Mapping the Cult of St James the Great in England During the Middle Ages: from the Second Half of the 11Th Century Until the Middle of the 14Th Century1

Marta Ameijeiras Barros Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England…

Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England during the Middle Ages: from the second half of the 11th century until the middle of the 14th century1

Marta Ameijeiras Barros The University of Edinburgh

Trazando el culto de Santiago el Mayor en Inglaterra durante la Edad Media: desde mediados del siglo XI hasta mediados del siglo XIV

Resumen: Este estudio es el resultado de la investigación del impacto que el culto a Santiago el Mayor y la peregrinación a Compostela tuvieron en el paisaje arquitectónico de Inglaterra durante la Edad Media y la relación de las dedicaciones jacobeas inglesas con las vías de comunicación existentes en aquel momento. La cronología en la que se enmarca este trabajo, de la segunda mitad del siglo XI a mediados del siglo XIV, no significa una acotación exacta, ya que se han tenido en cuenta las fundaciones jacobeas del período anterior, y las fechas de muchos de los edificios estudiados resultan confusas. Los principales objetivos de esta investigación son demostrar de una manera visual la existencia de una devoción compostelana consolidada ya desde época temprana y, además, servir como herramienta que ayude a visualizar los posibles itinerarios de los peregrinos jacobeos a través de la Inglaterra medieval.

Palabras clave: Santiago el Mayor, arquitectura, dedicaciones, Inglaterra, Edad Media, mapa, rutas de peregrinaje.

1 This paper is based on a section of my current PhD dissertation at the University of Edinburgh under the supervision of Dr Heather Pulliam and Prof Manuel Castiñeiras.

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Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England during the Middle Ages: from the second half of the 11th century until the middle of the 14th century.

Abstract: This study is the result of an investigation into the impact that the cult of St James the Great and the pilgrimage to Compostela had on the architectural landscape of England during the Middle Ages, as well as the relation- ship between English Jacobean dedications and the routes of communication existent at that time. The chronological period that frames this work, from the second half of the XI century to the middle of the XIV century, does not form a literal delimitation as foundations prior to this period have also been considered and the dates of several buildings registered are confused. The main objectives of this investigation are to demonstrate, in a visual way, the long-established existence of a solid Compostelanean devotion and also, to serve as a device which helps to visualise the plausible itineraries of the Jacobean pilgrims throughout medieval England.

Key words: St James the Great, architecture, dedications, England, Middle Ages, map, pilgrim routes.

Trazando o culto a Santiago o Maior en Inglaterra durante a Idade Media: desde a segunda metade do século XI ata mediados do século XIV

Resumo: Este estudo é o resultado da investigación do impacto que o culto a Santiago o Maior e a peregrinación a Compostela tiveron na paisaxe arquitectónica de Inglaterra durante a Idade Media e a relación das dedicacións xacobeas inglesas coas vías de comunicación existentes naquel momento. A cronoloxía na que se enmarca este traballo, da segunda metade do século XI ata mediados do XIV, non significa unha delimitación exacta, xa que se tiveron en conta as fundacións xacobeas do período anterior, e as datas de moitos dos edificios estudados resultan confusas. Os principais obxectivos desta investigación son demostrar dunha maneira visual a existencia dunha devoción compostelá consolidada xa desde época temperá e, ademais, servir como ferramenta que axude a visualizar os posibles itinerarios dos peregrinos xacobeos a través da Inglaterra medieval.

Palabras clave: Santiago o Maior, arquitectura, dedicacións, Inglaterra, Idade Media, mapa, rutas de peregrinación.

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Notes on the map of the cult of St James

‘[… The dedications of] S. James is to be found in every county of England, unless with the single exception of Rutland. Altogether he has over 550 churches, of which about 330 are ancient’2. The map resulting from this investigation is the cartographical representation of a database created from the religious architecture dedicated to St James in medieval England, together with a reconstruction of the insular routes of communication in existence at that time3. Although the focus of this study is the period comprising the second half of the 11th century until the middle of the 14th century, it is not lim- ited to this timeframe. With the purpose of acquiring a further understanding of the proliferation of Jacobean buildings in the context of medieval insular England, foundations prior to the 11th century have also been considered. The chronology of many buildings has been a major issue throughout this investigation as much of the registered architecture has been lost or completely rebuilt. Thus in numerous cases, the dates offered by the sources consulted belong to the contemporary buildings, where dates of previous foundations have not been available. This investigation aims to demonstrate visually the enormous magnitude of the influence that the cult of the apostle had on the English architectural topography during the Middle Ages. With the study of the insular medieval routes, this work also intends to serve as a tool for future studies of English medieval pilgrimage.

The first step undertaken during this study was to investigate the field of religious foundations, parish churches and religious houses, including hospitals, dedicated to St James in order to produce a register of dedications, incorporated as an appendix at the end of this paper. The buildings were then geographically recorded using software for editing digital maps. The inventory of insular Jacobean buildings originates from five principal sources. First, the study conducted by Frances Arnold-Forster, Studies in Church Dedica- tions or England’s Patron Saints published in 1899, in which Arnold-Forster collated the dedications of over fourteen thousand English churches in a tabular format. This publication is still used today as a reference work and useful tool for the study of insular ecclesiastical dedications. The surveys of religious houses created by the bishop of St Asaph, Thomas Tanner (1674-1735), entitled Notitia monastica, or, A Short

2 Arnold-Forster, Frances, Studies in church dedications, vol. I (London, 1899) 86. 3 This map will be reconstructed for the project Jacobean England (www.jacobeanengland.com). This is a digital programme which aims to became an electronic corpus of the Jacobean material culture of England dated between ca.1100 and ca.1350. The expected activation of Jacobean England will be in January of 2017.

