'SO 1.11.11. .1••" .I·.····~······ .. I.. nt ~, I.················ ····· ·.. ··· .. ···:········.··~I .. , 1.1.,. 21' 2'S1 1.·•••••••••••••••••••••··············1:···.······· ••. 1, ,... II••'U II ··...... 211 2S) _ 1'11••• ~.I.'II.. ~... I .11····••••••·.·.&1 2'SJ 2'542'1S 1•••••••••.. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••_ _ .. • ..,,······· •••• &&4...... :;.1.···••;111••••...,. 1111••...... •••....•••.. •••.....••••• 15S2S4 n, •..•••••••.••• :c. :.a.a:...... 1••1 •••••• •••••••••1. 156 2S7 1.·_ • •••••.. ···.······-.·.. • .. •••••••.. ••••••••• ••• ,... •••••••••••••••••••• lS7 l"!.1 __ - ••••••••••·• 111 •••1····..• •·•••• lSI 1S9 _ _ ••••••••••••..·al 1••••••••• '11. 2S. 160 4 ···.·······.'1.. • ••I •••• •• q. 260 261 _...... •••• ••.. ••••••••••11 UI 26.1 I ••• .. •••••.. •••• • IIIU 16.Z I'IH········•••••• 261 1MIf.] .1I.·············.················.. •••••• •••• ••••.. ••••.. •••.. ..•••••···········•••.. • .. ·······_··· ..··········..······· .. ·.··.. , .. ,...... 'I.U 264 2LS .11••••••• •••••••• .. • •••••.. •••••• •••••• •••• _" :,...... 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".'1 .1 ••••••••·••••• •••••••••••••••• 21Z 21l •••••••• 1"'-1'. • 1••·_ ••• &.&.... 213 2ac. .I••·.'U ••,•..• 111 IIU 1 ·.·.·· :uE:.:I·a..... 214 21S &&.I •• , ••-.... • 'UIU" • •••••• 1111"" 1... lIS 266 11· • ."1111- •••.. •••.. ~.... 2M 217 ,1.1· :·1. 1..... 1I ••• a·:;..~ ·"' •.. •• .... •··11...... ;I.I.U " 211 ~ 211 I'.'. • =1.'.1 1I11.·... 4:;...... • .. • ••••• .. ;..·•• ...1. 2S1 lIt "11 1111111111 II 1111" "',,""u ... U,; : I'"IIU...... 21. 2'90 ..... II II'" U" II= .. .:. ... "... "II..I·I.."UU·=..... 290 m29' 'UI II U IIlUIII"""1I • II'" • m29' m m 294m 194m ~ N nl n7 m ~ ~ ~ ODD 000 ••• OOOC-.. :xJ;XX'OOutCc;')()()OCC..:~C~:N;~XNC~~:.v~'C:~~:~JG.:iVOOClO:..:.:..:~"1,11,""',11' ••• ~~111"'111Il222212?;:!JnH!nBa:..:.. "44..:.~~~~~~5~~H~1117177nl!~~:..!~!~~?"~~~:..:.uw.JOC111111 ... ••• Ill.:.S.l!W12:s.o.S61eS Figure 4.02. 105 Figure 4.03. Map of the Angelina National Forest in 1984 showing the total areas within the forest. AREA84Q o AxEA OUTSIOE NF 45275 CELLS 50.3% ------2 AREA WITHIN NF 42824 CELLS 47.6% ISS!!!!!!! 4 NF BOUNOARY 1891 CELLS 2.1% ...... 8 COMPART 102A 10 CELLS .0% 106 _. OG·",;rMX '"z.. . __ _ -.-_•••_ '"Zit '" ••••••••••-.. _ •••••a _ 2tl lIS , - __••••• 21J 214 ••••••••••...- ..- _.-- __ _ - 214 ZI' 1······.································_······,..·-···· -.- - lIS Z16 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••_ - •••••••••••••..& ••••••••_ __ - '" 117 •••••••••••_ _._•••_ ••••••••••_ ••- ••••••••••••••••••" 21' Zl' •••••••••••••- ••••••••••••••••••••_ 21. ". hIQ•••• •••·a-···· .. ······· ·····__ ..·········_···· ·_ ZI' 221UI u·.·· ..···_···__ ·········__····-.··_···_·_····· ····· ..·..·" _ _ lZI121 UI ••- - - ••••_ 2U lZJ124 1················ ..········· ..·············· ·_····_·_·· _-_-_ 12)21' 22'S .1···1•••••·.. _•..·-······ .. _······_········_..······ ••••.. ··· ··· ••••••••••••••__· •······ ;.". .- __,,"' _ 225 ~ 227226 1•••••••••.. •••• •••• •••••••••••_ ..•••••• ········_··· && _ __ 12.zzr 2:!1 " •••••••••••_ & & _ - 22. 229 , ••••••••••••••••• ~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~ ~ - 229 nl II ·~······..••••••..• ..•••..•••••••..•••••••••••..• ..••..•• 230 211 , 441 .-- _ •• - __ 211 IIIlU 1····_··••••_ ····.. _·&···_··_·· ·····_· ······_ ····--. ..•······ -_- •••- •••••••••__.--.. 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Map of the Angelina National Forest in 1984. tUTFORS4 0 N01-FOREST 59083 CELLS 65.67------1 UPLA NO IS. SOUND 297 CE LLS .37------2 TU~KEYHILL '.JILi> 557 CELLS .67- 0000000000 .5 FO~ESr 9266 CELLS 1 !) .3:: 3a!J~3!3!J 4 Nf 80UNDARY 1321 Cc LL3 1.7% ·...... 5 t3A~NrSTE~ ao UN!) 368 CeLLS .47- 11111111/1 6 a;\~NISrER ~;.tA 1524 C=LLS 1 .7% ++++++++++ 7 FJRESr t3 0UNO 3516 CELLS 3.9% ·...... B UPLA~D IS. WILDE 1223 CELLS 1.47- ********** 9 TURI / / i I 108 111" 111 1""'1" 1'" ,,,"" 1'" ,t" "",",,," 1,""",11112222ZZ2ZZ122222222222Z12222221112222211122211ZnZ ••• .. - '''U':'''44)~)')!a''5'S'~TTTT77T77~~-N·';.'':~Ql1''11''1'1:22112'Z2J]13)]])llLLLL.:.'-':'':'U.' -_ -- 1l,J4S47!90 12]..;. ~le~' 2'4)6;6"01U4S6,7190 1ZJ4~le~ 1l,J"5"!90 11~~;a;.o 1D4S6 7eo 90'214 )"tIe,11'S6'twl234'61t?O ••• 021 "XDXIl'"" 02'J All ' -o:x:IXlQ'"* 021 GlI ~. ••••••_-_._.- alZ on --:o:r::a:o-- ) i:::a:JU US Al' ..~ ,•.et:J:xJCO" OZ, ClI .~ .~ -axJ:)••- on w --a::x::r.g-" -:z:o,. -o:xxxxa::r- oz. 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C69 ora 00l1ncoo ..••11111/11111111. 1...._····.. 