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Pesticides in Surface Waters of the Hudson River Basin —Mohawk River Subbasin

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Pesticides in Surface Waters of the Hudson River Basin —Mohawk River Subbasin Pesticides in Surface Waters of the Hudson River Basin —Mohawk River Subbasin Mohawk River Subbasin Introduction and Basin Description VT The National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program is NH designed to describe the status and trends in the water quality of large NY representative parts of the Nation’s surface-water and ground-water MA resources and to provide a scientific understanding of the major natural and CT human factors that affect the quality of these resources. The Hudson River 2 PA Basin, one of 60 NAWQA project areas, encompasses 13,400 mi (square NJ miles) in New York and adjacent states, and the Mohawk River is the largest Hudson River Basin tributary to the Hudson River (fig. 1). The Mohawk subbasin encompasses LOCATION MAP 3,519 mi2 and represents about 25 percent of the Hudson River Basin. About 55 percent of the Mohawk subbasin is forested land, 33 percent is 75° Lewis agricultural land, 7 percent is urban/residential land, and 5 percent is 43°30' wetland, water, or other land cover (fig. 1). The diverse land use within this large subbasin makes it a probable major contributor of various pesticides to the Hudson River. Hamilton Water samples collected from streams in the Mohawk River subbasin were analyzed for a broad suite of pesticides, which included both Oneida Herkimer herbicides and insecticides. Herbicides are used to control weeds in agricultural fields as well as lawns, commercial land, and other open areas in urban and residential settings; Mohawk River at Cohoes insecticides are used to control insects Fulton in agricultural and urban settings. Mohawk River Saratoga Because pesticides can be transported Montgomery from application areas to surface waters, stream and river monitoring for pesticides in the Hudson River Basin is Madison Schenectady Otsego needed to insure both a safe drinking Canajoharie Creek near Canajoharie water supply and the ecological health of streams. This fact sheet summarizes EXPLANATION Lisha Kill at results of a study of pesticides in Sampling location Schoharie Niskayuna streams in the Mohawk River subbasin. Urban, residential Albany and built-up land 74° Agricultural land 42°30' Schoharie Pesticide Sampling Forest land Creek Water Three surface water sites were sampled monthly or Other Delaware weekly for 47 pesticides (for a complete list of pesticide Watershed boundary Greene analytes, refer to Firda and others, 1994) from March 1994 County boundary through September 1995 to determine the variability of 0 10 20 30 40 50 MILES pesticide concentrations with respect to season, streamflow conditions, and land use. These sites included (1) 01020304050KILOMETERS Canajoharie Creek, which drains a 60 mi2 watershed, 66 percent of which is agricultural land, (2) Lisha Kill, which 2 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data 1:2,000,000, 1972 drains a 15 mi watershed, 56 percent of which is urban land, and (3) the Mohawk River at Cohoes which represents the outlet of the Mohawk River which drains a combination of urban, forested, and agricultural land. Canajoharie Creek Figure 1: Land use and sampling locations in Mohawk River and Lisha Kill watersheds are nested within the Mohawk subbasin, New York River subbasin and shown in figure 1. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Results of Sample Analyses producing storm in July 1994 and represents the largest instantaneous discharge associated with any sample collected at Eighteen pesticides were detected among the three sites Canajoharie Creek during the growing seasons of 1994 and 1995. (table 1), including 12 herbicides, two herbicide-degradation The other sample, collected after a smaller storm in June 1995, had products (metabolites), and four insecticides. Of the 108 samples a cyanazine concentration of 2.1 µg/L, which exceeds the HA collected at the three sites, only two contained any pesticide at a standard for cyanazine. concentration that exceeded the maximum contaminant level The highest concentrations of all but three pesticides detected (MCL) or health advisory (HA) level as established by the U.S. at the three sites (alachlor – seven detections, 2,6-diethylanaline – Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1996), and both three detections, and tebuthiuron – one detection) were in samples samples were from Canajoharie Creek. One sample exceeded the from either Canajoharie Creek or Lisha Kill (table 1). These three MCL for the herbicide atrazine1 with a concentration of 4.3 µg/L pesticides were in 8 separate samples (six from the Mohawk River (micrograms per liter). This sample was collected after a runoff- site). Tebuthiuron and 2,6-diethylanaline were detected only at the Mohawk River site, and