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History of the Religious Houses in England and Wales, dated in 1695 and by David Knowles and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses, England and Wales, published in 1971. While in Tanner’s publication there are a number of omissions, Knowles and Hadcock compiled an accurate list of houses of monks, regular canons, friars, nuns, military orders and hospitals4. Finally, the recent contributions gathered in the da- tabases of National Heritage List for England and the encyclopaedia Victoria History of the Counties of England (1899-present day). To construct a register of English dedications to St James the buildings’ basic information comprising the name, location (parish and county) and foundation dates was extracted from the above sources. Two main obstacles arose during the produc- tion of the inventory of Jacobean English establishments namely, the foundation dates and the name of the patron saint associated with the buildings. As mentioned, the dates of the medieval constructions are unclear, es- pecially for the parish churches registered only by Arnold-Forster, as the scholar classified all the buildings established prior to the Refor- mation in the same group without further chronological details. How- ever, wherever possible, the dates for all churches and religious houses were compared with the other main authorities, Medieval Religious Hous- es, England and Wales, the National Heritage List for England and the encyclopaedia Victoria History of the Counties of England, as they were more specific relying on references to original sources. Regarding the name of the patron saint of the foundations, St James, there were two disciples of Christ with that name in the New Testament5, St James son of Zebe- dee, or St James the Great, and St James son of Alphaeus, also known as St James the Less6. In the list of the religious buildings found at the end of this paper it is noticeable that the name of the patron saint in a great majority of the cases is simply ‘St James’. Therefore, there is a possibility that many of the buildings included in the catalogue, whose dedication does not specify which of the apostles they refer to, could be related to St James the Less, and not to Compostela’s patron saint. Although the main purpose of the inventory is to register the foundations of St James in England during the middle ages, information regarding the medieval dedications is rather scant and more so for parish churches. As most of the dedications given by the main sources belong to the current patron saints and in many cases to track back previous dedications would be impossible, it has to taken into account that many of the contemporary Jacobean dedications could well have a different saint as their original patron and also that many other current dedications could originally have been dedicated to St James.

4 Completing the survey with a register of collegiate establishments and surviving Celtic monasteries. 5 Luke 6:13-16. Matthew 10:2-4. 6 Mark 15:40.

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To date, a total of 355 Jacobean foundations have been found in England dated from before the 12th century until the middle of the 14th century. As can be seen in Graphic 1, taking into account that the date of nearly one quarter of the dedications remains confused (N/D: not defi ned), almost half of the churches and religious houses dedicated to St James established during this investigation were founded in the 12th century indicating a clear peak in construction during this time. This fi gure is more notable when compared to the number of previous foundations, specifi cally a total of twenty churches and religious houses.

Dedications 7% 21% 14th C 20% th 6% 13 C 12th C

Before 12th C

46% N/D

Graphic 1: Percentages of Jacobean fountations established in England up until the 14th century.

140

120

100

80 Churches 60 Chapels 40 Religious Houses 20 Before 12th C 0 Before 12th C 13th C 14th C N/D 12th C

Graphic 2: Number of churches, chapels, religious houses dedicated to the apostle established in England up until the 14th century.

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As Graphic 2 shows, the majority of the English buildings dedicated to the apostle established during the 12th century belong to churches, which were also the predom- inant Jacobean construction during the period studied. Furthermore, it was also during this time when hospitals, chapels, and religious houses primarily emerged, while after the 13th century, their number tends to decrease practically disappearing in the 14th century.

Once the geographical references of the Jacobean buildings were registered on the map, the next stage was to recreate the medieval road system and analyse its corre- spondence with the principal ports linked with pilgrimage to Compostela in En- gland during the time, Dover, Poole, Bristol, Plymouth, Dartmouth and Southamp- ton7. To investigate the existence of pilgrimage routes in Britain during the Middle Ages it has been necessary to study first the medieval transport network, as pilgrims would probably prefer to travel using well-known previously established and above all safe courses. But a study of the roads extant during the medieval period has not been easy due to the lack of both primary sources as well as contemporary investigations and publications8. The medieval systems of communication in England were formed through the combination of prehistoric, Roman and early medieval passages9. During the time interval pertinent to this investigation, a more or less stable long-distance road system, which would permit fluent circulation of diplomatic, military, ecclesiastic and commercial traffic, must have existed in Britain. The reasons for its existence can be glimpsed in two indicators. First, the rapidity and efficiency of theDomesday Book’s compilation. This invaluable register was compiled within a period of around one year at the order of King William I (ca.1028-1087), who, during the Christmas Coun- cil of 1085, decided to send his men throughout his new kingdom to assemble fiscal information about his possessions. The possible existence of previous administra- tive registers has been suggested as a reason for the rapidity of the document’s colla- tion10, but until now nobody has related this to an efficient communication network

7 The ports of Bristol and Southampton, together with the harbours of Lynn, Boston and London, were also the principal economical English ports during the Middle Ages. Unwin, T., ‘Towns and trade 1066-1500’ in An historical geography of England and Wales (London, 1990) 123. 8 To my knowledge this subject was only studied by Brian Paul Hindle and Christopher Taylor. The academic vacuum in the study of the medieval road systems draws attention to the importance that they had towards having a better understanding about the development of the towns and markets during the Middle Ages. Unwin, T., ‘Towns and trade 1066-1500’ in An historical geography of England and Wales (London, 1990) 144. Hindle, B. Paul, ‘Roads and Tracks’ in The English Medieval Landscape (London, 1982)193. Hindle, B. Paul; Medieval roads and tracks (1998) 5. 9 Taylor, Roads and tracks of Britain (London, 1979) 110. 10 Hallam, Elizabeth M., Domesday Book through nine centuries (London, 1986) 19.