010 071 C:l11111:x1 ••••1/1111111//11111/. 1•••••····.·.II'J..1 071 QTZ O"'..oC:I:O",',11oa ••••/JI/I/I/IIII/II/IIIJ. 1·····_······....1 Oll an 0111"""1l~ .1/11/1111/111111111/11/. r...... on or4 011'11"11'00 .IJlJlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII••••••••••JUIJJ:J. •• _&nn 07' 075 O:Ul11111'CO •••••11//111111111111111111111/11111•• •••..••••••••••..·.·······-. 01'5 01.6 0011111111COO ./1111111111/11/111/11/1//1/1111111•• a.•••••••••• _ 1 07' on 01\1111""'00 ••/1/11111/111/1111111///1/111/111••·······················...... 077 071 0111" "11'110 ••• •1/1111//111111/1/11//1111111/11••••••••••••••_...... 011 01'9 D1111",111110 ••••//I/I/I////lI/I/IIIIII/I/lIl1ll/lIu·············..••••••••••••••••••• 019 cao 0111111111' 110 .1/1//11/1/1/1/1/11/1/111/11/1///1111/1•••••••••••• ••• •••••••• •••••••••••ux....• tao 011 000011'" 11lCO • • /11/111/1////11//111/1/1/111111111/11/1.. ••••••••••• 011 OIl G011 111110./1/11///11/11//1///11111/1/111/11/1/11/11/• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••n ••:;·- elZ C&J 0011111110.1//11//1////1111//1111111111/1111/11111111 _ 00-.. CO oa.a. Cl'11' 11 10.11//////11/11/11///////1/////1/11/////111/.········•••••••••••••••••••••••••••~. 014 CS't DC:1 111111 '!Ol /1// /////11///1//1/1///111//111//111//1// •• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••,,,••1.&1&&·-"· oas C56 Dl ,',11"001/1111//1//1/11/111/11/1111111/11/1111/111••,...... • 056 017 O~",1111011/111/ 1/////11//111/1I /1/ /1///1//I II/I //1// .J•••_...... 017 :'" 011111 '! 'CC'JIIIIII1//11///1/1/1/1111111/11111/111/1/1/• •1····...... •.•· _. O'-..J 08'9 011 '11' 1100...... • /1/1/1//1/11111/11/1/11111/1111/. la , 089 0;0 01111111100 .//1/1//1/1//1/1//1111111111111/1 . •1 _...... 09CI 091 011"'111100 ./11//1111111111/111/11111/11111/1.11······1...... ••••: :11/. 091 092 011 .,11111,CO_ ./1/1///111/1/111111111/1/1/111/11• •1·"1••• • //1/1/1/11. /III.... 09l 093 00' " 111 111 lOO1)e> .111/1/1/1/1//1/1/11.1/1/1/111//1//.1•••• • II//I/I//I//I!///1111. 00) 094 oon 1111 1"'1()Orao .1/111111/1//111111•• ••• •/111111/11 . ••• •///1111/1//1/1: - III/III. 0910 "" O:Jl11"1"111~ .1//////1/1/11//1'.. • •••••1/1/11///111111111////11'.1//1111. 09'5 096 0011111" 1111100.- ...... • /1111/1... .111111/111/111/111111//1"'''/1111••• ... _.- 006 091 00::·00011 11111111 10 ./11111/.. ./1/1/1//1/11111111111/11: I JI/lII I :!.~ 0'17 09t 000 011 1111' 11 1 100 ./1/11111... .//1111/111/11/1111111111; ·III//Ili/ .....~. 09. C9lf 011'111111''':00 ••••11111/11/.. • .lIllIl/l/ll/fllJlIll/l/",·IIII/III:I..o.:J)· ow .00 C:JC)111111111 11"'00 ..../11//1/11111/. • •• •• /lIIIIIIIIII/III/lI/lIII.J 111111/111. -o:J- ,oa '01 co ~JOl 11111'" 'CO'ooo ••• • /111/111/11. • ./1/1.'/111/1111/111111/1111. 11I1f11l11l . . XJ ...._· 10' '02 0"'"...:.:' ,e-::):J1 ,,,11" '::)00000 -00• •/1///11/11. ..1111//11111111/11111//1111:11111 111111/ .COOOQoa. ,Ol 103 QV~CC'OO1111'11000 -a:>- ••/11111//1. •• ••/1//1111//1/111/1111111•.••••••111//1 .aoooo·· 103 104 00 00111'''110 ~.~III1/I/I. .1/111/1/111111/1/1/1///. .11I11/.oc:ax:JJ:;· loe. 101 ~1111"0 -acz)a -a:x:JO- ••/III1I/.. ./11111""11/•••••111//. .111111 •.::1000.·· 10$ 106 01""'0 .. :xx: .....-._.-acx:oa./...... 11/11111/1//1. ./1111. .//II/I/..':X:D-·· 106 107 0"11"0 ..y...... 107 108 oeooI11~::O" h'O·-.x:cc-·-_·~ -oa --ooao- 'oa 109 o:::'~: ~ 0 ••....IJCXXlX'OX'.-a:x::oa - , \ 109 Future map of the Angelina National F~rest Figure 4.05. due to the proposed Rockland Lake ProJ~ct. FUTURE 0 l~ 0N- FOR E5T 54750 CELLS 60.8: ------1 UPLA NO IS. 8 nUN l) 2 '17 CELLS .3% ~=:===:=== 2 tURKEYHILL :HLD 557 C:LLS .6% . 0000000000 3 FOQEST ?261 (E LL S 10.3% !!!!!a!!IJ 4 Nf 80UNOARY 1350 CELLS 1.5% ·...... 5 6ANr.ISTER t30UNO "36-3 CELLS .4% 1111111111 6 8AN~!STER ;w.'tA 1524 CELLS 1.7% ++++++++++ 7 Fa~EST aoujljo:,~Y 34 ';4 CELLS 3.97- ·...... a UPLAND IS. 'JILDc 1223 C:LLS 1.4;: ********** 9 rURKEYHILL 60UN!) ~2 CELLS .1% 0000000001) 10 SA~RAY8URN SOU~O 3670 CELLS 4.1% 1111111111 . 11 SA.'1RA Y RESERVOIR' 3963 CELLS 10.0% KKKKl ! i /' / i ! 110 ••• ~ee;e" 210 • ..co- uCXQ'XXXYlXXX))Q 21. lit • ..CO')'XCoxonxnyOl" 211 2tl • ..co:xxxr...... O'XYUXccCO 2" 111 • ura.y.-.Yr/ Figure 4.05. \ 111 Figure 4.06. Map showing a summary of changes in the Angelina National Forest due to the proposed Rockland Lake Project. FUTURE2 0 NON-FOREST 54750 CELLS 60.8% ------1 UPLA ~D IS. BOUND 297 CELLS .3: ======2 TURKEYHILL :,,;rLO 557 CELLS .6% 0000000000 3 fOREST 9261 CELLS 10.3% IS!!!!!!!! 4 NF BOUNDARY 1350 CELLS 1.5% ·...... 5 aANNISTER BOUND 368 CELLS .4% Illllllill 6 8ANNISTER '.oIMA 1524 CELLS 1. 