all three 2,6-diethylanaline detections 1Use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and were in association with alachlor in samples collected on June 21, does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 29 and July 6, 1994. Number of Concentration (micrograms per liter ) Samples Maximum Median Metolachlor 24 / 10 0.17 / 0.024 0.025 / 0.010 Atrazine 24 / 10 0.37 / 0.021 0.048 / 0.016 Deethylatrazine 24 / 10 0.043 / 0.014 0.009 / 0.007 Diazinon 14 / 9 0.034 / 0.006 0.007 / 0.006 Cyanazine 24 / 10 0.073 / -- 0.020 / -- Simazine 24 / 10 0.017 / -- 0.009 / -- Alachlor 24 / 10 0.021 / 0.007 0.011 / 0.007 Carbaryl 24 / 10 0.026 / -- 0.016 / -- 2,6 - Diethylanaline 24 / 10 0.003 / -- 0.003 / -- Metribuzin 24 / 10 0.027 / -- 0.027 / -- Prometon 24 / 10 0.025 / -- 0.025 / -- Terbacil 24 / 10 0.01 / -- 0.010 / -- EPTC 24 / 10 0.002 / -- 0.002 / -- Mohawk River at Cohoes Tebuthiuron 24 / 10 -- / 0.010 -- / 0.010 Atrazine 25 / 11 4.3 / 0.062 0.042 / 0.029 Metolachlor 25 / 11 1.3 / 0.023 0.020 / 0.011 Deethylatrazine 25 / 11 0.22 / 0.053 0.016 / 0.015 Cyanazine 26 / 11 2.1 / 0.006 0.022 / 0.006 Diazinon 19 / 11 0.035 / 0.024 0.008 / 0.016 Metribuzin 26 / 11 0.033 / -- 0.027 / -- Simazine 26 / 11 0.018 / -- 0.013 / -- EPTC 25 / 11 0.004 / -- 0.004 / -- 26 / 11 0.035 / -- 0.035 / -- Pendimethalin Canajoharie Creek nr Canajoharie Alachlor 26 / 11 -- / 0.002 -- / 0.002 Diazinon 13 / 12 0.13 / 0.55 0.042 / 0.030 Metolachlor 22 / 12 0.023 / 0.005 0.008 / 0.004 Atrazine 25 / 12 0.11 / 0.009 0.019 / 0.006 Carbaryl 25 / 12 0.86 / 0.2 0.057 / 0.020 Deethylatrazine 25 / 12 0.007 / -- 0.004 / -- Prometon 25 / 12 0.071 / -- 0.024 / -- Metribuzin 25 / 12 0.029 / -- 0.024 / -- Simazine 25 / 12 0.013 / -- 0.011 / -- Terbacil 24 / 12 0.023 / -- 0.023 / -- alpha BHC May-August 25 / 12 0.21 / -- 0.210 / -- Molinate September-April 25 / 12 0.016 / -- 0.016 / -- Chlorpyrifos 25 / 12 0.009 / -- 0.009 / -- Alachlor 25 / 12 0.008 / -- 0.008 / -- Pendimethalin Lisha Kill at Niskayuna 25 / 12 0.006 / -- 0.006 / -- 0 102030405060708090100 May-August / September-April PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLES WITH DETECTION Dashes (--) indicate no detections during this period. Figure 2: Percent detection, maximum and median (of samples with detection) concentrations of detected pesticides at sampling sites (site locations shown in fig. 1) The Mohawk River drains a large watershed, and receives water Table 1. Pesticides detected from many tributaries draining forested, urban, and agricultural lands. The lower concentrations of pesticides found at the Cohoes Concentration (micrograms per liter) site than at the Canajoharie Creek and Lisha Kill sites, therefore, can be attributed to dilution. Pesticides Detection Maximum detected Use12Limit MCL/HA detected Canajoharie Creek is adjacent to areas where agricultural AH1trazine 03.00 4. 3 chemicals are applied; therefore, the detection of agricultural CH4yanazine 011.00 2. pesticides, including atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, MH2etolachlor 00.00 130 1. pendimethalin, metribuzin, and simazine in relatively high CI3arbaryl 00.00 760 0.8 concentrations was not surprising. Similarly, the highest concentrations of all four insecticides found were in samples DI2iazinon 06.00 05. 0.5 from the Lisha Kill, as this watershed contains many urban/ DM2eethylatrazine 0a.00 n20.2 residential areas. aI2lpha BHC 0a.00 n10.2 PH8rometon 00.01 110 0.07 PH4endimethalin 0a.00 n50.03 10 100,000 MH4etribuzin 00.00 130 0.03 Mohawk River at Cohoes TH7erbacil 00.00 930.02 10,000 AH2lachlor 02.00 0.02 1 1 SH5imazine 04.00 0.01 8 B 1,000 MH4olinate 0a.00 n60.01 B B BB 0.1 B BBB TH1ebuthiuron 00.0 510 0.0 B B B BB 100 CI4hlorpyrifos 00.00 290.00 B B B B BB B B B B B BB EH2PTC 0a.00 n40.00 0.01 BBB B B B 10 2M3,6 - Diethylanaline 0a.00 n30.00 Below Detection (<0.001 micrograms per liter) 0.001 J 1 Colors indicate the site at which the maximum concentration was found 10 10,000 Yellow - Canajoharie Creek, Red - Lisha Kill, Blue - Mohawk River 1H - herbicide, I - insecticide, M - metabolite, B Canajoharie Creek near Canajoharie 2MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level, HA - Health Advisory level 1,000 1 B B B 100 B The presence and concentrations of pesticides detected at the 0.1 B B B BBB three sites is depicted in figure 2. Metolachlor, atrazine, and B B B B B BB B B B 10 B B B B B BB B BB deethylatrazine were nearly always detected in both the B B B B 0.01 Mohawk River and Canajoharie Creek, although the maximum 1 and median concentrations in Canajoharie Creek were typically greater than those in the Mohawk River. 0.001 0.1 Diazinon was detected most frequently in samples from Lisha 10 1,000 Kill and was present in more than 80 percent of samples collected Lisha Kill at Niskayuna PER SECOND IN CUBIC FEET STREAMFLOW, from May through August and in more than 60 percent of samples collected from September through April.
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