[118] Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X Marta Ameijeiras Barros Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England… system which would permit King William’s administrators safe and uninterrupted movement among counties, castles and towns. The reconstruction of the road system existing in medieval England presented in this work is based on the study of two main sources of information. First, the map dated ca.1360 known as the Gough Map as cartographic evidence, and second, the insular travel itineraries of King Edward I (1239-1307) during the first ten years of his reign, indicating individual movement throughout medieval England. In the Gough Map11, preserved in the Bodleian Libraries, a grid of lines are represented which seem to connect certain towns, castles, monasteries and cities, which could indicate the existence of roads12. The information presented by these lines was extracted and transformed into cartographical data and transferred onto the map as evidence of existing routes of communication in medieval England. At that time monarchs were nomadic figures, moving constantly together with their entourage throughout their kingdoms. Their itineraries, which were well doc- umented as for example with Kind Edward I13, shows that a complex road system must have existed in medieval England in order to accommodate a considerable number of people and cargo. Pilgrims travelling to the ports of England in order to sail to the European continent and then on to Compostela could also use this transport network.

Conclusions

It can be seen from the data collected in this study and the resulting map that buildings devoted to St James largely started to proliferate on the insular English landscape in the 12th century, around the time when Compostela was elevated to apostol- ic see. Prior to this, the records show only twenty buildings with Jacobean devotion. It would seem possible that this event raised the saint’s profile throughout England, perhaps as a result of increased awareness through relative proximity and associated pilgrimage to what became one of the most fashionable religious destinations in West Europe. News about the cathedral, which was then immersed in an intense building programme, would have reached England via travellers, pilgrims and itin- erant artists, such as masons and craftsmen. Also, with the Norman civilisation es- tablishing itself in England bringing European customs and integrating them into

11 The Gough Map, the earliest road map of Great Britain? by Nick Millea has served as the starting point for the investigations of the routes represented in the Gough Map. Millea, Nick, The Gough Map, the earliest road map of Great Britain? (Oxford, 2007) 12 Millea, Nick, The Gough Map, […], 23, 32. Hindle, B. Paul, ‘Roads and Tracks’, 196. Hindle, B. Paul; Medieval roads and tracks (1998) 31. 13 For his itineraries see Gough, Henry, Itinerary of King Edward the First throughout his reign, A.D. 1272-1307, Vol. I & II (Paisley, 1900).

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14 Gloucestershire with 27 (together with the buildings in Bristol), Somerset with 14, Wiltshire with 13 and Herefordshire with 10, in the insular west; Northamptonshire with 16, Cambridgeshire with 12 and Oxfordshire with 10, in the centre; Norfolk with 12 and Essex with 10, in the east; and last, Kent with 15, Devon with 14 and Sussex with 13, in the south. Although with two exceptions, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire with 25 and 16; these numbers differ from the quantity of the foundations established in the counties of the north of the country, such as Durham with 2, Northumberland with 5, or Dorset with 2.

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Maps

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Appendix: Register of dedications

ID Name Dates Location BEDF.001. Church of St James in Norman origins Bedfordshire Biddenham (12th century[?]) BEDF.002. Church of St James in 1219 Bedfordshire Pulloxhill BERK.001. Reading Abbey 1121 Berkshire BERK.002. Church of St James in before 1220 Berkshire Barkham BERK.003. Church of St James the 1851? Berkshire Greater in Eastbury BERK.004. Church of St James in 12th century Berkshire Finchampstead BERK.005. Church of St James the ca. 1150 Berkshire Great in West Hanney BERK.006. Church of St James in 11th century Berkshire Leckhampstead BERK.007. Church of St James the 13th century Berkshire Great in Radley BERK.008. Church of St James the before 1220 Berkshire Great in Ruscombe BERK.009. Church of St James in 12th century Berkshire Sotwell BERK.010. Church of St James in 12th century Berkshire Winterbourne BRIS.001. Priory of St James in 1124-1137 Bristol Bristol BRIS.002. Church of SS Phillip before 1174 Bristol Not on map and James in Bristol BUCK.001. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Buckinghamshire Akeley date BUCK.002. Church of St James in 13th century Buckinghamshire Barton-Hartshorn BUCK.003. Church of St James the 14th century Buckinghamshire Great in Bierton BUCK.004. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Buckinghamshire Boarstall date BUCK.005. Church of St James in 12th century Buckinghamshire Dorney

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ID Name Dates Location BUCK.006. Church of St James in before 1610 Buckinghamshire Fulmer BUCK.007. Church of St James the ca.1160 Buckinghamshire Great in Hanslope BUCK.008. Church of St James the 12th century Buckinghamshire Great in New Bradwell, Milton Keynes BUCK.009. Church of St James in before 14th Buckinghamshire Great Horwood century CAMB.001. Denny Abbey ca.1150 Cambridgeshire CAMB.002. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Cambridgeshire Benwick date CAMB.003. Church of St James in 12th century Cambridgeshire Croxton CAMB.004. Church of St James in 13th century Cambridgeshire Newton CAMB.005. Church of St James in 12th century Cambridgeshire Stretham CAMB.006. Priory of St James 11th century Cambridgeshire in Hinchingbrook Huntingdon CAMB.007. Church of St James in 12th century Cambridgeshire Hemingford Grey CAMB.008. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Cambridgeshire Huntingdon date CAMB.009. Chapel of St James in before 1252 Cambridgeshire Needingworth CAMB.010. Church of St James in mid 13th century Cambridgeshire Little Raveley CAMB.011. Church of St James in 12th century Cambridgeshire Spaldwick CAMB.012. Hospital of St James in 13th century Cambridgeshire Not on map Denney CHES.001. Benedictine Priory of St later end of K Cheshire Not on map James and St Mary Henry 2 or K Richard I reign CHES.002. Church of St James the late 13th century Cheshire Great in Audlem

