Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 1

Between the Golden Age and the Gilded Age: A History of the Southern Thames Street Neighborhood

Catherine W. Zipf Chris Blanchette Megan Cox Diane Patrella Ty Pennypacker Dan Titus Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 2 I n t

The Authors Gratefully Acknowledge: The Southern Thames Street Neighborhood is an outstanding r example of a 19th-century immigrant neighborhood built according to o

The Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission local, vernacular traditions. The area was home to a substantial portion d The Rhode Island Council for the Humanities of Newport’s Irish immigrant population, a working class group who u The Lower Thames Neighborhood Association arrived in Newport between 1820 and 1920. This Irish population built

The Newport Historical Society c many of the neighborhood’s residential buildings, religious monuments

The City of Newport t and civic structures by their own hands and for their own benefit. They

Salve Regina University i

M. Therese Antone, RSM also provided an important source of labor for the neighborhood’s mills o Paige Bronk and industries, and founded local businesses that employed neighbors, n Mark R. Courtney friends and other new arrivals. To preserve their culture, Irish residents Carol Ann Gardner

formed religious and social organizations, and built buildings to house 1 James C. Garman these important institutions. The resulting commercial and residential James E. Garman 6 Pamela Kennedy neighborhood was not only a vibrant immigrant community, but also an 0 Kathryn Lillie important factor in the development of Newport’s reputation as the

Theresa Madonna “Queen of Resorts.” 1 Bob Richardson -

Ted Sanderson The Southern Thames St. Neighborhood is located on the west side of 2 Stephen Trainor

Newport, Rhode Island, and occupies the southern half of its harbor. 0 Theresa Wagner

Dave Wixted Drawing its name from a 1-mile section of Thames St., the neighbor - 0 hood is bounded by Memorial Blvd. at Perry Mill on the north, Morton 4 And the Students of CHP 399: Park and Connection St. on the south, the waterfront and Marchant St. Stephanie Barrante ’05 on the west, and Spring St. on the east. This area includes a thriving Maryann Belason ‘05 commercial waterfront, a residential district, and the social corridor of Chris Blanchette ‘05 Spring St, which backs up onto The Elms, a prominent Bellevue Ave. Amanda Boisvert ‘04 Megan Cox ‘05 mansion. The character of the neighborhood is defined by the relation - Jill Cunningham ‘05 ship between the area’s architectural fabric and the immigrant Joe Foley ‘08 population that built it. Jenna Higgins ‘04 Kristy Jennings ‘04 This publication resulted from a year-long, intensive neighborhood study Kaithlyn Kayer ‘06 undertaken by students in the Cultural and Historic Preservation Linn Manocchi ‘04 Kelly Odell ‘04 Program (CHP) at Salve Regina University. As a partner with the Rhode Diane Patrella ‘06 Island State Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission and the Ty Pennypacker ‘04 Rhode Island Council for the Humanities, the CHP program offered a Ashley Rainey ‘05 seminar in the fall of 2003 that taught students how to research and Dan Titus ‘06 document an historic neighborhood according to the state’s professional Rick Wallace ‘04 standards and how to conduct primary research on a historic neighbor - hood. Their work created the body of knowledge needed to nominate the neighborhood for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places and to produce this publication. • 1 Southern 2

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At least four houses from this era warehouses. These buildings Recruiting Officer Edward Cole, and French trade restrictions by blocking American O$! C.% #!0 C.!*** I+1/! have also been moved into the became home to a new group of who lived in the neighborhood ships from foreign ports. The War of 1812 finished neighborhood, including the shipping laborers, craftsmen, and at 29 Howard St. (c. 1760). Cole Newport’s maritime economy and by 1820, even the Benjamin Mason House seamen, all of whom were active in apparently saw the tide turning, shipbuilding trades had reached an all-time low. (25 Brewer St., c. 1740), the maritime trades or maintained the since he sold theproperty during David King House (28 Ann St., wharves, sheds, and ships. As a the Revolution to Benjamin Between severely diminished fortunes and the threat before 1730), the Bridget Brennan result, wealthy shipping merchants Howard, for whom Howard St. of war, building activity at the turn of the century House (23 Bacheller St., c. 1750), of the Southern Thames St. neigh - is named. was extremely limited. Of the few that survive, and the John Sullivan House borhood mixed daily with working most houses are stylistically consistent with pre- (600 Thames St., c. 1750). class laborers and craftsmen. Newport’s trade economy suffered Revolutionary buildings. The Gaspar Castoff House further, though to a lesser degree, (271-75 Spring St., c. 1785) is a 2½-story dwelling Due to the mixture of commercial The activities of the neighborhood under the French troops, who with gambrel roof, brick foundation and weather - and residential structures, the were abruptly halted by the British followed on the heels of the board siding. The John Price House (424-6 Thames Southern Thames St. area was occupation of 1776-78. About British. Between 1776 and about St., c. 1780) and the James Boone House (422 from the start a neighborhood 450 buildings were torn down for 1800, the shipping industry began Thames St., 1798) are 3-story, side gable blocks O$! H/,. D/0+"" I+1/! diverse in economic class and firewood or otherwise damaged to shift to other New England with weatherboard siding, center entries and sym - activity. By 1758, fifteen houses, by British soldiers. Newport’s ports, forcing Newport’s mer - metrical windows. Each of these show an interest seventeen shops, stills and stables, active maritime economy nearly chants to move their interests in Palladian or classical architectural motifs with and fourteen wharves had been ceased during this period, as did elsewhere or fade into slow ruin. doorway surrounds, window moldings and decora - constructed within its boundaries. most other commercial activity. Newport’s economy spiked briefly tive pediments, although the simplification of these By 1777, according to Charles Many Southern Thames St. resi - at the turn of the century, but was forms strongly suggests the economic hardship of Blaskowitz’s map, the area had dents probably resented the quickly stalled by the Jeffersonian this period. grown to include 126 houses, British presence, but there was Embargo of 1807, which attempted stables, storage sheds and at least one loyalist, British Army to force the withdrawal of British New arrivals in the Southern Thames St. neighbor - hood may have been introduced to one of the area’s more famous residents, Newport Gardner. Gardner had been brought to Newport in a slave ship in O$! I1*0!.-P$%0!$+.*! I+1/! O$! F 3. D+(! I+1/! 1760. By the time of his emancipation in 1792, he had converted to Christianity and learned English O$! J)!/ C++*! I+1/! and French. He was also a founder of the African Benevolent Society, which provided education for African and African-American children. After the Revolution, Gardner was the first president of the African Union society, the first African- American cultural society formed in the United States, and a founder of the Union Congregational Church, the first African- American church in Newport. Gardner, his wife and his thirteen children lived in a small, African-American neighborhood on Pope St. This neighborhood may have formed before 1777, when it would have functioned as part of the city’s southern boundary. 4 5 Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 6

e Baccus Overing House e Salmar Nubia House The Gardners took up residency as early as 1810 E

at 25 Pope St. (c. 1810), a 2-story, brownstone t and weatherboard house with a cross gable roof. h By 1820, Newport was still grappling with decline of its

This structure has been substantially rebuilt from n maritime economy. In addition to the severe drop in trade, other Gardner’s day, but it did serve as the founding site maritime occupations were also in steady decline, including whaling and i

of African Benevolent Society. Gardner sold the c shipbuilding. With many of Newport’s wealthier citizens either bankrupt from property in 1825 before embarking on his return

the Revolution or departing for more prosperous cities, the center of power, a to Africa in 1826, which was organized by the

and the responsibility for Newport’s economic recovery, shifted to the work - n Benevolent Society. After Gardner’s departure, the ing and artisan classes. The largest subgroup of these was Irish immigrants. e Peter Armstrong House African-American community on Pope St. declined d substantially, to the extent that the 1880 census

The reasons for Irish immigration to America are complex. Political changes, S listed only one African-American head of household. local rebellions, and the decline of the Irish textile industry during the 18th o century had forced the majority of Ireland’s population into an agrarian exis -

One prominent house from this period is the Samuel c tence. Complicating the situation was Ireland’s explosive population growth

Whitehorne House (414-18 Thames St., 1811). This i rate, which at 1.6% was one of the highest in Europe. The growth rate placed 3-story, Federal-style house with brick walls, classical, a substantial pressure on the agrarian system to produce more, in turn requiring rounded porch and cornice, echoes the period of the l more labor and encouraging the nation’s growth rate. By the 1840s, nearly

