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Gauge Assisted Quadratic Gravity: a Framework for UV Complete Quantum Gravity

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Gauge Assisted Quadratic Gravity: a Framework for UV Complete Quantum Gravity PHYSICAL REVIEW D 97, 126005 (2018) Gauge assisted quadratic gravity: A framework for UV complete quantum gravity John F. Donoghue* Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA † Gabriel Menezes Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA and Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Serop´edica, RJ, Brazil (Received 23 April 2018; published 12 June 2018) We discuss a variation of quadratic gravity in which the gravitational interaction remains weakly coupled at all energies, but is assisted by a Yang-Mills gauge theory which becomes strong at the Planck scale. The Yang-Mills interaction is used to induce the usual Einstein-Hilbert term, which was taken to be small or absent in the original action. We study the spin-two propagator in detail, with a focus on the high mass resonance which is shifted off the real axis by the coupling to real decay channels. We calculate scattering in the J ¼ 2 partial wave and show explicitly that unitarity is satisfied. The theory will in general have a large cosmological constant and we study possible solutions to this, including a unimodular version of the theory. Overall, the theory satisfies our present tests for being a ultraviolet completion of quantum gravity. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.126005 I. INTRODUCTION matter fields coupled to the metric yield divergences propor- tional to the second power of the curvatures. Therefore, the There are many exotic approaches to quantum gravity, fundamental action must have terms in it which are quadratic but comparatively little present work exploring the option in the curvatures in order to renormalize the theory. This also of describing gravity by a renormalizable quantum field explains why such QFT treatments are often overlooked. theory (QFT). Nature has shown that the other funda- Curvatures involve second derivatives of the metric, so that mental interactions, i.e. those of the standard model, are quadratic gravity involves metric propagators which are described by renormalizable QFTs at present energies, so quartic in the momentum. Quartic propagators are generally this should be the most conservative approach. There is a considered problematic, for reasons which will be reviewed modest body of recent work [1–13] attempting to revive 1 below. However, quadratic gravity does have the positive this possibility. As a subfield, this literature is somewhat feature that it is renormalizable [14], and can be asymptoti- diffuse, with different groups pursuing different, although cally free [15–17]. Moreover, to recover general relativity in related, variants. However, the key question is to deter- the low energy limit one must arrange to have the usual mine if any renormalizable QFT can serve as a UV quadratic propagators at low energy. The challenge for such completion for gravity. In this paper, we explore such a QFT treatments then is to deal with fundamental quartic variation which we feel is particularly well suited for propagators at high energy while recovering usual gravity at being a controlled approach using present techniques, low energy. with encouraging results. The variation which we explore will involve a Yang-Mill The distinctive feature of a renormalizable QFT treat- gauge theory plus weakly coupled quadratic gravity. ment of gravity is simple to diagnose. Loops involving For the purposes of this introduction one can consider this to be defined by the action (in units of ℏ ¼ c ¼ kB ¼ 1, *[email protected] † which will be consistently employed throughout the paper) [email protected] Z 1For the much larger body of older research please see the ffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1 4 p μα νβ a a μναβ references within [1–13]. S ¼ d x −g − g g FμνF − CμναβC 4g2 αβ 2ξ2 Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of ð1Þ the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, although we also discuss other variants below. The Weyl and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3. tensor is given by 2470-0010=2018=97(12)=126005(18) 126005-1 Published by the American Physical Society JOHN F. DONOGHUE and GABRIEL MENEZES PHYS. REV. D 97, 126005 (2018) 1 ð2Þ − − − iDμναβ ¼ iPμναβD2ðqÞ Cμναβ ¼ Rμναβ 2 ðRμαgνβ Rναgμβ Rμβgμα þ RνβgμαÞ q2 iϵ q4 q4N −q2 − iϵ RðgÞ −1 þ − − eff − D2 ðqÞ¼ 2 2 2 ln 2 þ 6 ðgμαgνβ gναgμβÞ: ð2Þ κ˜ ðqÞ 2ξ ðμÞ 640π μ 4 q N ðq2Þ2 a − q : The quantity Fμν is the usual field strength tensor for the 1280π2 ln μ4 ð5Þ Yang-Mills theory. The index a is summed over the generators of the gauge group G. One has that ð2Þ Here, Pμναβ is the spin-two projector to be described below. The function 1=κ˜2ðqÞ is induced by the gauge theory and a ∂ a − ∂ a abc b c Fμν ¼ μAν νAμ þ gf AμAν ð3Þ can be described by techniques related to QCD sum rules. It will have the limits where fabc are the structure constants of G and g is the Yang-Mills coupling constant. 