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Aulo Pércio Vicente Nardo a CONSTRUÇÃO DAS Aulo Pércio Vicente Nardo A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS CAPACIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS COMO FUNDAMENTO DA DIVERSIFICAÇÃO: O caso da WEG S.A. Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Economia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Economia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Pablo Felipe Bittencourt. Florianópolis 2018 Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC. Nardo, Aulo Pércio Vicente A construção das capacidades tecnológicas como fundamento da diversificação: O caso da WEG S.A. / Aulo Pércio Vicente Nardo; orientador, Pablo Felipe Bittencourt, 2018. 349 p. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Economia, Florianópolis, 2018. Inclui referências. 1. Microeconomia. 2. Ofensividade estratégica. 3. Mecanismos de aprendizagem. 4. Capacidades tecnológicas. 5. Diversificação. 6 Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. I. Bittencourt, Pablo Felipe. II. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia. III. Título. AULO PÉRCIO VICENTE NARDO A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS CAPACIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS COMO FUNDAMENTO DA DIVERSIFICAÇÃO: O caso da WEG Esta Dissertação foi julgada adequada para obtenção do Título de Doutor e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 29 de março de 2018. ________________________ Prof. Jaylson Jair da Silveira, Dr. Coordenador do Curso Banca Examinadora: ____________________________ Prof. Pablo Felipe Bittencourt, Dr. Orientador PPGECO/UFSC _________________________________ Prof Jorge Nogueira de Paiva Britto, Dr. Faculdade de Economia/UFF ________________________ Prof. André Luiz da Silva Leite, Dr. PPGADM/UFSC ________________________ Prof.a Solange Regina Marin, Dr. PPGECO/UFSC ________________________ Prof. Sílvio Antonio Ferraz Cario, Dr. PPGECO/UFSC AGRADECIMENTOS Aproveito este espaço para agradecer a todos àqueles que me incentivaram, ajudaram e orientaram durante este processo de crescimento e de busca pelo conhecimento. A Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina –FAPESC, cujo financiamento permitiu a dedicação exclusiva a presente pesquisa, bem como arcar com as despesas da pesquisa de campo. A Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, por toda a estrutura disponibilizada, na forma de acesso a acervo bibliográfico, refeitório, e a professores dos departamentos de Engenharia Elétrica e de Automação, cujas informações adas foram indispensáveis para a realização desta pesquisa. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia – PPGECO, pela oportunidade dada de participar do programa. Aos funcionários da empresa WEG, pela total dedicação e disponibilidade com relação a todas as informações prestadas. Aos professores Dr. Jorge Nogueira de Paiva Britto, Dr. André Luiz da Silva Leite, Dra. Solange Regina Marin e o Dr. Sílvio Antonio Ferraz Cario, por terem aceitado participar da banca examinadora da tese. Por fim, ao Prof. Dr. Pablo Felipe Bittencourt, por seu empenho, dedicação, comentários, estímulo e pronto atendimento na orientação deste trabalho. “Conheça todas as teorias, domine todas as técnicas, mas ao tocar uma alma humana, seja apenas outra alma humana”. CARL GUSTAVE JUNG NARDO, A. P. V. A construção das capacidades tecnológicas como fundamento da diversificação: O caso da WEG S.A. 2018. 349f. Tese (Doutor em Economia)–Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 2018. RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender a influência do processo de aprendizagem e da consequente acumulação de competência tecnológica da WEG em alguns de seus processos de diversificação produtiva, que geraram aumento da complexidade produtiva da empresa. O método utilizado foi a pesquisa histórica-dedutiva e a pesquisa de campo por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, analisando a relação entre construção de competências tecnológicas em motores e geradores elétricos e a diversificação produtiva em geradores elétricos e aerogeradores, respectivamente. O estudo se justifica pela ausência de pesquisas empíricas em torno do que Britto (1993) chamou de “dinâmica diversificante evolucionária”, fenômeno intrinsicamente ligado ao aumento da complexidade produtiva. Foi neste sentido que a pesquisa empírica se estruturou a partir da proposição de que, as empresas latecomers (que iniciam suas atividades produtivas em atraso em relação à dos países desenvolvidos) realizam diversificações para bases produtivas mais complexas a partir de certo nível de capacidade tecnológica acumulada, resultante de sua ofensividade tecnológica para diminuir o hiato em que iniciam suas operações. A proposição tem como base teórica o conceito de diversificação penrosiano e, adicionalmente, fundamenta-se