Malbone house and survives with its garden area in C four-fifths of the population worked the land, making the population density tact. The gentility expressed in this center-hall design *!3,+.0’/ *!%#$+./: in some places as high as 400 per square mile. ".% *-)!.% */ +* ,+,! /0.!!0 is more characteristic of pre-Revolutionary times, yet h

it also exemplifies the difficulties of building after a With such a high population density, most Irish were heavily dependent Newport Gardner’s neighbors were men of great promi - the British occupation: Whitehorne went bankrupt n on the potato crop. Potatoes were a nutritious crop that could be grown nence in the community. Salmar Nubia, who lived at before this expensive, masonry building was com - 21 Pope St., was the first representative and secretary of plentifully in smaller acreages. In an ideal world, Irish families could support g pleted. Other contemporary examples include the

the African Union Society. Bacchus Overing, who lived at themselves on the potato crop within their allotment of land. Larger families e 29 Pope St., was also a member of the African Union Samuel Durfee House (352 Spring St., 1803) and could subdivide their acreage among the sons, giving each enough land to s Society and worked as a chef and a distiller. Peter the Charles Russell House (28 Pope St., c. 1800). grow enough potatoes and in turn support their own families. : Armstrong, a mariner and member of the African Union Despite a renewed interest in classical design,

All could expect to grow strong on this balanced and healthy diet. 1 Society, may have lived at 38 Pope St. during the 1820s. usually rendered within a standard wood-framing

The African Benevolent Society’s school was located at the technique, the economic problems of the Post- 8 corner of Pope St. and East St., but no evidence of that However, the system was far from stable. Even before the Great Famine

Revolutionary period effectively ended this important 2 structure survives. This African-American district thrived of 1845-9, most Irish had struggled to make ends meet. As textile and foundational era in the history of the Southern until about 1825, when Newport Gardner and other artisan work began to fade, government committees began to place more 0 prominent African-American Newporters returned to Thames St. neighborhood. • pressure on large landowners to reap taxable profits. From 1803 onwards, - Liberia as part of a campaign to repatriate former slaves. rents began to increase, forcing farmers and other middlemen to pass higher 1 Gardner unfortunately died in Africa a year later. —Catherine W. Zipf rents along to the lower classes. Corruption spread quickly as each class 8 abused its next lower to meet its next upper’s increasing economic demands. 5 Sudden drops in crop prices, such as the one in 1814-15, further destabilized 0 the system. These abuses, coupled with smaller, localized famines in 1817, 1822, 1831, 1835-7, 1839 and 1842, wreaked havoc on the Irish socio-eco - nomic system. With now very large families to support, many small farmers were forced into laboring positions by landowners who were consolidating larger tracts to meet their own obligations. By the end of the Great Famine, 6 7 Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 8

subdividing land between sons was Ireland. Given this situation, the reli - equipped with all the right personal - G+.0 B )/: M!3,+.0 * %0/ guaranteed a place in the social food chain. Attitudes no longer possible, leaving a large gious freedom of Rhode Island may ity skills. They were also prepared to )%(%0.5 /+ %!05 towards enlisted men vacillated between romantic fascina - segment of the population even have been particularly appealing to build a community of their own that tion and wary distrust. Either way, Newport made itself very aware of their going-ons. more dependent on extended this disenfranchised and disempow - compensated for the discrimination, After the Revolutionary War, the newly formed American government recognized the strategic importance of securing family or the limited government ered group. abuse, and poverty they had experi - The city likewise made itself involved in the fort’s affairs, the nation’s pivotal harbors. This point was driven home by poor programs. enced in Ireland. integrating it into their public events and everyday gatherings. the War of 1812, during which the British wreaked havoc on Instead of regarding it with impartiality, they instead Although there was plenty of incen - our nation via ship. As a result, the government set about to embraced the military culture and made it at least partially Religious oppression was another tive to move, not everyone was in a Despite its economic problems, create a series of coastal fortifications to protect those har - their own. Those at the fort were receptive towards this incentive to emigrate. Irish Roman position to do so. Before the Great Newport offered much to its Irish bors. Thus Fort Adams came into existence. The very epitome welcoming attitude and responded in kind to Newport’s Catholics had been oppressed militar - Famine, landlords had exerted new arrivals. In the abstract, of technological ingenuity for the time, Fort Adams, when efforts. — Megan Cox ily and politically by both British and significant pressure on the lower Newport had available land, avail - completed, became the second largest fort in America, sec - ond only to Fort Monroe in Virginia. Irish Protestants, who feared that classes to emigrate as the best solu - able housing, the few remaining

Catholic emancipation would over - tion to the growing agrarian crisis. opportunities on the wharves, and Despite its purely military design and construction, Fort throw the Protestant Church and Most were reluctant to go, but the promise of religious freedom. It Adams did not experience an existence as clean-cut as its its landed aristocracy. Many Irish those who did, and about 50,000 also offered an island environment purpose. Even before its completion it was well on its way to Troop Exercises at Protestants believed that those per year chose to do so, took years of similar climate located on a major becoming an object of fascination for Newport’s residents Fort Adams, undated following the Pope could never to plan, save for passage, and, if body of water. But by far, the great - and summer visitors. Officers stationed there were practically photograph. be good subjects and needed to be possible, establish connections with est temptation for new arrivals controlled entirely. The fact that even others. The average Irish immigrant was the possibility of work at Fort for the walls, while other building Adams made it a highly desirable (then called West St.), Fountain, Pope poor Protestants were privileged led was often young and male, inde - Adams. Construction on the fort materials, like brick, were fashioned neighborhood for those involved and Perry Sts. were established east to a feeling of resentment among pendent, intrepid, able to leave began in 1825 and continued until on site. This active building site pro - in the project and forced the first of Spring St. West St. had been Catholics which, combined with family, and had some savings. the middle of the century. The vided a great deal of opportunity for major building boom in the region started from its southern end but the discrimination against their This profile is important because design involved a complex series those skilled and unskilled alike and after the Revolution. With increasing was not yet connected, nor well church, the suppression of Catholic it suggests that immigrants who of tunnels, vaults, stairs, ramps, upon completion, Fort Adams pressure for inexpensive housing, the developed. Short streets along the organizations and a campaign of arrived in Newport in the early part earthworks, ditches, bastions, became the first major architectural area developed rapidly, first with the wharves had also been constructed, discrimination, made it difficult to of the 19th century, even those parapets, and masonry construction. monument largely constructed by platting of several new streets. By as were half-blocks of Extension and be Catholic in early 19th century who were unskilled in a craft, were Granite was brought in from Maine Newport’s Irish population. 1850, Dearborn, S. Baptist Sts., which began at Thames but did not yet continue The proximity of the Southern Perry, Holland, and Lee Sts. had been through to Spring St. Spring and c. 9A88 SPRING STREET , THEN AND NOW . :88< Thames St. neighborhood to Fort laid out, and East, Bowery, Anthony Thames Sts. had been extended southward and the two main streets L. E.%,,/ L,, 9@=8 of Narragansett and Morton Ave. had been established, but only in their roughest forms.