7% + .... +++ .. +.. + 7 FOREST BOuNDAR., 3494 CELLS .3.97- ·...... 8 UPLAND IS. WILDE 1223 CELLS 1.4:: ~OOOOOOOOOE 9 TURKEYHILL BOU~D 82 CELLS .1 % 0000000000· 10 SAMRAYBUR~ BOUND 3tS 70 CELLS 4.1% 1111111111 11 SA.'1RA Y RES ERVO IR 8968 CELLS 10.07- 2222222222 12 ROCKRES OUT N.F. 2461 CELLS 2.7% 4444444444 14 ROCKRES ON NF80U 143 CELLS .27- 5555555555 15 ROCKRES INN F 411 CELLS .57- 88138889888 21 ROCKRES 80 UN D 1441 CELLS 1.6% : 112 ••• ~~""'1"""I"111'llt"11""111"'111"...... ~1111111717&!!.,!"u'~.NOOO"""911111U"111l21ln22B]!B!"]4_. ••• 12}':'~61ay\)1l14s.lalj()12~S:';2~12 S4~lUO 1214S411;c)'134S41!;.;123 .. St7eW011}4S61!91 ... 211 I ••~...." .."" , 211 211 • ..axoxo-···"oxrxoxxo Zl1 211 I ••==.~212 III • ..cu:u:a.nxtYUXcccaro 211 1'4 • ·..;yccefYY«a~ 2" liS • ·~·ocn=O'-··"OXfXX'(X)c. lIS 1,.' .-a::xJO.•"u..roxxcco:oxxo 2" 21' I .o Figure 4.06. PRoxunn HOOEL rltnu. HDlOADS - IliAn'M---, .pre.d ,llce -!l{A~'---~HC1ILES IHlLSItE .J renu. spre.d rtnu. HEIlOADS ---...,. THAnlAP_ IliAnv..P __ !l{A'IMAP ---, renUlll nultlplY-r nlA~----f"HEA0102-,. NECOXPAJlT~ • covel' reftu. .pre.d renu. ~ HERQADS --- nlAnv..P __ TlUTI'M- TlUTI'.A1'---, renu. C1ultlply-to' rnA~--r HER~03_ . HECOXPAJlT--l covel' . re"u. ,prlt.d renu. h N£ROADS ~ nL\TllA1_ nlAnIAP~ THA'IMAP--, unu.." lIultlply_;>TIIAiMAJ'__HER~4 - I covel' HECCHi'AJlT.....J ~ renu. .pre.d renu.. . HEROADS ----+ THATI'.A1' -;>oTJIATMAl __TllA'IMAP ---, anu.. lDult1ply_THAD'.Al- NER010~ - 5EDOXPAJlT ~ covel' "renu.. spresd renu.. ~ HEROADS~nlAl:W~nlAD'.Al~II'.An'.Al---, renWl HULTlPLY _ !l{An!A1'--4 HEReiOS - HECCKPAJlr.....J • covel' renu. spread renWl h N~OADS ~ nlAIMA1'~ nlAnIAP~ THAn'.AP--, renu. C1ultlply_ TIIAn'.Al_HER0101- NECOKPAJlr-J I co~eC' anu. spread anWl cover RE1iOZCHES HEROADS ~ THAn'.Al----+ IIiAD'.AP ----+ nlAn'.Al--, renu. I nul t 1ply...... , nIAIMAP __NEJl~OI nlAIMA1'~ renWl .pread REllUH ND.CADS ----? IliATI'.A1' ~ Ti'.AD'.Al ----+ nLAn'.A1'---, ",ul t 1ply_ REH03UFF----, RlmCZONEs-J CluI tfP1Y-'f' RESAVAIL r'nWl N0'011.8 S----7' IliATHAl' renu. spre.d renu.. renu.. NDIAIER. - TI'.A1'l".A1'---7) Ti'.ATHAl' _ NEnOOD ~ TILAn'.AP-, C1ul t1ply ~PRESAVAIL RESAVAIL -J PRESAVAIL--, cover ~PROXLKAP NOiILES I Figure 5.00. Flow chart of the Proximity Model showing the initial. intermediate and final maps. 114 115 Figure 5.01. Map of the major roads in the northeastern portion of the Angelina National Forest. NEROADS 0 OTHER A~EAS 67417 CELLS 96.0:: ------1 103 312 CELLS .4% 0000000000 3 147 375 CE LLS .5X ...... 5 F;'" 1as 1 47 CELLS .2% ++++++++++ 7 F'"" 1277 380 CELLS .5% lif********* 9 F:1 1196 167 CELL~ .2% 1111111111 11 F,'1 95 22? CELLS .3% 3333333333 13 F;'II 2';23 39 CELLS .1 % 5555555555 1 5 301 C 49 CELLS .1% 7777777777 17 C Sf< ! DG E R ~A 0 115 CELLS .2% :; 99?999999 19 FJ"'1 3316 17 C=: LLS .0% 8888889888 21 300 1 20 CELL~ .2% OOOOi>OOOOO 23 SA~-4 76 CE LLS .1 % FFFfFFFFFF 25 SAA-S 30 CE LLS .0% HHHnHHHHHH 27 316 95 CELLS .1 % JJJJJJJJJJ 29 342 43 CELLS .1 % LLLLLLLLLL 31 . SAA~11 19 -CELLs .0% j" N~l ~j ~;l ~ ~ IN.., 33 SAA-o 22 CELLS .0% PPPPPPPP?P 35 OFF 307 33 CELLS .0% RRR? RRIl RR~ 37 ACCE S5 ROAD 22 CELLS .0% TTTTTTTTTT 3~ 351 t3 26 CELLS .0% If VVVVV V'IV'! 41 351 39 CELLS .1 % :. .' ,I i I ! 116 In • '14 I]S • •II ".1]7 I~ 'll • fl' .' "0 T4' ,"' HZ H1 "'• .. ".,U ,"' Ht II • "7 • ... H' •I. .. 110". • 'SI • .. ,n • ... IU • ,u • ISS • •. Ht •• ... 'S7 • e lSi .. e. 1St ••• e • 16C! I •• ••00., leI ..•. U lel ••• IU .... . • ... 0 •• ,A< •• I6S II •• . , •• • I" .11 1.' "' f . .., I' ".", •• f or 170 • f ...... 111 •a 9. I 7l . , 111 ••. ..•.. I"I1S .. 9 17* • 9 ... 177 ~. - 113 .97 t 19 ... II .. lit 1~ • I" 77 • III 17 • '11 :7 • 1-'. 77 • .., '7 • ~ 7•• "tIH 7 n. u. 1 77 • U. 177 71 190 77 7 '91 77 777777777 777 19Z 777 7177 7777777 I'J ~ 77717 1?4 1117777 -".," 197 .H lOllI'''' llll Figure 5.01. 117 Figure 5.02. Map of the pulp mill site. / ) / ( ! 118 m m DI" DI m 23' 2c.o 2c.o 241 241 24Z 24Z 2Q ZQ 244 244 24S 24S 246 246 247 247 2'1 2'1 249 24' Z5G 250 251 251 ZSZ Z5Z 25J 253 Z54 254 25S 2n Z56 25' 257 257 zsa ZS. ZB 25' Z60 260 261 261 ZAZ 26Z Z6J 261 Z64 Z64 Z6S 26S Z66 266 Z67 267 Z6I 261 Z69 269 Z70 27'0 zn Z71 2n 2n 271 271 2,.,274 2,.,274 27' 27' ZT7 277 2~ 2~ 279 279 Z60 2SG 211 2St 25Z 2U 210 2U 254 254 2!S 2SS ~ 256 247 2a7 256 251 U9 2a, 290 290 291 Z91 29Z 292 Z9J 293 294 294 29S 29S Z96 Z96 297 297 291 291 Z99 Z99 oao 0110 - 111111111111111111 1222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222Z22222222222222222222222222222222222ZO _ - ~9lj; ;;n;"'QoIX:-::=CC:::::0t1111111112222222222JJjJ~lJJ3~"u..:..