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ID Name Dates Location CHES.003. Chapel of St James in before 1358 Cheshire Not on map Handbridge, Chester CHES.004. Chapel of St James in St 12th century Cheshire Not on map John’s precint, Chester CHES.005. Church of St James in late 15th century Cheshire Christleton CHES.006. Church of St James in Cheshire Gawsworth CHES.007. Church of SS James and ca. 1370[?] Cheshire Paul in Marton CHES.008. Church of St James in Norman origins [?] Cheshire Ince CHES.009. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Cheshire Latchford date CORN.001. Church of St James in 15th century? Cornwall Jacobstow CORN.002. Church of St James in 15th century? Cornwall Kew CORN.003. Church of St James the 12th century Cornwall Great in Kilkhampton CORN.004. Chapelry of St James in 1817? Cornwall Torpoint CORN.005. Priory of St James in 12th-13th century Cornwall Tregony CUMB.001. Chapelry of St James in 1570 Cumbria Buttermere CUMB.002. Church of St Margaret early 12th century Cumbria and St James in Long Marton CUMB.003. Church of St James in 12th century Cumbria Burton-in-Kendal CUMB.004. Church of St James in 11th century Cumbria Great Ormside DERB.001. Priory of St James in before 1140 Derbyshire Derby DERB.002. Hospital of St James in before 1229 Derbyshire Derby DERB.003. Chaperly of St James at pre-Reformation Derbyshire Not on map Derbyshire date

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ID Name Dates Location DERB.004. Church of St James in 12th century Derbyshire Barlborough DERB.005. Church of St James the 13th century Derbyshire Apostle in Bonsall DERB.006. Church of St James in early 14th century Derbyshire Edlaston DERB.007. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Derbyshire Norton date DERB.008. Church of St James in 13th century Derbyshire Smisby DERB.009. Church of St James in 12th century Derbyshire Swarkestone DERB.010. Welbeck Abbey 1153-4 Derbyshire DEVO.001. Church of St James of ca. 1300 Devon Abbots-Bickington DEVO.002. Church of St James in Norman origins Devon Ashreigney DEVO.003. Church of St James in 12th century Devon Bondleigh DEVO.004. Church of St James in Norman origins [?] Devon Chawleigh DEVO.005. Church of St James the 12th century [?] Devon Apostle in Christow DEVO.006. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Devon Not on map Honeychurch date DEVO.007. Church of St James in 13th century Devon Not on map Iddesleigh DEVO.008. Church of St James in 12th century Devon Jacobstowe DEVO.009. Church of St James in 980 Devon King’s Nympton DEVO.010. Church of St James in 12th century [?] Devon Parkham DEVO.011. Church of St James in 12th century [?] Devon Sheldon DEVO.012. Church of St James in 11th century? Devon Swimbridge

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ID Name Dates Location DEVO.013. Church of St James the 12th century [?] Devon Great in Talaton DEVO.014. Chapel (or monastery?) before 1146 Devon of St James in Exeter DORS.001. Church of St James in 13th century[?] Dorset Longburton DORS.002. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Dorset Poole date DURH.001. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Durham Castle Eden date DURH.002. Church of SS James and 13th century[?] Durham Philip in Witton-le-Wear ESSE.001. Castle Hedingham before 1190 Essex Priory ESSE.002. Priory of St James the middle 12th Essex Apostle in Thremhall century ESSE.003. Benedictine Abbey at 1136-44 Essex Little Walden ESSE.004. Church of St James in 13th century Essex Chignal ESSE.005. Church of St James the 12th century Essex Great in Little Clacton ESSE.006. Church of St James the 12th century Essex Great in Colchester ESSE.007. Church of St James in pre-14th century Essex Dengie ESSE.008. Church of St James in 12th century[?] Essex Great Saling ESSE.009. Church of St James the late 11th early 12th Essex Great in West Tilbury century ESSE.010. Hospital of St James in 1229 Essex Not on map Braintree GLOU.001. Hospital of St Mary middle of 12th Gloucestershire Magdalene in century Gloucester GLOU.002. Church of St James the 12th century Gloucestershire Great in Abson GLOU.003. Church of St James in pre-12th century Gloucestershire Ashley

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ID Name Dates Location GLOU.004. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Gloucestershire Bream date GLOU.005. Church of St James in 13th century Gloucestershire Charfield GLOU.006. Church of St James in Norman origins Gloucestershire Chipping Campden GLOU.007. Church of St James in late 12th century Gloucestershire Clapton GLOU.008. Church of St James in 12th century Gloucestershire Colesbourne GLOU.009. Church of St James the 12th century Gloucestershire Great in Coln St. Dennis GLOU.010. Church of St James in 12th century Gloucestershire Cranham GLOU.011. Church of St James in 13th century[?] Gloucestershire Dursley GLOU.012. Church of St James in ca.1140 Gloucestershire Fretherne with Saul GLOU.013. Church of St James the 12th century Gloucestershire Great in Horton GLOU.014. Church of St James in 12th century Gloucestershire Lancaut GLOU.015. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Gloucestershire Not on map Leigh (Wimborne) date GLOU.016. Church of St James in 12th century Gloucestershire Longborough GLOU.017. Church of St James in 13th century Gloucestershire Mangotsfield GLOU.018. Church of St James the pre-Reformation Gloucestershire Not on map Great in Marston Sicca date GLOU.019. Church of St James in 14th century Gloucestershire Quedgeley GLOU.020. Church of St James in 12th century Gloucestershire Not on map Staunton GLOU.021. Church of St James the ca. 1170 Gloucestershire Great in Stoke Orchard GLOU.022. Church of St James in 13th century Gloucestershire Tytherington