M. Dripps’ map of 1850 shows that the new development continued not only the existing street patterns but also the level of density. Approxi- mately two-thirds of the lots along Pope, Extension, S. Baptist, and Lee 8 9 Religious Institutions: 1830-1900 11 t h al of on - por d ar i and ur bot and ul of r cing or that ages m e er es ed f chant ar hw . < cult a e ur New w in im cape. Lee t een e or M Thei l work 8 8 W ed, out of handf w in al nam i hous fil s : cul hood of a advant y eph, to es ur ands o and, l ion. bet ef her t ar h ber ant l t ch os d t NO c it at he J i nall uct new t t eas ncr r on mi . i hood as w et r Holl i i t s igr t h igi s s es ubs , y num St s w l t s it esence pr m neighbor a rrive is begun al n (or of ND out w i at . how ew a he s s dom d A t N St her St. on heir e or o ant i hood ai . t t had connect Bapt l t t s chain neighbor of ival ng es N r pped bef es St S. vi es wh nor he i 1870 E ar ubs hi t St. e s s W , ever er hr been t , t m he of on, . es or Tham i t populat is ti nts hous s l on , l i TH w St neighbor ough hr new n ap t hi How . had t of at ens es , ng hened cA backbone m gra St and her l. Tham ing ing gr er i M H her Ext t have o. al oin n ons he j es m t C C at Spr m Tham of engt r m hed d Sout s m t mmi i m and her i s oget expandi ed of t of , ould a h oul t he and Sim y des UR t Tham m connect t o i is w ablis sh vely w ine r s t i dl I Sout e. n or w of i H eas ri in f t n es at I wes only am he Byrnes f hern er rapi ch Beers C t ions el r he he ine, com 1845 t t of he a t ance ut G et r iving , er They o S was of o l l t t been t it ’ east T D e er o Sout s t Fam it ied T and . eat gr cs t w uch , n i as por s he ent ins St he t had Y R w t er The ed. er m he ief h i ) eat r t hol Bachel waves t n ms it and A t ng i on n. G i 1833 f of s i opm , a t hood. bel r e, east W s t that Cat lt d gious . i ie M Sp Le mo r the A Cour aga he firs ? 8 es ous an bui . el r t e befor ion devel ut y dence ween r er ghbor gi e i t o T i A 9 at ong s ong . el es S c bet Rom and r hous and nei Per al al al once Aft gr Newpor the the r count Fort jus Th - y s t al o of is i e er . s / t f ur e radi in e- ize at age t • o s the s al he his y quali the ing or t - t within oot ect o ott ouse r Hous in gable t pilas H iod clos a right or Thes sit cial er C t H built of ion. , and ent r s h s ental, r con chant er ions, ide he per acing s by ger (16 The ner t variety f end m chit ar number ouses Lee eet r 50) . 2½-s t include lar occur or H his ed comm s ituat cor e wer by t cIntos St a vernacular s yle. owner like is adapting expans and O’Leary to obably cottage M st wide or iod e he es ont large as ches por t t , of of pr y 1825-50). es, emainder 1825- a for et ottage, ch eat cr oof, fr ea ar r and ough hr r o per t C or ivity t living ed y t Rebecca nne period ing ed during all, gar iod s por St., Hous . he St., his built A Tham amily t hous sit was t neighborhood’ had ies of act his m ways f Rober 1836-46). d et t s a dick the and per s this gable Mar 1½- of ont ity a he porat r allowed he eflect enclos was t f Pope iety by t r a diver on, two Bur om his o e amily owar t life social fr f to Queen sonalit erns e eebody The ultiple ate. var with t H dens while o . incor als (44 Fr tyle t the oughout also Even during m a e rat s 1840) mor buildings he for per e It 1845) while ail t pat ban together (28 . as Dennis 1845), he , thr development c. or ely ectural uit t tyles and e ur in s dating s elabor ibuted ous but det onst c. hous St., built s hood’ bracketed hood own The cape. H multiple (16 chit trim St., Many ., to es in eet clos inue the h such ouse Revival es e ist ary . needs e ingle squar ar orm; tr St size built , dem s H f s contr allowing s hood’ eets ed Lee s e heir to ing wit t , in nice tr pler wer o ous cont Hous ties Revival s Bapt s hous ea’ H ecturally dat ed was the ples Spr als cor empor quality neighbor mon es ar neighbor , sim S. Gothic houses o ail. adapt tage ension aller windows. the hers eek oper chit eebody acy ibut ions his his he r hat he oof esidential t r t cot (360 Gr and (23 t r T cont t Ot Ext pr neighbor Many would of ont t at ches por knit t The t ar sm but com exam Fr Rebecca expr det r including be , - e a s u - . , n s c e s to or s t o t o H e b sid e i a t n t e r a g r a M could e v A y r r e o t c a r t e L two n P - u o F e  o ectly dir stone a c c but d e d n e e h t t y r e shingle d e u n text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 10 Page PM 3:35 4/20/10 1 text:Layout embodying , e s u o e wer e b e R t r o M d n g n o l a H or oof, r w o B a l d i t n o by y h build, , h t u o s c n d f e  s a , l l a o e h i to T c s . t S esponded o t n I t t e h e s u r . t s houses gable k c e p e s c M o H o l e g a o T . e m s e easy y n a b t t i t e m a d . t end , d g a . n r s i o C r e Most o b population h T period e n e t r e b o R e h e h t only an r r a e t t e e weatherboar s i g r a l i y a r F N L m p b p l b  this Irish , o l . s not h w form. e k c i d r u B e  with and n o t S a t s e :  the e h t , . t S e r u t u f e v e d e l Neighborhood_Frutiger e s u o H s n e d was d n of t l i u b t s a E during high y c l l e w a p o t r o f e h t nacular St. a r T g n i r p S form y b d n a o y l h g i h o s l a m o  ver n e e b built i t e s u o H e a needs a r stories foundation, d e s i o p y r n i This s i w s a w e d a h k o H g n o l a the Thames a e L ing. to e thr brick specific e r e w Houses d e r e d r o b t l i u b l l a f , y n o h t n A n o i t c o l C . s t S e  ’ O 10 Southern Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 12

small Gothic-style church (1833-37) located at the Brooklyn. In addition to St. Mary’s, Keeley also emphasized the commitment of St. Mary’s parish to and Spring Sts to 394 Thames St. where it is now corner of Barney and Mount Vernon Sts. As immigra - designed the Cathedral of the Immaculate the local neighborhood. Although the school got off operated as a bed and breakfast. tion picked up in the 1840s, the congregation rapidly Conception (Albany, New York), the Cathedral of St. to a rocky start, by 1880 it had grown into the pre - began to outgrow this church, necessitating a new John the Baptist (Charleston, South Carolina) and the eminent Catholic School in Newport. Three other churches built in the Southern Thames structure and, consequently, a new parish. The St. Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston, Massachusetts). St. neighborhood during this period survive as well. Mary’s parish was formed in 1844 and a new church, He is reputed to have built between 500 and 600 Meanwhile, the Sisters of Mercy had likewise estab - Newport’s denomination of Emmanuel Episcopal the fourth purpose-built Catholic church in Rhode religious structures, making him the most prolific lished a physical presence in the neighborhood. The Church was established in 1849 as the result of a Island, was begun in 1847. builder of Roman Catholic churches in America. Sisters of Mercy were founded in 1831 in Ireland by disagreement between Reverend Darius Brewer of Catherine McAuley to help the poor, heal the sick, Trinity Church and its vestry over the renting and St Mary’s Church was designed by Patrick C. Keeley St. Mary’s style is typical of most mid-century Gothic and provide education to the working classes. The selling of pews. Brewer purchased All Saints (1816-1896) in the Gothic Revival style. Keeley was revival designs. The rough-cut brownstone walls, organization was officially named in 1841 by Pope Cathedral on Church St. to make the first free born in Thurles, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, in 1816, high roofline and sculptural decoration evoke a Gregory XVI and established in Newport in 1854, Episcopal Church in Newport. The congregation where his father had moved to work on the con - combination of French flamboyant design and when the St. Mary’s of the Isle Convent was founded. operated in meeting format, and therefore grew struction of Saint Patrick’s College. Although Keeley English country churches. Although it is unclear to rapidly. It moved twice, first into shared space in was rumored to have trained under Augustus Welby what extent Keeley had experience with European The Sisters occupied a pre-existing building that the Free Will Baptist Meeting House, located on the Northmore Pugin, England’s most prominent Gothic church design, he would certainly have seen the Father Fitton had moved to a site at the corner of corner of Thames and S. Baptist Sts, and then onto Revival architect, he probably studied on site with his components of this style in other churches around Fair and Spring St., across the street from St. Mary’s. a corner lot at Spring and Dearborn Sts, which it had father, possibly on an 1838 hospital project in New York City and in contemporary architectural Two wings were added to the building at this time, purchased in 1852. The Free Will Baptist Church was Ireland. Keeley immigrated to America in 1842, publications. St. Mary’s was one of the larger build - possibly to provide additional space for teaching. demolished before 1884. where he took work as a carpenter in Brooklyn and ings in the Southern Thames St. neighborhood to The school taught about 60 students and was co- Long Island before gaining his first commission for rely on local labor, following the trend established educational; two Sisters instructed the girls, probably the Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Williamsburg, at Fort Adams. Many working-class parishioners separately in one of the wings, while Colonel W. K. provided the physical labor of the church, while Delaney, a former headmaster, instructed the boys in ;A< 0$)!/ /0., "+.)!.(5 0$! /%/0!./ +" /0. ).5’/ / $++( prominent Catholic families who summered in the other. The boys and girls were separated in 1865, )Th!e.fi r5st E+m*m2a!n*u0el Episcopal Church on the Spring Newport contributed funding. Over the next few when the boys were moved into Keeley’s new school decades, St. Mary’s would continue to sponsor building. The girls remained at the convent, which benevolent societies geared towards helping Irish was converted into the girls-only St. Mary’s Academy. immigrants develop as citizens and assimilate into American culture. In 1880, St. Mary’s Church began construction on a new convent building for the Sisters of Mercy. This In addition to their community service, St. Mary’s building was designed by Dudley Newton, a Newport parish placed a great emphasis on education. A architect about whom little is known. Newton was school was founded in 1846 on an unknown site on born in Newport in 1845, apprenticed under George the eastern side of William St. School classes grew Champlin Mason, and started his own firm in 1866. so quickly that by 1854, Reverend James Fitton, His design for the Sisters of Mercy involved the deco - Pastor at St. Mary’s, had turned daily operations of ration of an economical, 3-story, symmetrical block the school over to the Sisters of Mercy. In 1865, with a cornice, front porch, center entrance, and construction on a new school, also designed by decorative shingle siding. The Sisters occupied and Keeley, was begun on a lot at the eastern side of ran the St. Mary’s Academy out of this building until the church. Keeley’s design, also in the Gothic 1924, when the school was closed. The convent Revival style, complemented the main church and closed in 1991 and was moved from the lot on Fair