na noção de que a existência de custos de transação estimula o aproveitamento de economias de escopo geradas no processo de construção de competência tecnológica. Duas diversificações foram estudadas empiricamente, de motores para geradores e de geradores para aerogeradores. A pesquisa de campo revelou que tanto uma como a outra ocorreram a partir de um nível intermediário de capacitação tecnológica, reconhecidos, no modelo, como nível “incremental avançado”. Assim, os resultados mais relevantes da investigação permitiram levantar a hipótese de que a diversificação, que aumenta a complexidade produtiva, tem como um de seus fundamentos a ofensividade tecnológica empresarial, que se traduz em capacidade de gerar e gerir a mudança tecnológica em um nível relativamente avançado. Outro resultado relevante foi o de que o ferramental metodológico mostrou-se promissor à realização de estudos posteriores, voltados a aprofundar a relação entre níveis de capacidade tecnológica e complexidade produtiva. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Ofensividade estratégica; Mecanismos de Aprendizagem; Capacidades Tecnológicas; Diversificação. NARDO, A. P. V. The construction of technological capabilities as a basis for diversification: The case of WEG S.A. 2018. 349f. Thesis (PhD in Economics). Federal University of Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 2018. ABSTRACT The objective of the research was to understand the influence of the learning process and the consequent accumulation of WEG's technological competence in some of its processes of productive diversification, which generated an increase in the company's productive complexity. The method used was the historical-deductive research and field research through semi-structured interviews, analyzing the relationship between the construction of technological competencies in electric motors and generators and the productive diversification in electric generators and wind turbines, respectively. The study is justified by the absence of empirical research about what Britto (1993) called "evolutionary diversifying dynamics", a phenomenon intrinsically linked to the increase of productive complexity. It was in this sense that empirical research was structured based on the proposition that latecomers (which start their productive activities lagging behind those of developed countries) diversify to more complex productive bases from a certain level of accumulated technological capacity, resulting from their technological offensiveness to reduce the gap in which they start operations. The proposition is based on the theoretical concept of Penrosian diversification and, in addition, is based on the notion that the existence of transaction costs stimulates the use of economies of scope generated in the process of construction of technological competence. Two diversifications have been studied empirically, from generators to generators to wind turbines. The field research revealed that both of them occurred from an intermediate level of technological empowerment, recognized in the model as an "advanced incremental" level. Thus, the most relevant results of the research allowed us to hypothesize that diversification, which increases the complexity of production, has as one of its foundations the technological offensiveness of the company, which translates into the capacity to generate and manage technological change at a relatively advanced. Another relevant result was that the methodological tool was promising to carry out further studies aimed at deepening the relationship between levels of technological capacity and productive complexity. KEYWORDS: Strategic offensiveness; Learning Mechanisms; Technological Capabilities; Diversification. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 2.1 - A trajetória de formação do caminho organizacional. ....... 43 Figura 2.2 – Taxa de Inovação e Desenvolvimento do Produto. ........... 46 Figura 2.3 - Trajetórias tecnológicas: Empresas de economias industrializadas vs. empresas de economias emergentes. ...................... 55 Figura 2.4 - Processo de acumulação tecnológica: conceitos básicos. .. 59 Figura 2.5 - Questões chaves para a construção das capacidades inovativas. ............................................................................................. 60 Figura 2.6 - Ciclo do processo de aprendizagem. .................................. 77 Figura 3.1 - Influências na trajetória da acumulação tecnológica das empresas. ............................................................................................. 125 Figura 3.2 - Modelo analítico que prevalece na literatura para a acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas. ........................................... 127 Figura 4.1 - Primeira sede WEG, alugada em 1961. ..........................
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