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ID Name Dates Location GLOU.023. Church of St James the 13th century Gloucestershire Great in Westerleigh GLOU.024. Chapel of St James in 12th century Gloucestershire Winchcombe GLOU.025. Hospital of SS James Antes 1189 Gloucestershire Not on map and John in Berkeley HAMP.001. Church of St James in 12th century Hampshire Ashmansworth HAMP.002. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire Bossington date HAMP.003. Church of St James in 12th century Hampshire Bramley HAMP.004. Monastery of St James Norman origins [?] Hampshire Not on map in Hampshire HAMP.005. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire Not on map Hampshire date HAMP.006. Church of St James in pre 1150[?] Hampshire Southwick HAMP.007. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire East Tisted date HAMP.008. Church of St James in ca.1150 Hampshire Wield HAMP.009. Church of St James in 13th century Hampshire Wonston HAMP.010. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire Not on map Woodmancote date HERE.001. Church of St James in ca.1400 Herefordshire Bartestree HERE.002. Church of St James in 1680? Herefordshire Canon Frome HERE.003. Church of St James the 12th century Herefordshire Great in Colwall HERE.004. Church of St James in 12th century Herefordshire Cradley HERE.005. Church of St James the first half of 12th Herefordshire Great in Kimbolton century HERE.006. Church of St James in 12th century Herefordshire Kinnersley

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ID Name Dates Location HERE.007. Church of St James in ca.1200 Herefordshire Stanford Bishop HERE.008. Church of SS Phillip 12th century Herefordshire and James in Tarrington HERE.009. Church of St James in 11th century Herefordshire Tedstone Delamere HERE.010. Abbey of SS James (and 1172 Herefordshire Victor?) in Wigmore HERT.001. Hospital of St John and before 1227 Hertfordshire St James in Royston HERT.002. Church of St James in early to mid 13th Hertfordshire Bushey century HERT.003. Church of St James in Probably 12th Hertfordshire Stanstead Abbotts century HERT.004. Church of St James the early 13th century Hertfordshire Great in Thorley HERT.005. Hospital of St James in ? Hertfordshire Not on map Berkhampstead HUNT.001. Church of St James in late 12th century Huntingdonshire Little Paxton HUNT.002. Church of St James in 12th century Cambridgeshire Not on map Spalwick HUNT.003. Church of St James the before 1724 Huntingdonshire Not on map Great in Waresley IOWI.001. Church of St James in before 1377 Isle of Wight Yarmouth KENT.001. Church of St James in 12th century Kent Bicknor KENT.002. Hospital of St James in 12th century Kent Thanington KENT.003. Hospital of St James in before 1252 Kent Not on map Puckeshall or Tonge KENT.004. Church of St James in 13th century Kent Cooling KENT.005. Church of St James in Norman origins Kent Dover KENT.006. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Kent Egerton date

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ID Name Dates Location KENT.007. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Kent Not on map Elmley date KENT.008. Church of St James in 12th century Kent Isle of Grain KENT.009. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Kent Not on map Kidbrooke date KENT.010. St James in East Malling 12th century Kent KENT.011. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Kent North Cray date KENT.012. Church of St James in 12th century Kent Sheldwich KENT.013. Church of St James the 12th century Kent Great in Staple KENT.014. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Kent Not on map Warden date KENT.015. Hospital of St James in ? Kent Not on map Canterbury LANCA.001. Church of St James in ? Lancashire Not on map Altham LANCA.002. Chapelry of St James at ? Lancashire Accrington LANCA.003. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Lancashire Not on map Ashworth date LANCA.004. Church of St James in before 1514 Lancashire Not on map Birch in Rusholme LANCA.005. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Lancashire Brindle date LANCA.006. Church of St James in ? Lancashire Haslingden LANCA.007. Church of St James in 19th century Lancashire Stalmine LANCA.008. Church of St James in ? Lancashire Whitechapel LEIC.001. Church of St James the 13th century Leicestershire Greater in Ab Kettleby LEIC.002. Church of St James the ? Leicestershire Great in Birstall

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ID Name Dates Location LEIC.003. Church of St James in late 12th century Leicestershire Burton Lazars LEIC.004. Church of St James in late 13th century Leicestershire Dadlington LEIC.005. Church of St James in ? Leicestershire Little Dalby LEIC.006. Church of St James in ? Leicestershire Drayton LEIC.007. Church of St James in 12th century Leicestershire Newbold Verdon LEIC.008. Church of St James in early 13th century Leicestershire Sutton Cheney LEIC.009. Church of St James the early 14th century Leicestershire Great in Twycross LEIC.010. Chapel of St James in before 1220 Leicestershire Firsby LINC.001. Chapelry of St James in ? Lincolnshire Not on map Boston LINC.002. Church of St James in ? Lincolnshire East Allington LINC.003. Church of St James in ca.1300 Lincolnshire Aslackby LINC.004. Priory of St James in 1139 Lincolnshire Deeping LINC.005. Church of St James in ca.1200 Lincolnshire Castle Bytham LINC.006. Church of St James in early 12th century Lincolnshire Dry Doddington LINC.007. Benedictine Priory in 1114 Lincolnshire Freiston LINC.008. Church of St James in 13th century Lincolnshire Grimsby LINC.009. Church of St James in ? Lincolnshire Louth LINC.010. Church of St James in ? Lincolnshire South Rauceby LINC.011. Church of St James in ? Lincolnshire Rigsby

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ID Name Dates Location LINC.012. Church of St James in 11th century Lincolnshire Skillington LINC.013. Church of St James in 1348 Lincolnshire Spilsby LINC.014. Church of St James in Norman origins Lincolnshire Long Sutton LINC.015. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Lincolnshire Woolsthorpe date LINC.016. Hospital of St James in antes 1322 Lincolnshire Not on map Thornton MERS.001. Priory of St James the ca.1150 Merseyside Great in Birkenhead MIDD.001. Chapel of St James ca.1200[?] Middlesex in the Wall (Lamb’s Chapel) MIDD.002. St James the Great in 12th century Middlesex Friern Barnet Lane MIDD.003. St James, Duke’s Place, before 1572 Middlesex Not on map London MIDD.004. Hospital of St James before 1066 Middlesex N0RT.001. Church of SS James and Saxon origins[?] Northumberland Philip in Heddon-on- the-Wall N0RT.002. Church of SS Philip and mid 12th century Northumberland James in Rock N0RT.003. Church of St James in 12th century Northumberland Shilbottle N0RT.004. Hospital of St James in ? Northumberland Not on map Newcastle Upon Tyne N0RT.005. Hospital of St James in ca.1283 Northumberland Not on map Thropton NORF.001. Old Buckenham Priory 1146-1147 Norfolk NORF.002. Hospital of Horning 1153 Norfolk NORF.003. Church of St James[?] ? Norfolk Not on map NORF.004. Church of St James in early 12th century Norfolk Bawsey