12 13 Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 14

!))*1!( !,%/ +,( $1. $, . 9A9< update the style in ways that honored earlier tradi - Revival, to which were added drastically altered form. The gregation, who remodeled the tions. To that end, Cram wrote more than 27 books tracery, crockets and other Presbyterian Grace Chapel was church into its present form. over the course of his career, including The Gothic sculpture. Lancet windows with built before 1891 at the corner of The coexistence of the Quest (1915), American Churches (1915), and The stained glass created lively pat - Wellington and Thames St. as a 1- Presbyterians, Methodists and Ruined Abbeys of Great Britain (1927). He is best terns on the limestone sills, piers story chapel with a 2-story tower. Episcopalians with the majority known for his work with partner Bertram Grosvenor and arches, tying interior and This structure was purchased by Catholics testifies to the rich diver - Goodhue on buildings like St. Thomas Church, New exterior into a seamless whole. the Ancient Order of the sity of the Southern Thames St. York (1908-14) and the West Point Military Academy The church dominated its street Hibernians in the 1900s and exists neighborhood. The neighborhood (1904), which both embody the firm’s modern and site, leaving room for ancillary today in altered form. continued to be heavily influenced Gothic style. buildings while maintaining an by Irish immigrants, but it also important presence within The Thames St. Methodist Church embraced people of all faiths and As was typical of the firm, Cram and Goodhue, who the neighborhood. It also demon - was founded in 1854 by Clark reached out to parishioners all was not yet a partner, divided the design duties into strated many of the principles Burdick, a prominent Southern across the city of Newport. These and Dearborn site was designed by Richard Upjohn interior and exterior. Goodhue’s interior took the Cram outlined in his books, Thames St. resident, and Isaac W. four churches also document the in the Tudor style and consecrated in 1858. There is shape of a Latin cross with a small narthex, open, including a distinction between Sherman. Their building on the religious diversity and freedom little evidence of Upjohn’s original building’s design, narrow nave and side aisles. Cram’s exterior used nave and chancel, the use of corner of Thames and Brewer Sts. that Rhode Island has been known but it may have been similar to the Church of the buff-colored, Weymouth granite for the buttresses, art and symbols to represent was built in 1865 as a presumably for since its founding days. • Holy Cross in Middletown (West Main Road at tower and walls. The overall style was English Gothic Christian history, the ability to gable-roofed structure with front Oliphant Lane, 1845-8), a small, gable-roofed church both see and hear the preacher, porch. A secondary structure also with pointed windows and decorative shingles. and the creation of an architec - with gable roof was built behind Following the tradition of free worship, and the tural mood suitable to worship. the church on Brewer St. to hold a !))*1!( !,%/ +,( $1. $, :88< denomination’s own origins, parishioners were school and lecture rooms. In not charged for the use of their pews. Instead, The last two late-19th century 1918, due to declining member - the church supported itself through donations, churches in the Southern Thames ship, the church was sold to St. weddings, baptisms, funerals, pledges and bequests. St. neighborhood survive in Spyridon’s, a Greek Orthodox con - With this policy, the parish grew rapidly and a new religious school was founded in 1860. By the end of the century both parish and school required a larger building and in 1902, the Upjohn structure was sold REAR OF THE THAMES ST. M ETHODIST CHURCH , THEN AND NOW . and moved to an unknown location to make way for a new church building. c. 9A9< :88<

The present Emmanuel Church was built by the pres - tigious partnership of Cram and Ferguson, a Boston-based architecture firm that had through its practice reinvigorated architectural church building. Cram, whose father was a Unitarian minister but who was himself a converted Roman Catholic, had apprenticed under Henry Hobson Richardson in Boston. As a young architect, Cram was seduced by the Gothic style and he took it upon himself to

14 15 Southern 16

Industry and Commerce: 1830-1920 Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger B-1% wh ar m business was ap pr br ex c wi nd ows $4 0, 000 . or bu il t m on e Al t we r W St de li v ne ig hbo r ex f had alo ng B ind ust ary or lo se y ea m ade at ou gh t ig in all y text:Layout 14/20/103:35PMPage16 t amp le, il li ams ho ug re me ly ind ust e 1850, er ia ls be ca us c ox i er st de in f on de st pr oxi m *! r opped t ) a y wa s y he m t Mi ll pr new h tin ued an d he . and in —i t ho od W at t r A t an d r Th e Ne wp or wha r im he y he ' oy ed esion pu r f oo le n Ne el y e So ut (c . year r t it pr om po r hat com inves of di d in N f y or ea s L our ch as wport oc es 10 0 18 31 ) be t ew po rt t ves t 1857 it o by henr t ig in al o % th e lat requir an t, ha ve (( s m tenr Mi ll dec line. tment t t we en t , la ck ed he fir e si ng er ext ile and pe op le er wa s it ba Th ce an si nc e had due the (1 an d wa t st ai r 11 -b ay th e ed, i St y ha . of n . had am es 83 6- 186 0) . d ne ve r 18 30 T in ea m mil ls Th e 18 60 wo A building th e er fr r lit t to For d /b el l or la rg es th e un ti l ai lr lt wi th m beg un hou gh r le a , was achinery of on t m e St Pe rr oa d, M t fou nded st kn ow n an d s depr he con necti on to we r cover an d t il l . 18 45 , on e t il l, or ag e no t he se . ne ig hbo rh ood co nt ain ed nu mb er y enh anced mos It s was 18 40 wh ic h la ck an d to ess Mi ll r muc h 18 69 ai lro ad st r co nn ect wa s as s dev elop ed t and ionin wh en ca pa cit uc tu re ur s wit hin of th e par t (c . old a ut vi ve , wa s r of fr wa te r of lo ca ted es mi ll 18 35 ). who wit il iz ed C , si di ng, to the om by, 4, 35 6 pe ct ive ly thi s ad di t io n the m od di ngt on y wi th h th e bu il t t a a to wn —it il ls he wa s wat cot changed m wa s new t th e po we r, to ind ustr its wat hr Th e io na l ari t A in Sou t on sp in dle s al l en d ton-m ivi ng in erf ron t t qu id nec k ex pa nde d. he wa te r th e th e erf ron t post- . ime owner , H ma t 18 31 ot henr ow ar d’s lo t wa te r ga bl e y an d M co ul d he r ar ea. Aq ui dne ck net wor anufact t was cul t er ia ls he fr ont il l sp ac e acc ess. re an d at Tha m tw o, was (1 83 7-1 86 9), la ck Rodm name ure, (o r ro of v wa s Th e loc at a ne ve r Pr od uct io n olu ha d Wh ar f k em pl oye d co st or uring N use d on of t of whi ch es , he fir ew po r For an, ed re gu lar tion co al to to r M t s St be aw of he f t il l, . in be who m - il l t bu Mc hi g Re Th 19 Ne an on st o br th th fo mi ll . ma dl e ti me Ri c th sim ila on Ma Th bu da Aq . %( 0$! ic k e e r e st e d e ma ild 1 ild wp h u ry s, h Gr e n th th n u N E a 1 o m idn o R ly a u u T s in a d d 2 . e e ,+3! 3 b s ra e r S th ich g e f or f he o s st e tr u is o d 1 Bo ac sk wp ac u w g g e t u e e ti on 5 n b er iti on o we ll . 0 t il di n o ast mo pp c a il le d was tu d to y tu mi ll am n th ct r’ a k th lo o nhu o m c s n C ri ng rin g u Il lu er rt Mil l. t om nd e sid st ru d Sc . ex g il l he o. re + s . ms tu T c so an S , e t rst F mi n It $+ ho o ), h he pe st ru a c e arl ie wi th p on a m r M in du s ld C a o nd ct u b , d or ig ll an ie , In eco of n y ri en tt is h a a in e o a f a R 1 F twi c ge y l. th ct u or n nu mpa ow n 18 re al l ti ng o r iv * th /! d h st ry nd bl in d in a , ut e s s d c er s 5 Ju fac av e t re wh ic 60, e e Ri v st o as r we st e e ar e ha + mp lo u d ny ll y ed b d a S e C wa t mo t hi t ctu ram n uil din tr e g " e va r o u ne m n o . a t b h d r e n h r h th 0 ls d . s su ri c ing o et S a r re o e Swa thi r By ie d s o $! yi ng nr e on we r e ati c us e tr e no w rv iv kw o , se v m a R bu g bef pr o the s 19 C e d ai lw a et th e oc c ill a F o * d all y n, o e dg e e o il t e o s ab n, st ut o 0 !3, cau p rk ra m R th us rt th is r a d re up ori e 0 e a ai lw a o A l nd p f iff re de o A ed rt y , o t e y r of u n ti me a h le x gh la o f ie d t n da e er t um b C Bu he ny e p +. s. m bri c n t t f t 17 5 th mo o t re he e a o o h m d P y Th nr nc m b n fir the b s p er r r e ing e ss io 0 ru C s, y d k. uil t r er 2 o N h to p e e lo o e lo om p er 6 p th n y 5 v am an b e pe r A an da t. r p in er in we o e n u wp Mi ll , th e ye M a " lth re g o f , y t Th  d ma h t th en pl e In fo ty an E e sub an a r cG re vio he ow n h o eig ( o la s su rs is tenr le v e e s rc r e ( u h ci ll a y, bu g . tr t , u ra wo s h bu g y ad sta in t ht e In .% ee A op e e s t ic ea r wh and e h go a il t to rs g l a wa rm st d ry il d nti a 1 ine d 2 a t u We a b th t th r. in io ruc n 88 4 s nd o ld ra il wa th e ee !. r in o b s s e a d , a A na l e b r ui ld b t 1 l o g re ev a n n y. a tu in g t m la ui lt 4 c b su 83 f / , d p e la r pai r is p th lo su e - in g P 0. rg r the th e ate sth Ya ro s in e. b u wa s n err y 5 t v is ge 9 . t e sta rc tu a ory pe is gs ch h !!0 ed ,6 b Th e T eti c ria l r C ti me y wi nd h u R c e e h y r b nt t o 3 o a a ic a a ll y Mill ty e la a o th e o and tt on s 2 ll y . t d h ma ia d ed was f il e rg e a a t , u mon a sp d l h o th n a pt e ls nt il r wa iti on de is ws d , b - in the o , 2 e y - - d d s ex $ th D wh St M h s B ma ap th L C i wh mi ma iW Th B to F 1 h “ o en & O te L !M Pr K L P t p al it o it 4 ad y ro 8 e Ne f ec o +/0 ob b ea xti u e e ry ac $! i Mac t t u ll p am c e 4 3  ste Jo l mp +(! 1 l l s ps de ic ic unr rc l wn s e e e n em ear iams s mo ,0 6 ta te wpo 3 l m 8 h , b in a an h h $ e al h d ha to i i nc 8 in e i b e 0 o s s an n t an s to ry e h mil wo is ed s ed tw een M 4 b l d ,+. & ta P% s 0 n k k e se y emp in e s t D. t , er o S ’ d rt C1 n n y wh an h wo a i l an th t % C H th c B l tre et l d f led W e i to u o o h o l, s i n o n ! * red s a d r 2 o iW l o th l d * e wn wn e n (( C th o at i d d c ot wh e n h lo n e rk s 7 mp Newp i war t n cu /% wn n n o mos e Ma 0 d a i th h fu , su th e ts ib th y d Newp i .” li L o mp rf). o e n 1 e % p ic h th o o p th ams u e D n p an l !* / e rt r n e d’ G c 8 e d ) lan o f f i g ch h v 18 s a c T ro e % e o 1 h e t 4 e ) + try i p a s N ro +1 t th th th n Th e h y ab d o v (( al wa s 8 n 7 en p i n Ne Sa v e d d si t 3 e W e . n — rt. at an u 5 e e e d o th . ert i y e re wp at e o 8 d T d a e y in / un . n 0 H i Th rt / vi h Da wp 1 mi N g h ar n u e o en e d th s Th * d Co “ ,* o arf y n 8 i mati ! rec a ma e d t Sh f e s i ti or d o i t s s w n th l n o e gs s 7 i c w an 5 he

