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Mapping the Cult of St James the Great in England During the Middle Ages: from the Second Half of the 11Th Century Until the Middle of the 14Th Century1

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MARTA AMEIJEIRAS BARROS Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England… Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England during the Middle Ages: from the second half of the 11th century until the middle of the 14th century1 Marta Ameijeiras Barros The University of Edinburgh Trazando el culto de Santiago el Mayor en Inglaterra durante la Edad Media: desde mediados del siglo XI hasta mediados del siglo XIV Resumen: Este estudio es el resultado de la investigación del impacto que el culto a Santiago el Mayor y la peregrinación a Compostela tuvieron en el paisaje arquitectónico de Inglaterra durante la Edad Media y la relación de las dedicaciones jacobeas inglesas con las vías de comunicación existentes en aquel momento. La cronología en la que se enmarca este trabajo, de la segunda mitad del siglo XI a me- diados del siglo XIV, no significa una acotación exacta, ya que se han tenido en cuenta las fundaciones jacobeas del período anterior, y las fechas de muchos de los edificios estudiados resultan confusas. Los principales objetivos de esta investigación son demostrar de una manera visual la existencia de una devoción compostelana consolidada ya desde época temprana y, además, servir como herramienta que ayude a visualizar los posibles itinerarios de los peregrinos jacobeos a través de la Inglaterra medieval. Palabras clave: Santiago el Mayor, arquitectura, dedicaciones, Inglaterra, Edad Media, mapa, rutas de peregrinaje. 1 This paper is based on a section of my current PhD dissertation at the University of Edinburgh under the supervision of Dr Heather Pulliam and Prof Manuel Castiñeiras. Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X [113] MARTA AMEIJEIRAS BARROS Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England… Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England during the Middle Ages: from the second half of the 11th century until the middle of the 14th century. Abstract: This study is the result of an investigation into the impact that the cult of St James the Great and the pil- grimage to Compostela had on the architectural landscape of England during the Middle Ages, as well as the relation- ship between English Jacobean dedications and the routes of communication existent at that time. The chronological period that frames this work, from the second half of the XI century to the middle of the XIV century, does not form a literal delimitation as foundations prior to this period have also been considered and the dates of several buildings registered are confused. The main objectives of this investigation are to demonstrate, in a visual way, the long-estab- lished existence of a solid Compostelanean devotion and also, to serve as a device which helps to visualise the plausible itineraries of the Jacobean pilgrims throughout medieval England. Key words: St James the Great, architecture, dedications, England, Middle Ages, map, pilgrim routes. Trazando o culto a Santiago o Maior en Inglaterra durante a Idade Media: desde a segunda metade do século XI ata mediados do século XIV Resumo: Este estudo é o resultado da investigación do impacto que o culto a Santiago o Maior e a peregrinación a Compostela tiveron na paisaxe arquitectónica de Inglaterra durante a Idade Media e a relación das dedicacións xacobeas inglesas coas vías de comunicación existentes naquel momento. A cronoloxía na que se enmarca este traballo, da segunda metade do século XI ata mediados do XIV, non significa unha delimitación exacta, xa que se tiveron en conta as fundacións xacobeas do período anterior, e as datas de moitos dos edificios estudados resultan confusas. Os principais obxectivos desta investigación son demostrar dunha maneira visual a existencia dunha devoción compostelá consoli- dada xa desde época temperá e, ademais, servir como ferramenta que axude a visualizar os posibles itinerarios dos peregrinos xacobeos a través da Inglaterra medieval. Palabras clave: Santiago o Maior, arquitectura, dedicacións, Inglaterra, Idade Media, mapa, rutas de peregrinación. [114] Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X MARTA AMEIJEIRAS BARROS Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England… Notes on the map of the cult of St James ‘[… The dedications of] S. James is to be found in every county of England, unless with the single exception of Rutland. Altogether he has over 550 churches, of which about 330 are ancient’2. The map resulting from this investigation is the cartographical representation of a database created from the religious architecture dedicated to St James in medieval England, together with a reconstruction of the insular routes of communication in existence at that time3. Although the focus of this study is the period comprising the second half of the 11th century until the middle of the 14th century, it is not lim- ited to this timeframe. With the purpose of acquiring a further understanding of the proliferation