Identifikace Dispozic Pro Běh Na 3000 Metrů Překážek Bakalářská Práce

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Identifikace Dispozic Pro Běh Na 3000 Metrů Překážek Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sportovních studií Katedra atletiky, plavání a sportů v přírodě Identifikace dispozic pro běh na 3000 metrů překážek Bakalářská práce Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Vypracoval: Mgr. Tomáš Kalina Antonín Lakota Obor Tělesná výchova a sport Brno, 2018 Prohlašuji, že svou bakalářskou práci jsem vypracoval samostatně pod vedením vedoucího bakalářské práce a použil jsem pramenů, které cituji a uvádím v seznamu literatury na konci práce. V Brně dne podpis…………………. Poděkování: Chtěl bych poděkovat vedoucímu panu Mgr. Tomáši Kalinovi, nejen za odborné vedení mé bakalářské práce, ale hlavně také za ochotu a vstřícnost. Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a příjmení autora: Antonín Lakota Název bakalářské práce: Identifikace dispozic pro běh na 3000 metrů překážek Pracoviště: Katedra atletiky, plavání a sportů v přírodě Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Mgr. Tomáš Kalina Rok odevzdání závěrečné práce: 2018 Anotace: Cílem práce bylo porovnat somatické rozdíly elitních světových a evropských běžců na 3000 metrů překážek a pokusit se tak identifikovat atletický talent pro tuto disciplínu. Teoretická část pojednává zejména o hlavních faktorech, které limitují výkonnost běžců v této disciplíně. Klíčová slova: atletika, somatotyp, steeplechase, technika, vytrvalost, Bibliographical identification Autor's first name and surname: Antonín Lakota Title of the master thesis: Talent identification in 3000 metres steeplechase Department: Department of athletics, swimming and sports in nature Supervisor: Mgr. Tomáš Kalina The year of submission of the final thesis: 2018 Abstract: The goal of this bachelor thesis was to compare somatic differences of elite world and Europe runners whose specific discipline is 3000 meters steeplechase and to try identify athletic talent for this kind of discipline. The theoretical part deals especially with the main factors, which limit performance of runners in this kind of discipline. Key words: athletics, endurance, somatotype, steeplechase, technique, OBSAH ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................... 8 1 LITERÁRNÍ REŠERŠE ................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Atletika ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Atletické disciplíny ..................................................................................................... 9 1.3 3000 m steeplechase ................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Historie 3000 m Steeplechase ................................................................................... 13 2. FAKTORY BĚŽECKÉHO SPORTOVNÍHO VÝKONU ......................................... 15 2.1 Somatické faktory ..................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Vytrvalostní faktory .................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Energetické systémy .......................................................................................... 19 2.2.1.1 Fosfagenový systém .................................................................................... 19 2.2.1.2 Glykolýza .................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1.3 Oxidativní systém ....................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Typy vytrvalosti ................................................................................................. 20 2.2.3 Determinanty vytrvalostního výkonu ................................................................ 21 2.2.3.1 Maximální aerobní kapacita (VO2max) ..................................................... 21 2.2.3.2 Ekonomika běhu ......................................................................................... 22 2.2.3.3 Fyziologie kosterního svalstva .................................................................... 23 2.3 Technické faktory ..................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Technika běhu .................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1.1 Technika startu ............................................................................................ 25 2.3.1.2 Švihový způsob běhu .................................................................................. 26 2.3.2 Technika přechodu překážky ............................................................................. 27 2.3.2.1 Přechod suché překážky .............................................................................. 28 2.3.2.2 Přechod vodní překážky .............................................................................. 29 2.4 Taktické faktory ........................................................................................................ 30 3 CÍLE, VÝZKUMNÉ OTÁZKY A ÚKOLY PRÁCE ................................................. 32 3.1 Cíl práce .................................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Výzkumné otázky ..................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Úkoly práce ............................................................................................................... 32 4 METODIKA VÝZKUMU ........................................................................................... 33 4.1 Strategie výzkumu .................................................................................................... 33 4.2 Metody vyhodnocení výsledků ................................................................................. 33 4.3. Charakteristika souboru ........................................................................................... 33 5 VÝSLEDKY PRÁCE A DISKUZE ............................................................................ 35 5.1 Výsledky práce ......................................................................................................... 35 5.2 Diskuze ..................................................................................................................... 53 ZÁVĚR ........................................................................................................................... 55 BIBLIOGRAFIE ............................................................................................................. 56 PŘÍLOHY ....................................................................................................................... 59 ÚVOD Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na identifikaci dispozic pro běh na 3000 metrů překážek. Toto téma jsem si vybral, neboť je mi velmi blízké. Můj děd Jaromír Kopecký byl trenérem několika reprezentantů České Republiky v této disciplíně a již od útlého dětství mne zasvěcoval do tajů této disciplíny a já bych rád udržel tradici této atraktivní disciplíny v našem oddíle AC Choceň. Běh na 3000 metrů překážek nebo také 3000 m steeplechase (dále jen 3000 m SC) je krásná atletická disciplína, která se jen velmi málo podobá kterékoliv jiné běžecké disciplíně. Její atraktivita, ale také náročnost tkví zejména v kombinaci vytrvalostního a překážkového běhu. Klíčovými faktory k ovládnutí této disciplíny je mimo jiné dostatečný rozvoj vytrvalostních schopností, adekvátní somatotyp, technická připravenost a vhodně zvolená taktika o čemž společně s definicí pojmů pojednává první část naší bakalářské práce. V druhé části naší bakalářské práce se pokusíme vysledovat určité trendy ve vývoji světové špičky této disciplíny a pokusíme se odtajnit podobu optimálních dispozic, které běžce předurčují k úspěchu na této trati. Vzhledem k atypické kombinaci vytrvalostního a překážkového běhu je pravděpodobné, že i závodníci této distance budou zcela jinak disponováni než závodníci kterékoliv jiné běžecké disciplíny. 8 1 LITERÁRNÍ REŠERŠE 1.1 Atletika Atletika má mezi sporty ojedinělé postavení. Její disciplíny vznikly z přirozených pohybů člověka, jako jsou běh, skok, chůze a hod. Jejich zvládnutí je nezbytným základem pro všechna sportovní odvětví, proto je atletika nazývána královnou sportu. První zmínky o atletice pochází z antiky. Ovšem prapůvod atletických disciplín lze spatřovat už v pravěku. V dnešní době patří atletika k nejrozšířenějším sportům. Mezinárodní atletická federace IAAF sdružuje nejvíce národních federací (212) ze všech sportovních i společenských mezinárodních organizací. (JEŘÁBEK, 2008) Počátky atletiky, tak jak jí známe dnes, lze nalézt v antickém Řecku. Když budeme pátrat po původu slova atletika, pravděpodobně dojdeme k řeckému slovu áthlon, které znamená odměnu či cenu pro vítěze. Pojem atletika zpočátku zahrnoval lehkou atletiku (běhy, skoky, a vrhy) a těžkou atletiku (box, vzpírání a zápas). V 60. letech se lehká atletika osamostatnila a v naší zemi se ustálil zkrácený název atletika. (ŠIMON, 1997) Atletika jako kultura přirozených pohybů člověka je sportovním odvětvím, které rozvíjí fyzické i duševní schopnosti člověka, jeho zdraví a přispívá tak k všestrannému rozvoji člověka. (KNĚNICKÝ, 1974) O významu atletiky a jejím dopadu na společnost není pochyb a ve školní tělesné výchově má nezastupitelné místo. Mimo nepopiratelného fyzického rozvoje jedince vede atletika člověka ke zdravé sebekritice, protože atletické výkony
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