~';'SSS555iS5 ,tU! SU! t 61i1 IIJIIII...... c ..l';y~;:;;nNO ._ - 'D.56~.Ol~56~90:~567e901~56~901~56~901~56~901~56~;ol~56~9012J4567e90I~567a90'~56~iI01~56nilO - Figure 5.02. 119 Figure 5.03. Map of the proximity of the forest to the pulp mill in miles. NEMILES 0 LAr~D 67616 CELLS 96.3% ------1 ONE MILE ZONE 37 ceLLS .1% ------2 TWO MILE lONE 7.2 CELLS .OX 0000000000 3 THREE MILE ZONE 4R CELLS .1% 1IIIUS!BI. 4 FOUR MILE ZONE 45 ceLLS .1 X ·...... 5 FIvE MILE ZONE 46 CELLS .1 X 1111111111 6 SIX MILE ZONE 66 CELLS .1 % ++++++++++ 7 SEVEN MILE ZONE 107 CELLS .2% ·• ...... ••••••••• 8 EIGHT MILE ZONE 1 52 CELLS .2% iO(i(1(iOOOOO( 9 NINE MILE ZONE 257 CELLS .4X onooooOOOO 10 TEN MILE ZONE 1 c; 6 CELLS .3X 1111111111 11 ELEV EN MIL E Z0 rJ E 204 CELLS .3% 2222222222 12 TIoIELVE MILE ZONE 303 CELLS .4% 3333333333 13 THIRTEEN MILE ZO 2B? CELLS .4% 4444444444 14 fOURTEEN i"lILE ZO 307 CELLS .4% 5555555555 15· fIfTEEN MILE ZON 299 CELLS .4% 6666666666 16 SIXTEEN MILE ZON 1 83 CELLS .3% 7777777777 17 SEVENTEEN MILE Z 30 CELLS .0% 120 I :- -: r ~. :. .i , ...._.r- '• 1• It::' -: t ~_. ~ ~ :- _...... 1 i . ~:. / ~ - i ;.. ...::!:..: ! .:-.J i . .. \ __:~ ~_.1 ~ _L . ... ;... ::::-. . . ~- .J'''- - ---. . . -:: -~ "-. ..- · :. ~..- -. : ·· ':.- --.:. -.:.: 1.!. · ~- :...-- ~:1-.. .. · ::- .~-: i 1 .:-~':.. =-:. :,": .-:. : :. '1------'·1 ) ..~ 1 ':,:~: ~- ..' .. '! -" :- .:,---..;,----...... ~~..-:....-..:.••..::... 1'--=: ..... : ., :.. : ': . ----~...._-..:.:....-_. ".,-._- \ · _-... ;- .1-':-- ._-- ._f._. --.~ ..- .: t - ...... l .. ---- .· --- ...... -· ----. --- ...... -... : \ ..r'o ~• . ..1 j•...... --.: :' l -- -:.':'. !- ..-- ·...... -... ·.: -- ,: .-: ... : ... .. i--'" - ~~------~. ... ,... : ~ ...... : .:.. . j'; \ · ... . •...;,----~-=: ..· .. ..-. --"- .. ..· . .· ... ~ : · Figure 5.03. 122 _ .. _ ...~...:. __ 0 _ .::::-_=::: =~~~~:.:~~~ f~------_.------_.-----_._-_..------=:.-.::::::' =:"..:==~--.:::=_ _._.._- -:--- =:-.:.:=::::::::..~ ====..:= • ::=::=:==:::0_-= ==:=--==== . ::::::::. .::. ------ --. --~ ":".11.-- _....-.-_._···..___ ....M- __----.-0-._...... __. •_ ._ -_ - ". ---_._------II...... dHS • __~~=:::==.:.;::::::;:::._._.__ -=::== =--=-:=:?.=:::::---=.._ ...... "':''':' .:::.--~.:::::.-_-::.::::::::::::::::::: -:;- =--======:::::=::=---==::::.-;:::.::.-.===. llijjg§jmmiil~' :~§:: =:.===:~~::::::= :::;:::::::::::::::::~::::: ====-===:~:=::==---=:.::,::-=::,::~-== ;.; a' "...... ::::.:;L~~==~~~~~~§ ~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~i~i~~~~~~~~g ~~~=~-~~~~~~~:~_=::--=~=--===- ;:~:~:;::i:::::', .~ ;:::::::;;: _------..-----.------;;.:;::.....;_..~~_;.::-~_.~:".;:';:.:"._.-...".-.~.:.~_-~.:-:.:.:.::..::~-~--::. _:::::: :::-:::.-.~ ~;~~~~~~~~i~~~i~~i~~~~~~~~~~~~r :"~~~--:~~;;;~~~~~~ ~f~~~(~~]ill~· ~ =~~m!illf~!j~;~~~J~~III.!!llllillllllllill!!~ illi~~~~i;~2~~ ~ :::::::::=::::::::::=::::::==-=~::::~-=7 ~:=~::=.;::::::::::::::::;::.= ~...... ~::::~:::::::::::::= . -_:._ -.::::::;:.- ..-::= _ __.._ .. .: . a , ...... -_ -_ __•••____._- 'UIU - • •••••••••••••••••••••• ,' .. .._ - _ •••_._._••_ ••__ 1t 'U.. . .. __ _..___ ••_ ••u __ _ •••••__ _ .." n'" ", "" .... • _._ _._ _ •••••• .'UIIII•••••II "I... • . _._ __ __ n ••••••..,·" " '11 . --- - ••_ _ •••_ --- • 1 , , ,: , .. -._ _ ••_ _ _-"'_ • ••••••••111 .. ____ - _.. _ _ _ _'.n_-._._ ••.•••u •• lta.· ·.II ._ ,,.. _ .... • ._•••__ __._.__ ·" ••••11 _ --: =::::::::::::::::::::::: ..=..-..:::::::: .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. ::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;~:::::::::::::::::.::::::::::: .::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::: .::::::::~:::::::~::::::::::::~:::::::~::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::: .-=.::.::.:::::::::;::::::;- =::::::= .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :." ---___ _._..,-....••_ -_._ __ ---_.-- __••__ •" '11 " , ' ... :~.==::::::=:::::: ·~:::::::::mm::::::::H. '::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::~:::::::::::::;:::~:::::::::::::::::::::::;;:;~:;::::::::::i::::::::::::: _.. =====:::. " ; , ,; .. ______---- ._-.. _ _ --_._._------._. II _ " .. ~_ ~~~j~~~1i~ ~=~t~~ iiiiiii!!!!!ii!~ii!!!!llij:~1iiiiiiiiijiii~iiiiiiiij~j~~i!i!!!iiiiiiiiiiii!iiijii!!iiii!i!i;iiiiiiiii;ii!;;!!;;~i~i!if1i:i!i~ii!1iii!~~ ______=- _ •__ "' 11'. -...... • ;...•••••••••_ ------._ ------, , . ______------_.______.___-.. ------_,-_,,,,,__ 1111...... , "...... -_- ,,, ,- ... ------.__.- _ _.