of Jacobean buildings in the context of medieval insular England, foundations prior to the 11th century have also been considered. The chronology of many buildings has been a major issue throughout this investigation as much of the registered architecture has been lost or completely rebuilt. Thus in numerous cases, the dates offered by the sources consulted belong to the contemporary buildings, where dates of previous foundations have not been available. This investigation aims to demonstrate visually the enormous magnitude of the influence that the cult of the apostle had on the English architectural topography during the Middle Ages. With the study of the insular medieval routes, this work also intends to serve as a tool for future studies of English medieval pilgrimage. The first step undertaken during this study was to investigate the field of religious foundations, parish churches and religious houses, including hospitals, dedicated to St James in order to produce a register of dedications, incorporated as an appen- dix at the end of this paper. The buildings were then geographically recorded using software for editing digital maps. The inventory of insular Jacobean buildings originates from five principal sourc- es. First, the study conducted by Frances Arnold-Forster, Studies in Church Dedica- tions or England’s Patron Saints published in 1899, in which Arnold-Forster collated the dedications of over fourteen thousand English churches in a tabular format. This publication is still used today as a reference work and useful tool for the study of insular ecclesiastical dedications. The surveys of religious houses created by the bishop of St Asaph, Thomas Tanner (1674-1735), entitled Notitia monastica, or, A Short 2 Arnold-Forster, Frances, Studies in church dedications, vol. I (London, 1899) 86. 3 This map will be reconstructed for the project Jacobean England (www.jacobeanengland.com). This is a digital programme which aims to became an electronic corpus of the Jacobean material culture of England dated between ca.1100 and ca.1350. The expected activation of Jacobean England will be in January of 2017. Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X [115] MARTA AMEIJEIRAS BARROS Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England… History of the Religious Houses in England and Wales, dated in 1695 and by David Knowles and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses, England and Wales, published in 1971. While in Tanner’s publication there are a number of omissions, Knowles and Hadcock compiled an accurate list of houses of monks, regular canons, friars, nuns, military orders and hospitals4. Finally, the recent contributions gathered in the da- tabases of National Heritage List for England and the encyclopaedia Victoria History of the Counties of England (1899-present day). To construct a register of English dedications to St James the buildings’ basic in- formation comprising the name, location (parish and county) and foundation dates was extracted from the above sources. Two main obstacles arose during the produc- tion of the inventory of Jacobean English establishments namely, the foundation dates and the name of the patron saint associated with the buildings. As mentioned, the dates of the medieval constructions are unclear, es- pecially for the parish churches registered only by Arnold-Forster, as the scholar classified all the buildings established prior to the Refor- mation in the same group without further chronological details. How- ever, wherever possible, the dates for all churches and religious houses were compared with the other main authorities, Medieval Religious Hous- es, England and Wales, the National Heritage List for England and the en- cyclopaedia Victoria History of the Counties of England, as they were more specific relying on references to original sources. Regarding the name of the patron saint of the foundations, St James, there were two disciples of Christ with that name in the New Testament5, St James son of Zebe- dee, or St James the Great, and St James son of Alphaeus, also known as St James the Less6. In the list of the religious buildings found at the end of this paper it is noticeable that the name of the patron saint in a great majority of the cases is simply ‘St James’. Therefore, there is a possibility that many of the buildings included in the catalogue, whose dedication does not specify which of the apostles they refer to, could be related to St James the Less, and not to Compostela’s patron saint. Although the main purpose of the inventory is to register the foundations of St James in England during the middle ages, information regarding the medieval ded- ications is rather scant and more so for parish churches. As most of the dedications given by the main sources belong to the current patron saints and in many cases to track back previous dedications would be impossible, it has to taken into account that many of the contemporary Jacobean dedications could well have a different saint as their original patron and also that many other current dedications could originally have been dedicated to St James.
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