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ID Name Dates Location NORF.005. Church of St James in 14th century Norfolk Castle Acre NORF.006. Chapel of St James in before 1146 Norfolk King’s Lynn NORF.007. Church of St James in ? Norfolk Wicklewood NORF.008. Church of St James in early 14th century Norfolk Great Ellingham NORF.009. Church of St James the pre-Reformation Norfolk Not on map Apostle in Gowthorpe date NORF.010. Church of St James in mid 12th century Norfolk Runcton Holme NORF.011. Church of St James in ? Norfolk Southrepps NORF.012. Church of St James in early 14th century Norfolk Hockwold cum Wilton NORT.001. Abbey of St James in 1104-05 Northamptonshire Northampton NORT.002. Hospital SS James and 12th century Northamptonshire John in Aynho NORT.003. Hospital of SS James ca.1150 Northamptonshire and John in Brackley NORT.004. Chapel of St James in before 12th century Northamptonshire Not on map Brackley NORT.005. Church of St James in 13th century Northamptonshire Chipping Warden and Edgcote NORT.006. Church of St James in ? Northamptonshire Not on map Northampton NORT.007. Hospital of St James 1258 Northamptonshire Not on map NORT.008. Church of St James in ? Northamptonshire Not on map Brackley NORT.009. Church of St James in late 12th century Northamptonshire Grafton Underwood NORT.010. Church of St James the early 12th century Northamptonshire Great in Gretton NORT.011. Church of St James in late 12th century Northamptonshire Newbottle

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ID Name Dates Location NORT.012. Church of St James the 13th century Northamptonshire Great in Paulerspury NORT.013. Church of St James in 13th century Northamptonshire Syresham NORT.014. Church of St James in 13th century Northamptonshire Thrapston NORT.015. Church of St James in 12th century Northamptonshire Thurning NORT.016. Hospital of St James in Before 1163 Northamptonshire Not on map Higham Ferrers NOTT.001. Church of St James in 12th century Nottinghamshire Hucknall NOTT.002. Church of St James in 13th century Nottinghamshire Normanton on Soar NOTT.003. Church of St James in 14th century Nottinghamshire Papplewick OXFO.001. Church of St James Bix- Norman origins[?] Oxfordshire Brand OXFO.002. Church of St James the 12th century Oxfordshire Great in Claydon with Clattercot OXFO.003. Church of St James in 12th century Oxfordshire Cowley OXFO.004. Church of St James in late 12th century Oxfordshire Denchworth OXFO.005. St James the Great in 12th century Oxfordshire Fulbrook OXFO.006. St James the Apostle before 1074 Oxfordshire Church in Somerton OXFO.007. Church of St James the 13th century Oxfordshire Great in Stonesfield OXFO.008. Church of St James in 12th century[?] Oxfordshire Nether Worton OXFO.009. Church of St James the late 12th century Oxfordshire Great in South Leigh OXFO.010. Church of St James in Romanesque Oxfordshire Not on map Bix and Assendon SHRO.001. Church of St James in 12th century Shropshire Stirchley

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ID Name Dates Location SHRO.002. Church of St James of before 1138 Shropshire Astley Abbotts SHRO.003. Hospital of St James in before 1224 Shropshire Bridgnorth SHRO.004. Church of St James in 12th century Shropshire Cardington SHRO.005. Church of St James in 12th century Shropshire Greete SHRO.006. Church of St James in before 1110 Shropshire Shipton SOME.001. Stavordale Priory in 13th century Somerset Charlton Musgrove SOME.002. Church of St James in ? Somerset Ashwick SOME.003. Church of St James in before 1275? Somerset Not on map Bath SOME.004. Church of St James in 13th century Somerset Beercrocombe SOME.005. Church of St James in late 12th century Somerset Cameley SOME.006. Church of St James in 13th century Somerset Chillington SOME.007. Church of St James in 15th century[?] Somerset Chilton Cantelo SOME.008. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Somerset Cranmore date SOME.009. Church of St James in 13th century Somerset Curry Mallet SOME.010. Church of St James in ? Somerset Not on map Forscote SOME.011. Church of St James in 12th century Somerset East Lambrook SOME.011. Church of St James the 12th century Somerset Great in Southstoke SOME.012. Church of St James the 1175-86 Somerset Great in Taunton SOME.013. Church of St James in 12th century Somerset Halse

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ID Name Dates Location SOME.014. Church of St James the 13th century Somerset Great in Winscombe STAF.001. Church of St James in ca.1300 Staffordshire Acton-Trussell STAF.002. Church of St James in ca.1300 Staffordshire Audley STAF.003. Church of St James in Staffordshire Longdon STAF.004. Hospital of St James in mid 12th century Staffordshire Tamworth STAF.005. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Staffordshire Norton Canes date STAF.006. Church of St James in ? Staffordshire Not on map Pipe Ridware STAF.007. Church of SS James 12th century Staffordshire and Bartholomew in Waterfall SUFF.001. Church of St James in ? Sufflock Icklingham SUFF.002. Church of St James in 1135 Suffolk Bury St Edmunds SUFF.003. Hospital of St James in 12th century? Suffolk Dunwich SUFF.004. Hospital of St James in before 14th century Suffolk Not on map Ipswich SUFF.005. Hospital of St James in unknown Suffolk Not on map Great Thurlow SUFF.006. Chapel of St James in 12th century Suffolk Lindsey SUFF.007. Church of St James in 12th century Suffolk South Elmham SUFF.008. Church of St James in 14th century Suffolk Nayland SUFF.009. Church of St James in 15th century Suffolk Stanstead SURR.001. Church of St James at early 12th century Surrey Abinger SURR.002. Priory of St James in end of 12th century Surrey Not on map Tandridge