------. _._------~~~~§f.::::: :::mgggggF::;~gggggg;miii~w :ii~~i~~~~~~~~~~;g~f;;~;~;~~;~~~~~~~:~;;~~;~f~~;i~i:~~f~~;~f~;~;~~g~- ______--=::.- .•••.._ =.;-:=. - ."ltllI'" "_.--- " ______._. ::." - , ,', n -----_ .._ , ---- - : , - _ _-_._-- , - , ------______-_ ••__------•• ' of •• •• ---- _ . .=-- :ig~~~~~~f~~~~I~~~~ =-:=..--~=:= ~~H~~HH~~~mm~jwmw~~:;imm~ ~=:==-~::mmmmm~~m~~~~~~~m~m~~mJI1~~i~tmmmlliT~~ ----_ .._._.__ _ -- - '------, , .:======. -:."::::::::::::::::::::::::"-" ====:. ... ---== ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::- ,:;:::::::~:: ~~-== ::::::::::::::::~::::::::;:.:;::.~::::::::~:::.:::::~:::::;;::::- ------.. ' _..--- --_._------: ------_------•••_ ••••_._ - ••-_.-- .. ------_._-_ - _----- , < -.. ------_ - --_._------oo " _ ------_.._ __ __- ..-_._---_._-_._-.. _--- -...__----.._---.. .. ' , -. ===-==- .::~.=:::.:::~:::::::::~-:~:::: ::=~:=_-_::.:..= :~::::;::::::~:::::::r.:::::::::::::~::::::.. =--=-~=~.:::::::::~::::~:;:~:::::::::~.:._-::::::::::: =:-:. ---- .. . _ _.•..-__ _ _------.. __ _- - __ _------_._------_._- __ _.. __--_.-.._--_._----_-_._- .. ------_.. , -_ _ --_---.-- --=:~;..~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~g~~g~ ~~~~;;:"='-=:-:~::l ::gmgm~m~~' :f~~~~~~gg~~mg~~~~g~: ::- ::::::;;;;;;;;~:::~:-: ~::::~-:~.;~~~~~~~~~~;=:------.__ .._------"-'--'-"-._'-_-_..__ - ' - ---_- _ _.. -__..__. __ --'-..-.- ==.::::::::.:=:=. -:::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::.:::::.:====-=.:::.-: .:::::::::;. :~:::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::: =-=- ;:::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::..:::::::= ------.-..-_.. _- _ - -._---___._. ._._----- ,. - _ __ - ..__ ..- -•..- ==-'::::::=-==-7"::::'_---- :::::::::::::::::.:-:::::::::::=--===-=---==__ ::::::: .;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-.::::::;:::::::::::::_--:;:::: .._.. _._ .- - - - -'- --_._--_.--_.-.-______---._._-.-.. __.- __._-_..__ _-_____ -.-.-__ - . __ -_------_.__.--- - _._ _-___ ..-._-_------_...... - . ------_ -.------.------__ _.._..____-._-----.. --.- ..-.._.. _ __ -_ _._-_._._-_ _._ ----- Figure 5.04 •. 123 Figure 5.07. Map of areas that are further than four one quarter-mile units (one mile) from the roads NER~~04 J CTHE~ ~~~~5 67530 CE LL3 96.3% ...... 8 CO,'1PART E r Sri T ,315 CELLS 1 .2% 3333333333 13 CO:1FA~r riir~TEEN 1 CE LLS .0% 666~66666-5 16 Ci);1P Aw r ~~XTcEN 30 CELLS .0% AAA.~AAAAAA 2Q CO;1PAR T T'..I1:rHY 13 CE LLS .0% GG:;-;GGGGGu 20 CO.'1FAin 106 286 CE'LLS .4% !( KK: 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 ...... 238 ·...... 239 · . 240 · . 241 · . 242 ...... 243 ·...... •..•..•. 244 · . 245 ::::::::.:: · . 246 ...... :::::::::::::: 247 :::::t:::.::· ...... 248 · . :::::::: 249 ·...... :::::::::1 250 · .. 251 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 252 · . ::: :::::::::::::::: 253 · . ::::::=::::::::z 254 ··...... 255 ...... -...... 256 · .:: :: : : ::: ::: :: : : : : :: 251 · .::::::::::::::::1 258 · . 259 · . 260 · . 261 · - ...... 262 · ...... 263 · . .. 264 265 · 266 267 2611 269 270 271 272 Figure 5.07. 125 Map showing the proximity or the forest to Figure 5.12. the roads in quater-mile unltS. 126 --_.- --_.---_.---_._ .. ------..... --. ------_.....- -- ._------_----_ --. ------._------.------.... ------.-----_ ...-. - :-----~== ------'0_..------:-:::-:~~~~ ------._---._--...._. ~-: -~E ~...:; -:~~: -= ~-- ._- ._~-- ._------ ------'-.-- ._---~~~ ------._-----._-_.- --=-=-..:..::.===--- .= ----== ------_____ 0 __ -: -_-_-::c::.-=--__-::-: ~ ======---._------ ....------_._------.. ------ ._------._------._--._------._------_.------. ..: -:-:-=---:---~-=-:::-=~;-;-.--::-.-11---=----11-- ====::::::::::~ ------ ------==--==:- ------_._---... ------_.. ====---- Figure 5.12. 127 Figure 5.13. Forest to road proximity map excluding a buffer zone on either side of the roads. REMOBUFF 0 OTHER AREAS 45984 CELLS 65.5% ------~ 1 QUARTER MILE ZaN 9257 CELLS 13.2% =- =-=:s::as. 2 HALF MILE ZONE 7008 CELLS 10.0% 0000000000 3 3-QUARTER I'll ZON 3620 CELLS 5.2% .~UISSSIIU 4 ONE MILE ZONE 1711 CELLS 2.4% ...... 5 ONE&QUARTER MILE 855 CELLS 1. 2% 1111111111 6 ONE&HALF MILE ZO 259 CELLS .4% ++++++++++ 7 ONE&3QUARTER HI 31 CE LLS .0% yyyyyyyyyy 80 STUDYAREA BOUND 300 CELLS .4% ssssssssss 89 NF BOUNDARY 11 75 CELLS 1.7% 128 . . -_.--'------_.,.------.----.. -----_--.. - --_.---.-.-.... ----_._.-.... ------~-- -_ .....-- ===r: ~ -_-----... =- :=: - ---.----_--_._-.. - == ---_.---_._ .. - 1--f ~ 'i :::---_ ---_ - ~ ---_.,-.- .. ------__..._-. . ------_._--__..- .-_--_.-_.... .__-_._--.__--..