t l ere i o n l / mi al f p t . h e t d f 0 o erma n t Ti ex d a 0 o 1 s e. rt e ( l p he r w op so e le A t . n b o d rd o F B eed i t r 9 ll c 1 B h o N s p Ne w us ce d o ef u h S p s pe an i Ho co 2 5 8 eers th e rt th 5 s w — o eo en ew th t e w u h a t at ril h 1. n 5 o p h f o d o n o a mp r k, e ad e F Da o ref e w 9 m re t p 6 ty e n al c f s 1 d t ’ o i en p o s p o s ” w c ’ d le t al e d ev Dr 86 r ar u th & l b o h n n i o le ere n 1 fo map y an n ty e h t w le nd d a u rt re a r w k 8 h Ti er o e n e ip Le a an a t 0 r t i d s h fa y 5 l 17 o e w fe d t h rf , t . ry m p us ’s ere 7 f d en c c . c , r o s’ d , - e il - . f l Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 18

a 5-story, 17-bay, granite structure was built to contain retail space on 4 carpenters, 4 bakers, 3 black - at the rising ethnic diversity of the 1880s. The J.J. Lynch Building (491- located on Perry Mill Wharf at the the first story, possibly for the sale smiths, 3 grocers, 3 confectioners, neighborhood. While the area was 93 Thames St., 1886) represents a northern tip of the Southern of products made in the mill, but by 3 hair dressers, 3 laundries, 3 coal still primarily Irish and English, there business with residential space on Thames St. neighborhood. The mill at least 1884, the commercial win - and wood companies, 3 dry-goods were 4 Italian barbers, 6 Italian its upper floors. This arrangement produced two kinds of cloth, first a dows and doors were in place. dealers, 2 druggists, 2 clothing shoe repairers, and 3 Chinese laun - was also quite common and can fine, woolen dress fabric and then As one of only two mill tenements dealers, an ice company, a plumber, dries. There were also French, still be seen in many Thames St. later on, printed cotton cloth. It ever built in Newport, this surviving a physician, a tobacconist, a car - German, Scandinavian, and Jewish structures. Large commercial blocks operated between 1836 and 1850, example of mill housing is quite riage builder, a florist, a carriage people running bakeries, liquor were built late in the century, like housing a total of 8,000 spindles rare. and house painter, a house and stores, groceries, confectionaries The Bartholomew Building (528 and employing 125 workers. sign painter, a stair builder, an and dry goods shops. In addition, Thames St., 1895). As the business Almost immediately after construc - While the textile mills would have illuminating company, a trucking specialized areas within the district continued to grow, other tion, the mill was surrounded by a provided many newly-arrived immi - and teaming company, a tailor, business district had started to supporting structures were incorpo - sea of supporting buildings, two of grants with jobs, the thriving a masseuse, a cabinet maker, a develop. For example, 5 physicians rated into the landscape, including which may survive as 16 and 20 business interests of the Southern cooper, a lobster dealer, and a boat had offices on Spring St. between Fire Station No. 6 (595 Thames St., Perry Mill Wharf. After 1888, Perry Thames St. neighborhood also builder. Clearly, the business inter - Memorial and Pope St., suggesting 1891) and the Newport Armory Mill, like the Aquidneck Mill, went offered opportunity. Most busi - ests of the Southern Thames St. that this area was becoming known (371 Thames St., 1894). Purpose- ,!..5 L%(( through a series of sales and alter - nesses were located along the neighborhood were varied and as a center for medical care. built, 20th century commercial ations to house generators for the Thames St. corridor, which had diverse. structures, like the 1-story Edward first Newport Electric Co., a plant initially developed as a cluster Surviving examples of commercial L. Smith Building (469-73 Thames for the Aquidneck Pure Ice Co., on the northern end, but had A later window, January-December, architecture within the Southern St., c. 1922) further demonstrate and, later, a roller skating rink (c. continued to spread southward, 1910, reveals even more about this Thames St. neighborhood speak to the eclectic architecture of this 1913). The property was rehabili - following the neighborhood’s business district. At this time, there several themes. The James area. tated during the 1980s into a pattern of development. A snap - were 122 businesses in the district. Carpenter House (406-410 Thames combination condominium- shot of this corridor at different The business types mostly follow St., c. 1765) and the James M. The diversity of business is perhaps commercial structure. times highlights its diversity. Of the the earlier patterns in greater num - Allen House (477 Thames St., c. best represented by Thomas 24 businesses operating between bers, but several new types also 1850) exemplify the installation of Galvin’s Newport Exotic Garden. Many mill employees lived in 1850 and 1857 there were 4 gro - appear, including a bicycle repairer, storefronts into earlier structures. Galvin was an Irish immigrant who 0$)!/ /0., (++'%*# *+.0$ single-family homes, boarding cers, 2 carpenters, 2 butchers, 2 an undertaker, a druggist, an ice Many such plate-glass arrange - established his nursery business in houses and tenements located on dry-goods dealers, a hardware cream shop, and a taxi cab com - ments were made of cast iron, a 1845 on an extensive site at the the inner streets of the Southern store, a clothing dealer, a hair pany. The 1910 snapshot also hints common building material in the intersection of Spring, Dearborn Thames St. neighborhood. Some dresser, a plumber, a coal and also lived in mill-sponsored hous - wood company, a liquor store, a 0$! &)!/ .,!*0!. $+1/! 0$! &.&. (5* $ 1%( %*# 0$! .0$+(+)!3 1%( %*# ing, such as the John D. Williams brewer, a shoemaker, a ship builder, Tenement (Brown and Howard’s a physician, a fish dealer, a confec - Wharf, c. 1835), which was built tioner, a sheet metal company, an for workers at the Williams Woolen ice company, and a tobacconist. Mill. The tenement, a 2-story plus Of the 74 businesses operating clerestory structure with regular between 1885 and 1900, there windows and Greek Revival details, were 11 boot and shoe maker was located parallel to Thames St. It or repairers, 7 liquor stores, 6 0$! &+$* . 3%((%)/ is unclear whether the tenement confectioner and fruit dealers, 0!*!)!*0 18 19 Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 20 A r