1 1 ξ → q ≪ MP Both couplings g and are asymptotically free, so this is κ˜2ðqÞ κ2 a renormalizable asymptotically free theory at high energy. → 0 ≫ We consider the limit where the gauge coupling g is larger q MP ð6Þ than the gravitational coupling ξ. This means that the gauge κ2 32π theory becomes strongly interacting at a higher energy. where ¼ G is the coupling in the Einstein-Hilbert The energy scale of the gauge theory will be taken to be the action. The coefficient of the first logarithm, Neff,isa Planck scale. Indeed, this is the role of the helper gauge number that depends on the number of light degrees of theory in this construction—it defines the Planck scale, and freedom (d.o.f.) with the usual couplings to gravity and Nq also induces the Einstein-Hilbert action at lower energies is a number due to gravitons coupled through the quadratic- [18–22]. We have elsewhere [4] calculated the induced curvature action. These numbers will be defined in detail gravitational constant due to QCD, below but for now we can note that at very high energies Neff ¼ N∞ ¼ D þ NSM, where D is the number of gen- 1 erators in the gauge theory and N is due to the particles 0 0095 0 0030 2 SM 16π ¼ . Æ . GeV ð4Þ 3 199 3 Gind of the standard model and beyond while Nq ¼ = . This propagator is described by three regions. At low 1019 2 ≪ ξ2 2 4 and so a QCD-like theory would need an energy scale energy q MP, where Mp is the Planck mass, the times greater to generate the observed Planck scale. quadratic propagator dominates, and one gets the usual 2 2 Left on its own, the Weyl-squared term would also coupling of general relativity. At high energy q >MP, one become strong at some energy. However, because we take it has a purely quartic propagator and the running gravita- to be still weakly coupled at the Planck scale, it would tional coupling is become strong only at a very low energy scale. (For ξ 0 1 ξ2 μ 320π2 example, for a pure Weyl theory if ¼ . at the Planck ξ2 ð Þ Λ 10−1006 ðqÞ¼ ξ2 μ ¼ 2 2 scale, it would become strong at ξ ¼ eV.) In ð ÞðN∞þNqÞ 2 2 ðN∞ þ N Þlnðq =Λ Þ 1 þ 2 lnðq =μ Þ q ξ practice, this running of ξ is interrupted by the induced 320π gravitational effects due to the gauge field, and hence is ð7Þ never relevant at low energy2. Indeed we will see that the gravitational interaction can remain weakly coupled at all where as usual we have defined the scale factor Λξ via 2 2 2 2 energies. This helps give us control over the predictions of 1=ξ ðμÞ¼ðN∞ þ NqÞðln μ =ΛξÞ=320π . In the inter- ξ2 2 ≤ 2 2 the theory. Our goal is to explore the structure of this theory mediate regime MP q <MP, the propagator goes in order to see if there are any calculable obstacles to through a resonance, and also transitions from quadratic to treating it as a UV completion of quantum gravity. The quartic behavior. A plot of the absolute value of propa- theory so far passes such tests successfully. gator throughout these regions is shown in Fig. 1 for In order to describe the nature of this theory, let us show timelike values of q2, normalized to the usual propagator a subset of our results. For the purpose of this introduction, at low energy. One can readily see the usual behavior at let us again simplify the result by ignoring the possibility of low energy, as well as the improved momentum behavior an induced cosmological constant, although this will be at high energy. But clearly the striking feature is the 2 2 2 2 discussed below. In this case, the spin-two part of the resonance, which occurs at q ¼ mr ¼ 2ξ =κ .Atweak propagator will be seen to have the following structure 3 Including just the standard model particles yields NSM ¼ 2The same thing happens to the SU(2) coupling of the standard 283=12. model. It would become strong at 10−14 eV but its running is 4To be more precise, we are referring to a variation on a 2 2 interrupted by the symmetry breaking at the TeV scale. reduced Planck mass Mp ¼ 2=κ 126005-2 GAUGE ASSISTED QUADRATIC GRAVITY: A FRAMEWORK … PHYS. REV. D 97, 126005 (2018) 10 2.0 8 1.5 6 1.0 4 0.5 2 0 0.0 -6 -5 -4 10 10 10 0.001 0.010 0.100 1 10-6 10-5 10-4 0.001 0.010 0.100 1 FIG.
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