- ·~i~ ~ ~. =:=-::::::::= j :" Jt /a~~= _'~:~. ------= - - ._------====~= ------=:.---:---:--:--=-== ~-====~ ---- =-----:------~• '---11-----?-- .:=====--=.. -: :-_,--===== .' -'--- = ------~- ---=--=-=== I ------._------I ---'--_ .. -.------_._- .:==-~.:==- -_.--_.-' ------=====-=------======- --- \ . ----. ------... ---- .....---.-----._---~ ------~_._------ .. -- - ._---_------'------I - ---- \ -:~ ---.._._..- . ._------.. .:..: __--- - ..::::;~:::=::~:. -.:::::::::--': :;::::::. _..- . ------~-~i~~~~ ---- ~ ~:=: Figure 5.13. 129 Figure 5.14. Map of the forested and non-forested areas in 1986. NEFOR 86 0 NON-FOREST 48723 CELLS 69.4% ------2 ACQ.fOREST NW 2259 CELLS 3.2% 0000000000 3 FOREST 5428 CELLS 7.7% 1811188111 4 80Ur-.OARIES 2686 CELLS 3.8% ...... 5 8 ANI S WI L0MA NAG E 7294 CELL S 10.4% i-++++++++i- 7 TURKEYHILL ~ILDE 3510 CELLS 5.0% 1111111111 90 STUDYAREA BOUND '00 CELLS .4% 130 .. - g:l . --=------_._- -. ------. - '- ---- :~~~ ._-----'- = - .. ------_._._------_.- - - _._--.__ .._--- ....-..._-- --- ...._ _-_--_..-_.0-___ .. _------_-_.-.. - . - t=~~~g~~~~~~~~~~~~i~::~~t~l - __~I~!~~i~::::::=:::::::~:i~~~ ----_._-----_.._.._------====.-:==--==--::=:=-...:: :=~=--====:-.=== E:=:-=====~===-====:=-~ ._.._------_ .._--_ .._------===~~~~~~~==~ . !. ;;;;0;;;;';,",:-:-:-- :;;;.."""'=-::•... --:::~. :-::::::::::=:::::=:::-:::::=:::-:::: :..:.::;;::::.:=:::=:~- ::;::::::~:=:::~ ::=::::::::::==:::=~-=:::::=:::::=:=~-===~::::::::==::~ Figure 5.14. 131 Figure 5.15. Map of the available forested areas excluding the Wilderness Area and Bannister Wildlife Management Area. RESAVAIl 0 i"O T AVA I LA 13L E 62531 CELLS 89.1% ------1 QUARTER NILE ZON 2343 CELLS .s. 3% ======2 HALF MILE ZONE 2024 CELLS 2.9% 0000000000 3 3-QUARTER 111 LE Z 1110 CELLS 1 .6% IIUBSBBIII 4 ONE i'1! LE. ZON~ 436 CeLLS .6% ...... 5 ONE & QUARTER MZ 281 CELLS .4 % YYYYYYYY'fY 60 STUDYAREA !30ur~o 300 C:LLS .4% SS$$$$$SS; B~ NF BOU:-lOARY 11 75 CELL:) 1. 7% 132 .--. ------_._-----... -. .--._..• .....•.._----- ...___-_.-.. -.. _.....-.-....---. --_-_.- .•.....•.....__._--- _ •..._. ---- .. -. ...------_-- ---"'lor- _._-...- ---._----.•.... --_------._-_ ..•----. =~ =~§ --_--..,_.....- .------_---_0·------.-...--.. --_._-_---'0'-....•_- . ;~~.: ~ ~:?= ---.---__._--_._-----....-- ; - .._-_.---_._---__...... -- , ..--__•.. .-_ ;--=- -- _.._--__-- . :=.= == - -===:=== ..------...._.-._.-._--- =------.--- ..------'~~~-x-_, . ------._------.------. ------.------.------.------.... -_--_....._--_------~ . ---- . . = ------·------._---- - ======:. .--. - --· ------.------------ ·· -----._--_. -- ----- ·· ------'.. _.-_.------.· -_._------._------. ------..· _._------_ ..------· · --. .------._-- - · -----_'----____0.-- · --- .- -- · ..-..---- ·-· ·· ·· ·· .· . .· ··- Figure 5.15. 133 Figure 5.16. Map of rivers, creeks, and reservoir in the study area. N E',JATER 0 LA~O 65275 CELLS 93.0% ------1 OTHE~ RIVCREEl ,,& '"s ... ".", .. ".", 200 .. 201 201 20J .-.... 20&...... ZOS .. 20' 20' 20. 20' lto ·00ll• Zl1 • • •• -0 .. 0. 2ll ····0•• 00 00 211 ••• 0 ....00 00000 Z1& •• 00 •••• 0000 •••0 ZII .-0 0 21' . • 1 Z,,· ·00••••••••••o. 211 ···0 00 ZI. ··0••••••••0 210 0 ••••••••0 211 00••••••••0 HZ 0 •••••••••0 ZZJ 0 •••••••••0 Z16 0 •••••••••0 zn' 000 •••••••• 0lI H' . 00 •••••••••• 0 2Z' 00 •••••••••• 00 H' 00 ••••••••••00 zn' 00••••• o. ~0000 ------Z30' ooooocoo.OOOOO ------UI . ooeooo•••••• 00 2n 0 •••••••••••• 0 Z3J o••••••••••••0 lJ& 0 0 ------.- US o•••••••••••• 000 U' 0 ••••••••••••••00 u, 0 ••••••••••••••00 U. 00••••••••••••••000 13' 0 •••••••••••••••••0-- Z'O 0 •••••••••••••••••• 000 zn o••••••••••••••••••• 000 24Z 000000000000•••••••••••••••••••••0 241 0 •••••••• _ •••••••••••••••••• 000000 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 00_ ZUl''" 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 "~. 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••00 247 00•••••••••••••••••••••••0 14. 0._•••••••••••••••••••••0 Zu 00•••••••••••••••••••••• 0lI no 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ZSI 0 •• _ •••••••••••••••••••• 0000 2'1 0 •• _ •••••••••••••••••••••••0000 lSl 0 •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 0 25," 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ZSI 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 l" 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 00 l" 0 ••.••••••••••.•••..••••••••••0 lSi 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••00----- ZS9 .. \ I Figure 5.16. 