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Experimental Methods in Neuropsychology Neuropsychology and Cognition EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGY NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION VOLUME 21 Series Editor: R. Malatesha Joshi, College ofEducation, Texas A&M University, US.A. Elena Grigorenko, PACE Center, Yale University, US.A. Advisory Board: Torleiv Hoien, Center for Dyslexia Research, Norway George Hynd, University ofGeorgia, US.A. C.K. Leong, University ofSaskatchewan, Canada John Marshall, University of Oxford, UK. Gabriele Miceli, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy Loraine Obler, City University ofNew York, US.A. Pieter Reitsma, Paedologisch Instituut Amsterdam, The Netherlands The purpose of the Neuropsychology and Cognition series is to bring out volumes that promote understanding in topics relating brain and behavior. It is intended for use by both clinicians and research scientists in the fields of neuropsychology, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, speech and hearing, as well as education. Examples of topics to be covered in this series would relate to memory, language acquisition and breakdown, reading, attention, developing and aging brain. By addressing the theoretical, empirical, and applied aspects of brain-behavior relationships, this series will try to present the information in the files of neuropsychology and cognition in a coherent manner. The titles published in this series are listed at the end ofthis volume. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGY edited by Kenneth Hugdahl University ofBergen, Norway SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Experimental methods in neuropsychology / edited by Kenneth Hugdahl. p.cm. - (Neuropsychology and cognition; 21) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-5423-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-1163-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1163-2 1. Neuropsychology-Research-Methodology. I. Hugdahl, Kenneth. II Series. QP360 .E966 2002 152' .072-dc21 2002028758 Copyright © 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system. for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Permission for books published in Europe: permissions(cqwkap.nl Permission for books published in the United States of America: permissions(~"\kap.com Printed on aCid-Fee paper. DEDICATION This book is dedicated to the students at the University of Bergen. Permissions: Chapter 6, page 117, figure 6.3 is reprinted from Clinical Neurophysiology, Ill, Krause, Sillanmiiki, Koivisto, Saarela, Haggqvist, Laine, Hamalainen, The effects of memory load on event-related EEG desynchronization and synchronization, Page 2074, Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier Science. Chapter 6, page 119, figure 6.4 is reprinted from Clinical Neurophysiology, 111, Krause, Sillanmaki, Koivisto, Saarela, Haggqvist, Laine, Hamalainen, The effects of memory load on event-related EEG desynchronization and synchronization, Page 2074, Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier Science. Chapter 6, page 121, figure 6.5 is reprinted from Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, Sillanmaki, Haggqvist, Heino, Test-retest consistency of the event-related desynchronization/synchronization of the 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 and 10- I2 Hz frequency bands during a memory task, Pages 753 and 754, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier Science. CONTENTS List of contributors ix Preface XI 1. Behavioural experimental techniques Merrill Hiscock 2. Dichotic listening: An experimental tool in clinical neuropsychology 29 Kenneth Hugdah/ 3. The divided visual field technique in laterality and interhemispheric 47 integration Marie T Banich 4. Startle reflex modulation: Perception, attention, and emotion 65 Margaret M Bradley & Dean Sabatinelli 5. Animal models of neuropsychological function 89 R. Holly Fitch & James J. Chrobak 6. Brain electric oscillations and cognitive processes III Christina M Krause 7. Functional MRI studies of perception, cognition and emotion: 131 Studies in normal and diseased brains A ina Puce, Dianne Anderson & Robert L. Savoy 8. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the study of cognition 173 Hugo Theoret & Alvaro Pascual-Leone 9. Current methods for cognitive neuroanatomy 197 Lutz Jancke Subject index 223 Author index 227 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Anderson, Dianne, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Banich, Marie T., University of Colorado, CO, USA Bradley, Margaret M., University of Florida, FL, USA Chrobak, James J., University of Connecticut, CT, USA Fitch, R. Holly, University of Connecticut, CT, USA Hiscock, Merrill, University of Houston, TX, USA Hugdahl, Kenneth, University of Bergen, Norway Jiincke, Lutz, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany Krause, Christina M., University of Helsinki, Finland Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Puce, Aina, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Sabatinelli, Dean, University of Florida, FL, USA Savoy, Robert L, The Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA, USA Theoret, Hugo, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA PREFACE Clinical neuropsychology typically employs large standardized test-batteries to cover the cognitive deficits caused by brain lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. The neuropsychologist moves between three levels of explanation; the behavioral level, the cognitive level and the brain level. The behavioral level is measured as actual performance on a test, i.e. the obtained test score. The cognitive level refers to the underlying cognitive processes that are reflected in the test scores. The brain level, finally, refers to the neural underpinnings and substrates to the cognitive processes. The recent decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in our knowledge about cognitive processes and the underlying neural substrates. Experimental techniques and paradigms have played an important role in the accumulation of new knowledge in this field. Thus, there is a need to present a collection of experimental paradigms and techniques to neuropsychology. Some of these paradigms and techniques have however a long history in neuropsychology, like dichotic listening and EEG measures, while others are new and novel to most neuropsychologists like animal model paradigms and brain imaging and brain stimulation. Experimental techniques typically aim at discovery of causal relationships and with a focus on search for mechanisms. In the first chapter, Merill Hiscock presents an overview of experimental techniques and its adaptation in clinical neuropsychology, with a focus on behavioral techniques and methods. Experimental behavioral techniques differs from clinical neuropsychological methods in its utilization of normal healthy individuals, its use of experimental designs and paradigms, and its roots in the laboratory, rather than in the clinic. This overview is followed by the chapters by Hugdahl and Banich, who more in detail describes two common experimental techniques, namely dichotic listening and the visual half-field technique, for the study of brain asymmetry and laterality. The asymmetrical functions of the left and right hemispheres are key organizational principles of the human brain, and as such critical for neuropsychology. Hugdahl provides an overview of the use of dichotic listening in neuropsychology, based on both experimental and clinical designs. Banich, similarly, shows how the visual half­ field technique can be used to study both hemisphere separation and hemisphere integration and interaction. Margaret Bradley and Dean Sabatinelli present a new method to study the complementary effects of attention and affect through recordings of the blink effect as an index of startle behavior. This provides a window into emotional and affective functioning which is less studied in neuropsychology than cognitive functioning. Startle behavior is firmly rooted in animal neurophysiology which has produced important clues to understanding of brain organization in neuropsychology. The chapter by Holly Fitch and James Chrobak further probes into animal models of neuropsychological function by providing an updated and comprehensive review of the use of animal models of memory, focal brain injury, and developmental disability, focusing on child language disorders. Their work have involved experimentally induced neural disruption as a tool to study functional brain organization in the intact and damaged brain. The final four chapters deal with different brain methods, including both EEG, MRI and TMS. Christina Krause reviews her work with EEG-based brain oscillation frequencies and how these waves may provide a windows to the understanding of cognitive function, especially memory. In the next chapter, Aina Puce and Robert Savoy give an extensive presentation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), including the use of fMRI for the study of perception. They also provide evidence for the use of fMRI in neuropsychology from studies of the normal and diseased brain. Hugo Theoret and Alvaro Pascual-Leone present the new technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the study of cognition, and implications for neuropsychology. The TMS technique provides information about neuronal
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