The stabilization of Newport’s economy had an enormous c impact on the city’s demographics. Population growth between h

1850 and 1880 had continued at a steady but impressive average rate of i 12% per year. By 1885, the rate had doubled, putting enormous pressure t e not only on the Southern Thames St. neighborhood, but on Newport as c a whole. The result was another growth spurt in the southern areas of t

Thames and Spring Sts. By 1884, East, West, Anthony, Fountain and u "%.! /00%+* M+. > ! 3. K. /)%0$ 1%( %*# Bowery Sts. had been laid out to their present form and many of the r lots had been purchased and built upon. West of Thames St., Sharon, and Holland Sts. Galvin built his apparently demolished the green - Newport Shot and Lead Co. e Simmons, Grafton and West Narragansett Sts. had also been laid out

own house on the property as well houses and other outbuildings. (Howard Wharf, c. 1857-1867), : and were open for new construction.

as a heating plant, shop, equip - Galvin’s house survives as part of a the Newport Gas and Light Co. 1 ment shed and nine greenhouses, condominium complex on Holland, (Lee Ave. and Thames St., c. 1853- Street development continued over the next decade. By 1891, the 8 in which he grew non-native fruit Spring and Dearborn Sts. 1975), and the Artificial Ice Co.

success of the Newport Gas Works had caused the layout of Dean Ave. 8 and off-season flowers for the local (Howard Wharf, c. 1890). on vacant land between Underwood Ct. and Holland St. Nearby, population and for the mansions. The list of industries that do not Regardless, the diversity of these 0 Goodwin St., originally named Ring Court, was also opened for new

Although no records have survived, survive in the district is unfortu - interests demonstrates the different -

development. Construction on Thames St. had grown south to Lee Ave., 1 Galvin’s landscape services may nately long. These include Silas H. ways that the population of the while Spring St. had filled in to Holland St. All streets, including the

have employed several dozen peo - Cottrell’s shipyard (the bottom of Southern Thames St. neigh-bor - 9 wharves, had continued to see ple and possibly offered training to Brewer St., c. 1835-c. 1880), the hood contributed to Newport’s infill development as the neighbor - 2 those interested in the craft. Galvin W. & A.W. Hill Brewery (Brewer St., thriving, non-maritime economic hood’s density increased. By 1896, 0 owned the property until just c. 1850-1885), the Newport interests, effectively ending Wellington, Simmons, Grafton, before 1921, when it was sold Foundry & Machine Co. (Howard Newport’s post-Revolutionary West Narragansett, Stockholm, to George W. Callahan, who Wharf, c. 1838-c. 1857), the depression. • Lucas, Potter, Connection, Marchant, Dixon, Hammond, Narragansett, Carey, and Webster D$%*!/! K1* .%!/ %* The first Chinese laundry in the Southern The arrival of Chinese Laundries in the Sts. had been laid out according to M!3,+.07 Thames neighborhood opened in 1900 Southern Thames St. neighborhood their present-day boundaries. Lots at 398 Thames St. Its owner, Charles Lee, coincides with the overall increase in on Thames St. south of Lee Ave. operated his laundry until 1915, when it business during the early 1900s. Due had also been platted and small passed to Daniel Lee, possibly Charles’ to The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, son. The Lee’s laundry appears to be the Newport’s Chinese population must multi-building developments, like longest surviving Chinese laundry in exis - have migrated from either the West 15, 17 and 19 Carey St., had tence during the 20th century. Other lo - coast or from another East Coast city. fleshed out this southernmost cations and proprietors included: area of the neighborhood. By —Diane Patrella 1903, Morton St. had been laid Sing Kee, 474 Thames St., 1901-02 out, bringing the neighborhood William Lee, 577 Thames St., 1901-03 Page G of the 1893 Atlas of Newport Sam Hing, 474 Thames St., 1904-11 showing new residential development south to its present-day boundaries. All Chung Lee, 577 and 514 Thames St., of Wellington Ave., near the Newport construction after this time would 1905-12 Gas Works. be on preexisting lots. 474 ames St. You Lee, 514 Thames St., 1913-20 20 Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 22

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The majority of immigrant homeowners in the Southern Thames St. neighborhood were Irish, but they were not the only ethnic Charlotte Baker lived on 21 Dean prepare for the breakfast meal. After serving the meal, group represented by far. By 1880, 18 different ethnicities lived in the Southern Thames St. neighborhood. By 1920, the number Ave and worked as a housemaid she would return to dusting and cleaning the furniture. had grown to 33. These two charts demonstrate the area’s ethnic diversity and growth over the turn of the century. in one of Newport’s private resi - She would also brush and fold clothes and hats and, —Ty Pennypacker dences. Her job was to serve the when needed, she might help receive items at the rear 9@@8 !*/1/ 9A:8 !*/1/ family’s needs, which she did of the house. from early in the morning until well into the evening. Her daily Dinner was the most important meal in the household. routine exemplified what working Charlotte would have helped prepare for this event by on Bellevue Ave. was like during ensuring that the table, chairs and setting were properly 21 Dean Ave. the nineteenth century. presented. Once again, she would have changed into a clean uniform for the serving duties. She would also Charlotte arrived at work before her family got up. Early have assisted the family or any of the family’s guests morning chores included replacing candles where needed, with their attire. And, she would have helped serve cleaning up after the previous night’s activities and complet - all the different courses of the meal and with cleanup. ing other small jobs. She would have dressed in a work Before returningto her own home, Charlotte would dress to accomplish all these tasks. have assisted with the closing of the house and with any other after dinner activities. It would have been a When the family awoke, Charlotte would have donned a very long day indeed! pinafore over her dress, or changed her dress entirely, to —Chris Blanchette

By 1880, a new immigrant pattern neighborhood welcomed immi - Newport’s reputation as a resort affected by dips in various maritime attracted more visitors and required 10-12 Dixon St. (pre 1895), the had begun to emerge. While the grants is echoed by the 1920 town contributed to the city’s grow - industries. more help at the mansions. This Joseph W. Kelley House (15-17 neighborhood remained predomi - census. Again, Irish, American, ing population rate. Good climate, cycle also fueled the infill of hous - Dennison St., pre 1859-76), and nantly Irish—70% of the heads of and English residents dominated picturesque scenery, clean beaches Proximity fostered a live/work rela - ing within the Southern Thames St. the Bella Rothnie House (39-41 household listed in the 1880 the area at about 31, 29 and and an active social life had tionship between the Bellevue Ave. neighborhood itself. Webster St., pre 1883). Census were Irish—other ethnicities 7 percents respectively, but the attracted tourists to Newport since neighborhood and the Southern had begun to move into the area. neighborhood now included the 18th century. By the mid 19th Thames St. neighborhood. While Real estate speculation was a good Home ownership was an important Those of English descent formed Arabians, Austrians, Belgians, century, Newport’s tourist economy the mansions offered work to ser - investment. Aside from building achievement for the immigrant the second largest group of about Canadians, Chinese, Dutch, had caused a substantial building vants, gardeners, coachmen and new homes, the growing popula - working class. The formation of the 15%, but Canadians, Danish, Finish, French, French-Canadian, boom, starting with Chateau-sur- grooms, the Southern Thames St. tion also required temporary Newport Cooper-ative Association Finish, French, Germans, Galicians, Germans, Greeks, Mer, the first of the Bellevue Ave. neighborhood provided housing, a housing, creating a solid rental Norwegians, Nova Scotians, Hungarians, Italians, Japanese, mansions. As new construction thriving business network, a variety market. Tenants were so plentiful 0$! ).#.!0 ). /1((%2* Portuguese, Russians, Scottish, Norwegians, Nova Scotians, continued along Bellevue Ave., of religious institutions and a labor that purpose-built boarding houses +. %*# $+1/! Swedish, and Welsh were also Polish, Portuguese, Puerto Ricans, more people were called into the force, all within an easy commuting can be found in all areas of the represented. The assets of the Romanians, Russians, Scottish, building trades, such that by the distance. As both neigh- borhoods neighborhood. Examples include Southern Thames St. neighborhood Swedish, Swiss, Ukrainians and middle of the century nearly 30% grew, their relationship perpetuated the Vito Havarra House (13 Holland would have applied equally well to Welsh. The Rhode Island Census of all Southern Thames St. neigh - a new cycle of economic activity— St., pre 1884), the Margaret M. these immigrant groups, of 1885 lists the Southern Thames borhood residents worked in the mansions attracted visitors, Sullivan Boarding House (28 as would the diversity of religious St. neighborhood as having the construction. House construction increasing the need for hotels, Narragansett Ave., 1899) and the establishments within the highest percentage of foreign also provided an important alterna - restaurants, drivers, policemen, fire - M.J. and C. Burns House (25 Young neighborhood. The fact that born residents, at 42%. tive occupation for those living men, schoolteachers and other St., 1880). Rental properties also the Southern Thames St. along the waterfront who were service workers, which in turn took the form of duplexes, as at 22 23 Southern Thames St. Neighborhood_Frutiger text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 24

