The Critical Criminologist 1 Summer, 2000 Volume 10 #3 Newsletter of ASC’s Division on Critical Criminology Understanding Transnational Crime & Criminality: Policy Responses to Transnational Organised Crime Adam Edwards (1) THE SCOPE OF TOC This theme refers to the collection and interpretation of evidence Nottingham Trent University on the patterns of TOC. It questions the incidence, prevalence and concentration of TOC. Within this theme findings can be The perceived threat of ‘Transnational Organised summarised in terms of three interrelated tensions: the global Crime’ (TOC) has become an issue of acute interest to politi- versus local scope of organised crime; the external versus internal cians, policy-makers and social scientists in the last decade, yet threat of organised crime; and the relations between licit and il- there is little consensus over the character, or even the existence, licit markets and ‘entrepreneurs’. of this purported threat. Critics account for the increasing sali- Global versus local: The purported process of globalisation ence of TOC in terms of the need for military, security and intel- and its consequences for (inter-)national security animates much ligence agencies to reinvent their roles in a post-Cold War ‘new of the discussion about organised crime. In the ‘global village’ world order’. They argue that the scope of organised crime re- criminal organisations exploit opportunities for cross-border mains contained within local territories and should be controlled crime generated by, inter alia : the construction of continental through a combination of local crime control and social policy trading blocs such as the North American Free Trade Association interventions. Conversely, others acknowledge the ‘reality’ of and the European Union; developments in communications and TOC and the increasing mobility and sophistication of criminal transport technologies; and increasingly de-regulated interna- entrepreneurs. They identify an emerging ‘global crime problem’, tional currency markets. enabled by rapid developments in information and transport tech- The knowledge-base for the emergence of a ‘global crime nologies and an increasingly de-regulated global economy. In problem’ is premised on two basic measures: (a) The volume of turn they argue for greater investment in international law en- organised crime; and (b) Intelligence reports on the activities of forcement including the provision of extraordinary powers for particular criminal organisations/individuals (Gregory, 1998). intrusive surveillance. Volume measures typically focus on arrest rates, asset sei- The following review of preliminary findings emerging zures and the estimated costs of specific crime problems(3). from an ongoing research seminar series on ‘Policy Responses to Global measures of organised crime are provided by Interpol Transnational Organised Crime’ funded by the United Kingdom using estimates of profit turnover based on, for example, the pro- Economic and Social Research Council confirms that, far from duction of drugs in metric tons and the distributor price of a par- there being a broad consensus over the character or existence of ticular drug per kilo. On this basis it is estimated that the annual TOC, this whole policy field is the subject of vigorous and con- turnover of illicit drugs traffic as $500 billion (Gregory, 1998: troversial debate. The principal lesson emerging from this series 135). is the need to adopt an open-ended approach to the ‘threat’ of Conversely, in questioning the very existence of TOC, organised crime in which commentators should experiment with Hobbs (1998a,b; 2000) argues that as far as the British experience alternative conceptions, etiological accounts and policy measures goes there has been a conspicuous failure to demonstrate the op- beyond the conventional preoccupation with law enforcement. eration of offenders which fit the Hollywood image of ethnically- At the time of writing, the Series is half way through its 6 based, hierarchically structured, ‘mafia’ that orchestrate transna- scheduled meetings. Hitherto, 12 papers have been presented and tional operations like some ‘shadow’ multinational corporation. what follows is an interim report on key themes and findings Instead, Hobbs reverses the logic of globalisation found in offi- emerging from the meetings of the Seminar and the key thinkers cial narratives to demonstrate how this actually emphasises local- who have informed the Seminar discussions. The findings can be ity rather than transnationality in the form of organised criminal grouped into three basic themes: (i) the scope of transnational relations. Serious crime problems, as he prefers to call them, are organised crime; (ii) the focus of policy debates about transna- only ever experienced locally. What is new in the character of tional organised crime; and (iii) implications for research and these problems is the emergence of criminal networks or coali- policy reform. tions of criminal actors assembled for the purposes of particular (Continued on page 4) The Critical Criminologist 2 From the Editors... Please direct future articles and enquiries about the newsletter This issue is the ninth and final edition of our editorship. to the new editorial collective: We hope that you have found the newsletter to be thoughtful and stimulating these past three years. Our goal was to build on the history of the newsletter for publishing intelligent commentary on Barbara Sims, Penn State a wide variety of issues and from a wide variety of critical per- spectives. In addition, we wanted to make the newsletter more international, if not global, than it had been previously. Toward that end, we solicited and encouraged the submissions of pieces Mary Bosworth, from “down under,” the Far East, Eastern and Western Europe, Fordham University and South America. Consistent with our “internationalization program,” the final issue of the editorship includes contributions from Great Britain, Canada, and Japan. Adam Edwards shares from his report and Michael O. Maume, remarks on transnational crime prepared for the United Nation’s Ohio University Tenth Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, held in Vienna, this past April. Matthew Yeager, also in attendance at the meetings as an “expert observer,” shares his impressions and critique of the Congress. David Potter and Rick Matthews, Ohio University Stephen Richards offer their thoughts and suggestions on the ex- portation of critical criminology, in response to articles from the last issue. Full contact information is pro- In this edition, we also hear from Ray Michalowski, Marty Schwartz, Steve Russell, Ellen Leichtman, and Bruce Arrigo. vided on the back page of the They continue the conversation that occurred over the Division’s listserve about the status of critical scholarship and publication. current newsletter. In a related piece on critical scholarship, Richard Wright reports on the upcoming Critical Criminology sessions at the 2000 ASC meetings in San Francisco, especially in the context of the inter- The Critical Criminology Homepage is maintained by Jim Tho- sections of class, gender, and race. Finally, in a similar vein, mas. It contains more information about the division along with Mick Hallett interviews Hal Pepinsky on peacemaking, self- links to a wide variety of data, current statistics, legal resources, control, ritualistic abuse, and more. political writings, teaching and mentoring information, and the In turning over the editorial duties and chores to the next Division’s parent organization — The American Society of group of editors, we wish them well and the very best. We also Criminology. call upon our membership to make their jobs lighter by taking the http://sun.soci.niu.edu/~critcrim/ time to write from time to time. Finally, we would like to thank the Department of Sociol- Division membership is available through Sarah Hall at the ogy, Anthropology, and Criminology at EMU for the paper, the American Society of Criminology: 1314 Kinnear Rd., Suite 214 ink, the high speed duplicator, and the occasional work study Columbus, OH 43212. (There’s also a membership form re- student. Thanks also to the many authors who volunteered manu- printed on p 21.) Subscription to the newsletter for non-members scripts and helped this newsletter come together as it does. is $10 yearly, available from Sarah, who also handles information Table of Contents Keeping the World Safe for Democracy....................... 14 Richard A. Wright David Potter Stephen C. Richards A Detour Toward the Intersection of Exporting Critical Criminology Class, Gender, & Race? ................................................. 8 Across National Boundaries ........................................ 16 Critical Criminology Listserve Mick Hallett Critical Criminology and the Mainstream: An Interview with Hal Pepinsky .................................. 18 Issues in Publishing Critical Scholarship, Part 2 ........ 10 New Newsletter Editors............................................... 20 Matthew G. Yeager The Critical Criminologist 3 From Paul… ...A Thanks to Gregg & Stuart Seeing a little open space here in the final issue of our edi- torship, I wanted to take the opportunity to say thanks to DIVISION AWARD NOMINATIONS my co-editors Gregg and Stuart. They had the idea three years ago to apply for the editorship and try to resuscitate The Critical Criminology Division of the American Society of Criminology is calling for nominations for the 2000