1 135 Figure 5.17. Map of the areas that are susceptible to flooding or erosion. NfFLOOD II THER AREAS 5 85 6~ CELLS 83.4% ------1 OTHE R RIVCREEKS 20 ~5 CELLS 5.0% ======•• 2 ATTOYAC 213 CELLS .3% 0000000000 3 RESERVOIR BOUND 338 CELLS .5% IIlBIUU ••• 4 8AYOU 47 CELLS .1 % ...... 5 SAMRAY RESERVOIR 169 Q CELLS 2.4% if iBHOOOOOOE 9 FLOODP~ONE AREAS 57 ~O CELLS 8.2% yyyyyyyyyy 80 STUDYBOUND (N) 300 CELLS .4% SS$SSSSSSS ~9 NF BOUNDARY 11 75 CELLS 1.7% 136 . -" .-_..:.:._---_ ... i_I _:.~ . ~ '%~ .-.-,-- :::.. =f- -- ... -'---.. -... .~ - .. - --- f._; ~_'_.~ ._-- . J§j ~ ~ - .-.. :- -= ":=i, - ~"::I :-.. :~= . _..-.-:::::::=-::. -.: ...... ----. ..-... -.-... -: :: - ;: -._-_. -- :. ::::-- - _. - ..- -:: ====-:-: :_~ _:_ .::~ ~ s ------.I .. - - - =- - .~ -.-:: --- - ::: -- ; --=-:.:._~: - -:... -... .- ~ ~ --- :.-.-- :. ---- .:... .:=.------....----- ~_.:. -- •.- - •..- ~~--= -~~~ f/f ~~~; -==:~==:=--=. r ==--:-~:-;= } : .-:: --= -- \ ~:; _---.:~ j:!; ==-- ~ __:: f.~ I §: =! -= ==.:..-==:-= ~ -- = ==- --==. -. - ==;,.-:~:~=-=-.;=-- -= -= --=. ::= ----:: == ~~~~::--- - =-:;- ~ ~~~ = ~-;§ .::~~~~ --=~;~ ::=:_-:=~ ~ ~:.~:: ____... _ __ .____-- ..;: --r- _ :: .... - - .._---__.-- -. ------_._--- _.- .=:::===--:.:------._._------. ..---- ~~..::. :.:=:=:::.:====:= .------.----_.•.... - ..- ---~ ::::====:====:;.-=_._-----_._------==.. -... ~:===:=:.--=~------..._-- ~-_- -~ _.-- 'I~ -~~~~~ .~ ~ ;, ~. :~ _.. _-_._------:------~::~~~~~~~~=~ ..-'- § == -- ~- _=..--=~=------_.-_._------_._._------.. ======::==::::... - .------.-.__ ._---_._-_------_.-- - -_.~-.------_.- .. ___---_.--._-_...- - ====::==:::=-._-_._.-- - .. :::::==:==:===-__------.:::::=::=--===:=._------_.__.-- _E: ===::=:=::::::::;=------_ .. __ - - - -:.:=:::::=:::~::=::==.. •.• c=- ~gl~~1~~~~ffi~~ - ~ r: ~ Figure 5.17. \ 137 Figure 5.18. Map of the available forested areas excluding the buffer zone along the road, wilderness and flood-prone areas. PRESAVAI 0 OTHER AiHAS 64182 CEllS 'i1.47------1 ~UARTER 1-11 LE ~ Z0 ~J 1803 CELLS 2.67------2 HALF MILE ZO r~E 1454 CEllS 2.17- 0000000000 3 3-~UARTER i'1! l E Z 718 CELLS 1.0% asau!!!aa 4 ONE rULE ZONE 307 CEllS .4 Yo ...... 5 ONE & QUARTER IH 261 CELLS .4% yyyyyyyyyy dO STUDYAREA ao UI'i 0' 300 CE l.lS .47- $$S$S$$$$~ 39 NF aOUNOARY 11 75 CE llS 1. 7% 138 ..,- ...... ------~-- =::::::=:=_ -- - .....~ - -.. -_..,--- . ..=:z:e::.1 ==:=:::: · -_ ..._- · ----- _~~~!r .. t ----- .i::"------.==:=~=_.. _-- ._--- .- -.. .. -_.. .. ._- ---- ...... -_.-.__-_..--. -:- ..~ ~:= . -- =.:.,.-": • .-- ._.-- .. . ===_- ---...... '. --..-- ... - ..... ------.._.------. ------._------=:; .... ------'-- - _...... ---_._------. --.-- ... ---_._----- · -.. - - .... ------..---- · ------.... .:. ---=--.::==--=-.,--- - · -.. ... ------_-_._---.. _---- ·.- --: l '------· .":'1 ... .-- . - .. -. ------_.----_.- ·.... ------_._--- --_._------.. .---.... ------_._------..· . .. -.. ------_...... · - - -- ..- ... --. -:-:=. ..:: ---....:-:------..· ---... .------ - ~ -_ - - --- : · ..-- ·-· --.- - ·.... ·.. ..·..· ·.. ..·.. . ..· · .·.... Figure S.18. 139 Figure 5.19. Proximity map of the available forested areas to the roads and pulp mill. PROXIMAl' 0 OTHER AREAS 61648 CELLS 87.8% ------1 1 MILE ZONE 37 CELLS .1 % ======2 2 MILE ZONE 22 CELLS .u% 0000000000 3 3 NIL E ZONE 48 CELLS .1 % IIU!I!I!!. 4 4 i1 I LE ZONE 45 CELLS .1 % ·...... 5 5 MILE ZONE 46 CELLS .1 % 1111111111 6 6 MILE ZONE 66 CELLS .1% ++++:++++++ 7 7 MILE ZONE 1 07 CELLS .2% ·...... 8 8 MILE ZONE 1 52 CELLS .2% ~OOOOOOOOE 3( 9 9 MILE ZONE 257 CELLS .4% 0000000000 10 10 MILE ZONE 196 CELLS .• 3% 1111111111 11 11 MILE ZONE 204 CELLS .3% 2222222222 12 12 MILE ZONE 303 CELLS .4% 3333333333 13 13MI lE ZONE 282 CELLS .4% 4444444444 14 14 MILE ZONE 307 CELLS .4% 5555555555 15 15 MILE ZONE 299 Cr;LLS .4% 6666666666 16 16 MILE ZONE 183 CELLS .3% 7777777777 . 17 17 MILE ZONE 30 CE LLS .0% BBB8BBB13BB 21 QUARTER MILE ZON 1803 CELLS 2.6% ccceeccccc 22 HALF MILE lONE 1454 CELLS 2.1% DDDDDDDDDD· 23 3-QUARTER M lONE 718 CELLS 1.0% EEEEEEEEEE 24 UNE MILE ZONE 307 CI:LlS .4% FFFFFFFrfF 25 ONE & QUARTER HZ 261 CELLS .4% yyyyyyyyyy ~o STUDY AREA BOUND 298 CELLS .4% $$S$$$$S$~ 89 NF HOUNDARY 1127 CELLS 1.6% 140 .--..__...._- - . . : _~~H~~:~j§ r E~7:?~~r .:iJ[ ~~ 1 =::::::::::::-: .! :-:.; .- :. =- : • -----1 -_...0..--.". I •..-•• -. .. _ .. J ::~'::o ~::::::.:: j - :=.::::::::::::-...... :::::::=:::::::• .. .-:::--=:: .--:: '": ~=::::= ·. _.__ -_.-_ _ .--..-.. --- --_._- · -_.._ _..--.• "" _..- .. - ..-_- - ·I 0-___0 --.'--._. " - -..- _.. • .. 0-- ..••__ -_ _" .-•_ ..•..••••••-__....- ...... -__0- ....."' .. '-0 __ .