98-9: %4+* /0. for Saving and Building in 1888 tions. Many buildings had front Two examples demonstrate how Southern Thames St. neighbor - As the largest ethnic group, the provided mortgage loans to its porches, some enclosed, with the basic form could be altered hood type, a simple end gable Irish dominated this unified but shareholders and encouraged decorative brackets, turned posts, according to choice. The house, but their variations clearly architecturally diverse neighbor - saving. This association helped and scrolled decorations. Catherine M. Sullivan House reflect each owner’s personality. hood, to the extent that even many in the Southern Thames St. (38 Hammond St., pre 1888) is their social institutions found a neighborhood purchase houses, Despite the simplicity of the basic a 2-story, Queen Anne-style Some houses testify to greater presence in the landscape. The or purchase lots and building vernacular form, houses in this house with center chimney, end architectural ambitions. The John Ancient Order of the Hibernians, an materials. For the streets south of neighborhood express a variety gable roof, and brick foundation. Carey, Jr., Cottage (523 Spring St., Irish fraternal society, was founded Lee Ave., it was not uncommon of architectural styles. The most fre - The front porch determines the c. 1876) exemplifies the diversity in 1870 and moved into the former for the owner to build his own quently-used architectural style was style, with its simple, brackets, within the building stock of this Grace Chapel (2 Wellington Ave., house, using friends as laborers. the Queen Anne, although the clean lines and gentle curves. neighborhood. Carey, son in law c. 1888) after the turn of the cen - The majority of the area’s buildings Colonial Revival, Shingle Style, and Other architectural details are kept to John Jacob Astor, owned one tury. The Protective Club was 0$! 0%)+0$5 ,. .+3(!5 were built between 1880 and Second Empire were also well rep - to the minimum—the gable has of the estates that backed up to founded in 1904 and currently $+1/! 1920, and by local hands. resented. Because it was common simple moldings and the porch Spring St. and in 1876 built a occupies the Jeremiah Crowley for lot owners to build their own rail is straight. In contrast, the gardener’s cottage at the corner House (596 Thames St., 1893). The residential architecture of this houses, architectural detail and Timothy J. Sullivan House (30 of Spring and Narragansett, across The Knights of St. Patrick also had period continued to reflect the style offered an opportunity for Narragansett Ave, 1902) alters the street from his property. The a chapter, although no physical myriad of housing options available artistic expression. The Queen Anne the basic format in the opposite building was designed by Sturgis location associated with this group to those in the neighborhood. and Colonial Revival styles were direction. Its end gable form has & Brigham, a prominent Boston survives. These cultural organiza - Single-family homes remained the flexible in their detail and could a subordinate gable covering an architectural firm, as an elaborate, tions fostered pride within the Irish most common within the area, therefore be elaborated upon octagonal, 2-story, bay window. Swiss-chalet with cross gables, community and brought them but multiple-family homes, board - according to personal taste. The The porch is shrunk to half the porches, decorative shingles, and together as a group. They also ing houses, and tenements were use of the vernacular form in this façade length and the scrolled spindle posts. Although the archi - provided support for newly-arrived built or converted from existing way reflects a neighborhood-wide brackets aremore muscular. tecture of this building is a immigrants, offered a network of stock in all areas of the neighbor - approach to building that is like - The house is also taller and uses departure for the area, it fits the support for businesses and were hood during this time. Most wise unique in Newport’s a combination of decorative neighborhood’s working-class a focal point for the expression structures, even the boarding history—one where the personal shingles and plain weatherboards. theme, as it, too, was built of Irish music and culture. • houses, followed a common ver - tastes of the builder/owner were Both houses read like the for a laborer and his family. 0$! .3. * *.!. *+.0$ nacular form, that of a 2-3-story merged with a neighborhood-wide $+1/! building with end gable roof, stone approach to building. The M.L. or brick foundation, and weather - Leeson House (18 Webster St., 0$! 0$!.%*! ). /1((%2* 0$! 0%)+0$5 &. /1((%2* 0$! &+$* .!5, &.., $+1/! $+1/! +00#! board or shingle siding. By placing 1903), the Timothy P. Crowley these forms in close proximity to House (13 Hammond St., 1900), each other and the street, the 9 Dean Ave. (1891), the William W. neighborhood’s vernacular form Marvel House (6 Pope St., c. 1865), created a unique urban quality that the C.W. and N.E. North House (27 is recognizable on its streets to this Brewer St., pre 1884), and day. Architectural details could vary 8 Stockholm St. (pre 1896) are tes - greatly from simple moldings timonies to this trend, as are many around doorways and windows others within the Southern Thames to elaborate verge-board decora - St. neighborhood.