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ID Name Dates Location SURR.003. Church of St James in 13th century Surrey Elstead SURR.004. Church of St James in 12th century Surrey Shere SUSS.001. Hospital of St James in Before 1189 Sussex Arundel SUSS.002. Church of St James in ? Sussex Not on map Ashburnham SUSS.003. Church of St James in 12th century? Sussex Ashurst SUSS.004. Church of St James in 13th century Sussex Birdham SUSS.005. Hospital of St James before 1118 Sussex and St Mary Magdalene in Chichester SUSS.006. Church of St James in 13th century? Sussex Ewhurst SUSS.007. Hospital of St James in before 1138 or Sussex Lewes 1257? SUSS.008. Hospital of St James in before 1260 Sussex Not on map Seaford SUSS.009. Hospital of St James in before 1249 Sussex Not on map Shoreham SUSS.010. Church of St James the 13th century Sussex Great in Heyshott SUSS.011. St James in Penhurst pre-Reformation Sussex Not on map date SUSS.012. Church of St James in 1040 Sussex Stedham SUSS.013. Church of St James in 11th century Sussex Selham WARW.001. Church of St James Warwickshire Alveston WARW.002. Church of St James in 12th century Warwickshire Not on map Ansty WARW.003. Chapel of St James in ca.1129 Warwickshire Warwick WARW.004. Church of St James in early 13th century Warwickshire Bulkington

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ID Name Dates Location WARW.005. Church of St James in 13th century Warwickshire Old Milverton WARW.006. Church of St James the 12th century Warwickshire Great in Idlicote WARW.007. Church of St James the ca.1300 Warwickshire Great in Snitterfield WARW.008. Church of St James in 14th century Warwickshire Southam WARW.009. Church of St James the 14th century Warwickshire Great in Long Marston WARW.010. Church of St James in early 14th Warwickshire Not on map Weddington century[?] WARW.011. Church of St James in ca.1270 West Midlands Styvichale WILT.001. Church of St James and 10th century Wiltshire All Saints in Avebury WILT.002. Church of St James in 12th century Wiltshire Berwick WILT.003. Church of St James in 14th century Wiltshire Bratton WILT.004. Church of St James in before 13th century Wiltshire Buttermere WILT.005. St James’ Church in 12th-13th century Wiltshire Cherhill WILT.006. Church of St James the 12th century Wiltshire Great in Dauntsey WILT.007. Church of St James in 12th century Wiltshire Ludgershall WILT.008. Church of St James in 13th century Wiltshire North Newnton WILT.009. Hospital of St James before 1208 Wiltshire and St Denis in Southbroom WILT.010. Church of St James in mid 10th century Wiltshire Trowbridge WILT.011. Church of St James in 13th century Wiltshire North Wraxall WILT.012. Hospital of SS James 1207 Wiltshire Not on map and Denys

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ID Name Dates Location WILT.013. Hospital de Santiago en ? Wiltshire Not on map Southbroom WORC.001. Church of St James in 12th century Worcestershire Badsey WORC.002. Church of St James in 12th century? Worcestershire Birlingham WORC.003. Church of St James in 12th century Worcestershire Bishampton WORC.004. Priory of St James in ca.1150 Worcestershire Dudley WORC.005. Church of St James in ca.1300 Worcestershire Hartlebury WORC.006. Church of St James in 12th century Worcestershire Harvington WORC.007. Church of St James in 13th century Worcestershire Kington WORC.008. Church of St James in 12th century Worcestershire Norton Juxta Kempsey YORK.001. Church of St James in 14th century Yorkshire Anston YORK.002. Hospital of St James in ca.1200[?] Yorkshire Northallerton YORK.003. Church of St James in Saxon origins[?] Yorkshire Braithwell YORK.004. Hospital of St James in before 1222 Yorkshire Doncaster YORK.005. Hospital of St James in 12th century[?] Yorkshire Hessle YORK.006. Church of St James in Saxon origins[?] Yorkshire Not on map High Melton YORK.007. Church of St James of Romanesque Yorkshire Compostela in Lissett YORK.008. Chapel of St James in ca.1200 Yorkshire Murton YORK.009. Kirklees Priory ca.1155 Yorkshire YORK.010. St James’ Priory of ca.1109 Yorkshire Nostell

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ID Name Dates Location YORK.011. Chapel of St James ? Yorkshire Not on map YORK.012. Warter Priory 1132 Yorkshire YORK.013. Church of St James and 1300-10 Yorkshire Not on map St Mary in Whixley YORK.014. Church of St James in Norman origins[?] Yorkshire Not on map Clapham cum Newby YORK.015. Church of St James in 12th century Yorkshire Fordon YORK.016. Chapel of SS Philip and ca.1180 Yorkshire Not on map James, in Conisbrough Castle YORK.017. Church of St James the 11th century Yorkshire Not on map Great in Norton YORK.018. Church of St James in 12th century Yorkshire Nunburnholme YORK.019. St James’ Church in mid 1100[?] Yorkshire Sutton-on-Hull YORK.020. Church of St James in 12th century Yorkshire Tong YORK.021. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Yorkshire Not on map Well date YORK.022. Church of St James in 12th century Yorkshire Boroughbridge YORK.023. Church of St James in 12th century Yorkshire Bilbrough, West Riding YORK.024. Chapel of St James in before 1301[?] Yorkshire Wetherby YORK.025. Church of St James in 12th century Yorkshire Lotherton, West Riding

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Appendix: Register of dedications