••__ _ - ~ ~~~~;l~~ I j{~:~~:~~~'~¥: ·,~~1;1 ....._:: .;- -..:-. ~:= :. :: :. : .: == - L.__ :: .= -.-:... .- ::: : ~ :.=.-::.. = :: -::::: .-:- :;.------._~:: •• ':=:::::::::::-== :..: __0_.--::::;: :::::: .-: ~ ==--::::.:-: - 0: =:::::::::::: ..;~-. ~::: ~=. • __ _. __ . :0.:::":.... -...... :_. .. -- ..:==== · .- -~ - ~_--_..~ ·: -__ .:: • == 4.. ._ -:-_-:=:::::::::::::: .:::::-- ___ ...... : : ..- . -- -. . .. -___ --.,--. .• ... --- ...--...,.- -.. _...... __I ...... ••__ .. ..., j -:.= '.- ~ ..:. u:. -:- •.:::::::=::::. r :•: '0': ~~.. ':~ i~~~~~:t~:~j~~liJ1j~~; ~::;~. .:~~::::~§ =.:= E:;- l ./£ . I" . -.:.': ::.: .::~~~~~E:-- .. ~ ..-:.. r:::;. -- .-= ':~~~~~= :'~oo. . ~ .•..._..--...,:-=: .. - .. -- .. ••_.-=:.:_...... -.::::::::::=:.-_.-.-_..o.. _..I~..... ::__-: ...... ---_-..-.:::::=... ._-...... e:=..~.;a...:: : .:: _= ::::::::::::~;::..~ ...... : : :::. .= ~ -:- ~ -_ ..• _.M-...-.,...... •, _ __._ ••..II -_ -•__.. - • · -_ -- • _...... -___ --__ .••M_ _ _. __ - .• · -_ . • _...... _ " _.. - 11- _ • · _-_.. - -- .. ·- ---- . _.-... --.. -----"'-- ... - . - :' : · -- _--._.- , - - -.- " --- . -.. ..".- ·- --..------_._._ _.-.__----.... - ...... - . · ~ .--- -"----- =:- ..:-:. : .: : ·... _----_.-._.._-----.__ ....-- ~ -:~:::~.- -: '·~I-:~...~':I':: ·:'~'U ••i: :.-- .::::::: ...... _.- ----____t _ ....,.. ... 0 __• __ ~. :::::::::...... ----_- ...- ...:...... _-_-:...... -..-...... _- . · _. _.... _ : .-:- : i n_ .::::::---- .---- : o.- ._ · ._--:- : · .. . .-:.----- .: :u·· i ~ ~. .-... -- ·o -- --,.l t /0 ; --._--. -- ; ..:·F: . • ,:1 " . : ~~ .~ , ·• .0 • • 0 ·..o • : - ...: ~ _U_"tt,.._..•.. .. " ...- •• f:-:.~ o • t:.a.' .: .r :. ~:--...- - --r __._ - r-.-~ :. ,:-::' ~ . - .:: Figure 5.19. 141 ABSTRACT Cartographic modeling was used to evaluate the natural resouces of the Angelina National Forest in East Texas. With the aid of the Map Analysis Package, three models were developed to evaluate historic changes, project future trends and to determine the proximity of resource to a specific location. Accuracies of results were determined at two different scales. MAP estimates at the smaller scales were about 92% and about 98% at the larger scale. Boundary cells were found to be important in improving accuracies of MAP estimates at the smaller scale. The performance of a representative low-cost grid-based system in building cartographic models is evaluated based on their utility in developing countries where there are scarcity of data, bUdget limitations and inadequate personnel. 142 VITA Olufemi Amos Olaleye was born on October 8. 1948 in Barakin-Ladi. Jos. Nigeria. He is the son of John and Maria (now deceased) Olaleye. He graduated from Baptist High School. Jos. Nigeria in December 1966. He completed the Cambridge Higher School Certificate Course at Baptist High School. Iwo. Nigeria in December 1968. He taught high school mathematics and science at Irepo District Council Grammar School, Igboho. Nigeria from 1969 to 1970. He received a Bachelor of Science (Forestry) degree from the University of Ibadan. Nigeria in June 1974. After completing the mandatory National Youth Service program in July 1975, he was employed as a Forest Officer by the Federal Department of Forestry. He worked in a variety of forest management positions in Oyo. Rivers and Kwara States of Nigeria. He received a Master of Forestry degree from Yale University in May 1981. Upon his return to Nigeria, he worked as at the headquarters of the Federal Department of Forestry, Lagos, Nigeria. He joined the Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI). Ilorin, Nigeria in March 1982. He worked as the Project Coordinator for ARMTI until he was awarded a scholarship to 143 do a doctoral degree. He is married to former Maria Bolaji and they have three children, Tayo, Olatokunbo and Tunde. Permanent address: c/o Baptist Church, P. O. Box 17, Barakin-ladi, Jos. Nigeria. A DEMONSTRATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING FOR EVALUATING NATURAL RESOURCES APPROVED: .. .;?4/-d ~~~ . Dr. Kent T. Adair, Dissertation Director ~tLC-...... tJad.--...... ittee Hember .. £i~K~ . Dr. R. Lee Rayburn, Committee Member v mes ...... ~l?."•. " ... arne V. Ree e. Vice President o cademic Affairs A DEMONSTRATION Of CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING FOR EVALUATING NATURAL RESOURCES by OLUFEMI AMOS OLAlEYE, B.S., M.f. Presented to the faculty of Graduate School of Stephen f. Austin State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Forestry STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY December 1986