24 25 Selected Bibliography 27 - . y n s r 7 d n . 0 t i e a s 7 . 2 8 a m h , 8 r e , 9 k r 7 7 1 f t n o J 1 e e t s i g c r 1 , o t r o , e d d e : l l v i n , o Y . E . n e R a u h s v l e L U c e t i . 5 1 o l o h a h C g a i h p w : w h s i l a h t n e d a s S R e s e r e c b 9 1 c i l p l n d K n , n i r P N e N , a t i r , o n n i g o i A y L . d e a k r o Y r a M e l y a o h t , h u p n t a t H e R : m a r b o r d a . d n a l w U N a n g g c a g a l i h e C e l n e c i d n a l c r u o o e P a r , c e t i t ” . r ” . N h L s I y . e N u s v l a h P . d a l s I C d t s t i h c S . e . b u o 0 2 n r e m r n n o B d 2 7 t c e D W A A e h t r o t s i x o e d d n o i t i n a c i , I R . t : a l s I r 9 1 - f o h e 0 5 8 H h 9 1 a l s I : Y a n i 0 o c R h e 1 , f a l s I , t r N e a 4 d o h T o h R . 3 2 , d d e m o , o d y l e e r A e ry 8 : , k y o n , t r t i r A v r e s o r K 1 t i h o B t n e t r O a l 9 1 - p w s r R e h t r o C : k o t S t s I o Y h R d o h , d k P T a k r o Y f 3 0 e e m n R e N . , t r t r p w e o h e l r a , r o Y r e d , J c i r w w e p w e T e d 6 1 h N o e r G , e n a l s I r e e r G N e t N h c f a p C h y t n f d r N y l l . a w e e o p w s f o t s i o R u o ’ n k u . u a G e o N D : n e o H t S s c s h c i a l d n e d o . N , e f o y t i y C S d . t C , n s i h z i t i t C s e r I r t a n o d i h R s . J s r a l s I e h t ’ e C P n a e e n w o e b b f o i t i , t h c r l e c r u T e u g n r o t n r y p o h t a A t a e h u Q h T e S d E u h e f d e c . m r C s y r a M L c i o p w e o d o h C h t e v ’ r d s a l r u t l . t r o p w t n i N R e f s r i a C h t p u a l ’ n a o M n i V d e n i t e f A n a t S o a S C u a S . 1 8 N ry . o h T d , t r r s a . O n y o G R b r . f o 9 f M e , c i r e m , o f 1 o n i U . M a l ry h n a a M y t m P . . d n , . d e . h n a p F t r e g n i 3 0 0 ry o r F A e h T e h T d e a l o p w e A o t s i f o 2 . . . . e . t S h T . 5 6 s i r I s I e l l Ti t e r a s s s d t L N , “ H s y r 8 8 8 m o t b l A 4 . p f e a s r e e . k a M 1 : e o e l 3 C y t i 9 1 e o h s i l b n e c . C v i . s e l r fi . I . B e n i . M s r h T d n n m a d m a d m a d H r p h t i r e t l 9 1 p y 4 0 0 “ , . o e u p . d d o h d 9 5 8 L a h o t , A A A e h T 2 d r h g n n a C n R 1 . n h t C n A . , a s e m e v i n a W p a M n a . d l , , e d i v 7 U A & t t o i t . e l b a . . a a c i r U , z 2 n i r r a J h p l h p l h p l n a l s I , h t v r a . o r t h c i C . J y t i s n i v r I r n , . G . 9 , o o t a t e a r M M P . e R e n i s 1 n a R a R a R , t D e R e m i w p i o t e G 5 d g n i n i t i . , t t , , , , s , s r , e i t f i s , s , l m v i o p w p w A , 1 d l i o t e g h , y F p p e l y s r a m e l k m m m 9 u f h c s e e r d n k s n w r e l t r y c e e a a a p i p i e l P W 1 o C B o e N e N R u R o N n U a l r g o i l b i B a B s I a B e B e B a l B r C r C r C a D o D r D r D h T o F a G d f o y t l l i h n i h i e h - 4 7 y e h e h t . t e d i s i t . t S M s d n a f o d e h r I o n o c e . e y e 8 1 t i w e r a t f o n i y t s s e h h t i w s e t h g i L t a . a e t l a i t i . c o o d e n i a t a h t rn e d o , e h t t n o r r a r g e t n s i g k o o l r i e h t n e f l e w r r e P f o i e h T t y b o s n i a t e r m t y t i n u r o b h g i e n s a G t s y t f r e e e h m a h T r e s t f o s e u l a v . r e m e h t g n i k a m r fi s a h t n i a m d n a d o o h r t s u d n i s o p h t , , e n i m a t n e r a p p a n i f t a w m a h n n o f n o i s s e r p x e e v i e r o f , c i h c u t n e c r o n m o c e h T d e h s i n i , s t d l a m e v e i h c a d n a m e h t t c a r a h c t a n . t n l l a r e n e t . t r o p w e N r a h W t n e r a p p a e s a l c - g n i k g r m i d y l i d a e r s l l a n o s l a c o l e h t o t a t o p r o b h g i e n s i x e y l l a r e n e g s g n i d l i u b e h s i s i s e v i s e h o c o f t r i e h t m o n o c e s g n i d l i u b s e l r o w n i a t e r d o o h r o b h g i e n e h e h d e d i v o r p c i d t r e v o t e h t g n i p p o h s , d e g n a h c , y n e e b t l i u b m h c a l a i r t o m o y l r e s p a g e v a h e h r u t c e t i h c r a f o c i r o f o d e x i o t d n a t s o m m e h r b a f t c e fl e r ’ d r a w o H t y l n o e h T t r f d n a m s a h o h r t s i h n e e b y e h r o j a s u d n i m u i n i m o d n o c m r o f t rn e d o r a p o s t n e m p o l e v e d , s u o i g i l e r s n o i c i r o r c n e t o n m d n a e l b a h h c i h w t a h s e m i t t r u t n e c - h f o t s t n e f o , d o o y a d o t t o n . s t e e r b h , n o d n a e h t , d a e t s n I s i h h t s g g n i k a m s e i m t s o p n w o d n i h e b d r a h s t n e e e r h t t a r e t l a s a h e n o rn e d o i e n o t n e m p o l e v e d , l a i c o s t 9 1 - e l a i c . d e r e s y r u t n r B d o o h N r o b t i n u m m o c l a d e d n u o y t i n u m e h t a l m t a f s i u g n i t s i d t g n i v i v d n a e c h . t s t r o a e h T t g n i l l e W s i y l n O m p o l e v e d h g a f s i m o , s d o o h S . d o o h d o o h - h s o p r u s s i r I n e d d i h e m o c f e s a n o i m o s m e r i u q e y e h t . r e m i n i m d n r r r e m m o c a r f i e n t s a l d n a t a t r e r p m d o o h r o b h g • t 0 2 e h t r o b h g i e n n e e w t e b t s s e h t s e o c s e s e u l a v u o f h g u o i e n a h t e m a f o h t i e t c e fl e e h T h t i w f o . t S f o t l i u b r r h r o b h g i e n m u i n i m o d n o c r o b h g i e n r o b h g i e n t s a g . y a d t c a r a h c h T g n i n o z o s l a e h t s e a r e t i n k - e s o l c e r a e t c a r a h c , l a i t n e d i s n o i m a h T t c e n e e b n o i l a e v i v . t S . t S g n i rn a e L n a c i r e s i h d e t a c o l m a h t s t n e d e h f o t rn s e t u . r u r s f f e f o y t i l a u q t u b m t i n e . f r a h W s e h T o w o n t A m a h T y s p a g b m u r u t c e y r u t n e c l a n i g i t n e g n i e h h t s i l b a r e e l a c m a e r n o i s e m a s e m a n t i t n o e t s n i t s t y m o n o c e s r o d e h r e t n e t a l u p o p e v i h g i h t s t u b t i n u r D a s e s c c m h c a o r h T h T u o s c i l a i s ’ d o o h r n e h r h t i , y l e c e s t i c S h t 0 2 r a o t s ’ t e h t u e h T t n a e e h T c n e e . t i text:Layout 1 4/20/10 3:35 PM Page 26 Page PM 3:35 4/20/10 1 text:Layout s g n i d l i u b f o n a c i t n i t p o d a o s d e r n e h r n e h e h t u o S r e t n i r o t s i h d o o h r o b h g i e n . e p a c s d n a l m m o c t a n u t a l t p s t g n i d d o C t fi v o r p r g i m f r a h l a n i g i a t s o t r o r e m m o t a e r e h e h e h r i e h e h e h t s o M r o t f o y n a p m o C s i e h t e D g n i p p o h s f o W r o e s e h T m i F r o p w e N t t u o S m t . d o o h r o b h g i e n t u o S e h T r e m A m i t c t t c

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Gatchel, Theodore L. “The Rock on Which the Storm Will Beat: Fort Adams and Poulin, Mary Eugenia, RSM. The Paths of Mercy on Aquidneck Island. Manuscript the Defenses of Narragansett Bay.” Newport History 67:1:230 (Summer 1995), on file at the McKillop Library, Salve Regina University, 1979. 1-35. Richards, L.J. and Co. Atlas of Newport, Rhode Island. Springfield, MA, 1893. Herzon, John F. A. The Southern Thames St. Neighborhood in Newport. Richards, L.J. and Co. Atlas of the City of Newport and Towns of Middletown, and [Providence, R.I.] (150 Benefit St., Providence 02903): Rhode Island Historical Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Springfield, MA, 1907. Preservation Commission, [1980]. Robinson, Willard B. “Fort Adams—American Example of French Military Hopkins, G.M. Atlas of Newport, Rhode Island. Philadelphia, 1893. Architecture.” Rhode Island History 34:3 (August 1975) 76-97. Hopkins, G.M. City Atlas of Newport, Rhode Island. Philadelphia, 1876. Roth, Leland. A Concise History of American Architecture. New York:Harper & Hoppen, K. Theodore. reland Since 1800: Conflict and Conformity. London and Row, 1979. New York: Longman Group UK Limited, 1989. Sanborn Map Co., Atlas of Newport, Jamestown, Middletown and Portsmouth, Jackson, Alvin. Ireland, 1798-1998. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999. Rhode Island. New York, 1884.

James, Sydney V. Colonial Rhode Island: A History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sanborn Map Co., Atlas of Newport, Jamestown, Middletown and Portsmouth, Sons, 1975. Rhode Island. New York, 1891.

Jordy, William H., Ronald J. Onorato and William McKenzie Woodward. Buildings Sanborn Map Co., Atlas of Newport, Jamestown, Middletown and Portsmouth, of Rhode Island. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Rhode Island. New York, 1896.

Kayer, Kaithlyn and Stephanie Barrante. “The Religion of the Lower Thames Shand-Tucci, Douglass. Ralph Adams Cram: Life and Architecture.Amherst: District.” Unpublished manuscript in the files of the Cultural and Historic University of Massachusetts Press, 1995. Preservation Program, Salve Regina University, 2003. Sherman, Anne. Emmanuel Church, Newport, RI: The Church of the People. Kervick, Frances W. Patrick Charles Keely, Architect: A Record of His Life and Work. Newport, 2001. Privately printed in South Bend, Indiana, 1953. Stachiw, Myron O. et. al. The Early Architecture and Landscapes ofthe Mumford, John. Map of Newport. Newport, 1712. Narragansett Basin, Volume 1. Vernacular Architecture Forum,2001.

Newport City Directory, 1856. Titus, Daniel P. “Industry in the Southern Thames Street Neighborhoodof Newport, Rhode Island, 1820-1920.” Unpublished manuscript in thefiles of the Cultural Patrella, Diane. “Commercial Lower Thames Street 1850-1920.” Unpublished and Historic Preservation Program, Salve ReginaUniversity, 2003. manuscript in the files of the Cultural and Historic Preservation Program, Salve Regina University, 2003. Youngken, Richard C. African-Americans in Newport: an Introduction to the Heritage of African American in Newport, Rhode Island, 1700-1945. Pennypacker, Thomas. “Ethnicity in the Lower Thames Street District.” Unpublished [Providence, R.I.] : Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission manuscript in the files of the Cultural and Historic Preservation Program, Salve and Rhode Island Black Heritage Society, [1995]. Regina University, 2004.

Perry, Amos. Rhode Island State Census, 1885. Providence: E.L. Freeman & Sons, Printers to the State, 1887.

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Salve Regina University Ochre Point Avenue Newport, Rhode Island !#" www.salve.edu