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ID Name Dates Location CHES.003. Chapel of St James in before 1358 Cheshire Not on map Handbridge, Chester CHES.004. Chapel of St James in St 12th century Cheshire Not on map John’s precint, Chester CHES.005. Church of St James in late 15th century Cheshire Christleton CHES.006. Church of St James in Cheshire Gawsworth CHES.007. Church of SS James and ca. 1370[?] Cheshire Paul in Marton CHES.008. Church of St James in Norman origins Cheshire Ince [?] CHES.009. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Cheshire Latchford date CORN.001. Church of St James in 15th century? Cornwall Jacobstow CORN.002. Church of St James in 15th century? Cornwall Kew CORN.003. Church of St James the 12th century Cornwall Great in Kilkhampton CORN.004. Chapelry of St James in 1817? Cornwall Torpoint CORN.005. Priory of St James in 12th-13th century Cornwall Tregony CUMB.001. Chapelry of St James in 1570 Cumbria Buttermere CUMB.002. Church of St Margaret early 12th century Cumbria and St James in Long Marton CUMB.003. Church of St James in 12th century Cumbria Burton-in-Kendal CUMB.004. Church of St James in 11th century Cumbria Great Ormside DERB.001. Priory of St James in before 1140 Derbyshire Derby DERB.002. Hospital of St James in before 1229 Derbyshire Derby DERB.003. Chaperly of St James at pre-Reformation Derbyshire Not on map Derbyshire date

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ID Name Dates Location DERB.004. Church of St James in 12th century Derbyshire Barlborough DERB.005. Church of St James the 13th century Derbyshire Apostle in Bonsall DERB.006. Church of St James in early 14th century Derbyshire Edlaston DERB.007. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Derbyshire Norton date DERB.008. Church of St James in 13th century Derbyshire Smisby DERB.009. Church of St James in 12th century Derbyshire Swarkestone DERB.010. Welbeck Abbey 1153-4 Derbyshire DEVO.001. Church of St James of ca. 1300 Devon Abbots-Bickington DEVO.002. Church of St James in Norman origins Devon Ashreigney DEVO.003. Church of St James in 12th century Devon Bondleigh DEVO.004. Church of St James in Norman origins Devon Chawleigh [?] DEVO.005. Church of St James the 12th century [?] Devon Apostle in Christow DEVO.006. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Devon Not on map Honeychurch date DEVO.007. Church of St James in 13th century Devon Not on map Iddesleigh DEVO.008. Church of St James in 12th century Devon Jacobstowe DEVO.009. Church of St James in 980 Devon King’s Nympton DEVO.010. Church of St James in 12th century [?] Devon Parkham DEVO.011. Church of St James in 12th century [?] Devon Sheldon DEVO.012. Church of St James in 11th century? Devon Swimbridge

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ID Name Dates Location DEVO.013. Church of St James the 12th century [?] Devon Great in Talaton DEVO.014. Chapel (or monastery?) before 1146 Devon of St James in Exeter DORS.001. Church of St James in 13th century[?] Dorset Longburton DORS.002. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Dorset Poole date DURH.001. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Durham Castle Eden date DURH.002. Church of SS James and 13th century[?] Durham Philip in Witton-le-Wear ESSE.001. Castle Hedingham before 1190 Essex Priory ESSE.002. Priory of St James the middle 12th Essex Apostle in Thremhall century ESSE.003. Benedictine Abbey at 1136-44 Essex Little Walden ESSE.004. Church of St James in 13th century Essex Chignal ESSE.005. Church of St James the 12th century Essex Great in Little Clacton ESSE.006. Church of St James the 12th century Essex Great in Colchester ESSE.007. Church of St James in pre-14th century Essex Dengie ESSE.008. Church of St James in 12th century[?] Essex Great Saling ESSE.009. Church of St James the late 11th early Essex Great in West Tilbury 12th century ESSE.010. Hospital of St James in 1229 Essex Not on map Braintree GLOU.001. Hospital of St middle of 12th Gloucestershire Mary Magdalene in century Gloucester GLOU.002. Church of St James the 12th century Gloucestershire Great in Abson GLOU.003. Church of St James in pre-12th century Gloucestershire Ashley

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ID Name Dates Location GLOU.023. Church of St James the 13th century Gloucestershire Great in Westerleigh GLOU.024. Chapel of St James in 12th century Gloucestershire Winchcombe GLOU.025. Hospital of SS James Antes 1189 Gloucestershire Not on map and John in Berkeley HAMP.001. Church of St James in 12th century Hampshire Ashmansworth HAMP.002. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire Bossington date HAMP.003. Church of St James in 12th century Hampshire Bramley HAMP.004. Monastery of St James Norman origins Hampshire Not on map in Hampshire [?] HAMP.005. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire Not on map Hampshire date HAMP.006. Church of St James in pre 1150[?] Hampshire Southwick HAMP.007. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire East Tisted date HAMP.008. Church of St James in ca.1150 Hampshire Wield HAMP.009. Church of St James in 13th century Hampshire Wonston HAMP.010. Church of St James in pre-Reformation Hampshire Not on map Woodmancote date HERE.001. Church of St James in ca.1400 Herefordshire Bartestree HERE.002. Church of St James in 1680? Herefordshire Canon Frome HERE.003. Church of St James the 12th century Herefordshire Great in Colwall HERE.004. Church of St James in 12th century Herefordshire Cradley HERE.005. Church of St James the first half of 12th Herefordshire Great in Kimbolton century HERE.006. Church of St James in 12th century Herefordshire Kinnersley

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[160] Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X Marta Ameijeiras Barros Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England…

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[162] Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X Marta Ameijeiras Barros Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England…

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[164] Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X Marta Ameijeiras Barros Mapping the cult of St James the Great in England…

Fecha de recepción / date of reception / data de recepción: 5-07-2016 Fecha de aceptación / date of acceptance / data de aceptación: 18-07-2016

Ad Limina / Volumen 7 / N.º 7 / 2016 / Santiago de Compostela / ISSN 2171-620X [165]