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CONTINUITY and CHANGES: a COMPARATIVE STUDY on CHINA's NEW GRAND STRATEGY Dongsheng Di

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CONTINUITY and CHANGES: a COMPARATIVE STUDY on CHINA's NEW GRAND STRATEGY Dongsheng Di HAOL, Núm. 12 (Invierno, 2007), 7-18 ISSN 1696-2060 CONTINUITY AND CHANGES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CHINA’S NEW GRAND STRATEGY Dongsheng Di Renmin University of China, China. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 6 Octubre 2006 / Revisado: 16 Noviembre 2006 / Aceptado: 22 Noviembre 2006 / Publicación Online: 15 Febrero 2007 Abstract: Since 2003, the China foreign policy in the U.S. and is popular in China nowadays. research community was absorbed by several On this new grand strategy, there are lots of new concepts such as ‘peaceful rising’, comments and evaluations which are always ‘peaceful development’ and ‘harmonious controversial against each other by both Chinese world’. In spite of all those debates and and western researchers. In the United States, evaluations, there are still a set of interlinked these discussions and evaluations were important questions to be answered: comparing combined into the undergoing hot debate on its to the “Tao Guang Yang Hui” (Taking low policy toward China. In spite of all those debates profile) strategy proposed by Deng Xiaoping in and evaluations, there are still a set of the last decade, or comparing to any other grand interlinked important questions to be answered: strategies since 1949, what are the specialties comparing to the “Tao Guang Yang Hui” that this new one are displaying? To what extent (Taking low profile) strategy proposed by Deng are China’s top leaders serious about their Xiaoping in the last decade, or comparing to any approach? (If they are serious,) how far can the other grand strategies since 1949, what are the new grand strategy go in the coming future? specialties that this new one are displaying? To This article aims at answering these questions. what extent are China’s top leaders serious On the methodology consideration this paper about their approach? (If they are serious,) how adopts the historical comparative method to put far can the new grand strategy go in the coming the new grand strategy into its own historical future? developing process, i.e., comparing the new strategy to the old ones and combining its own This paper aims at answering these questions. unique contemporary background and This research bases itself on the broad conditions, so that we can find out some interviews conducted in Beijing’s foreign policy reliable, comprehensive and in depth answers circle 1 in the past three years, focusing on the toward these questions listed above. The main process of inner debate on and reception of the argument is: compared to the grand strategies in new grand strategy. On the methodology history, the new one shows more change than consideration this paper adopts the historical continuity. comparative method to put the new grand Keywords : China, grand strategy, peaceful strategy into its own historical developing rising, peaceful development, harmonious process, i.e., comparing the new strategy to the world. old ones and combining its own unique ______________________ contemporary background and conditions, so that we can find out some reliable, ince 2003, the China foreign policy comprehensive and in depth answers toward research community was absorbed by these questions listed above. The main S several new concepts such as ‘peaceful arguments in this paper are: compared to the rising’, ‘peaceful development’ and ‘harmonious grand strategies in history, the new one shows world’. By their experience or intuition, scholars more change than continuity, the differences are believe that these concepts could be taken as an very obvious in the aspects of domestic policy important change of the guideline of PRC’s bases, the precondition views on the world order foreign policy—hereby we prefer to replace it and the essence of era, ideological inclinations with the term ‘grand strategy’ which originated and intellectual styles and so on. Because of © Historia Actual Online 2007 7 China’s new grand strategy Dongsheng Di these specialties, we can be sure that Hu and his the most influential events derived from this colleagues are serious about the commitment in grand strategy. But the complexity of the reality this ‘peace-harmony’ approach. Although it was is, the disagreements and negative sentiment doubted and criticized by different perspectives, between China and Soviet Union was embedded this grand strategy seems promising in the during the honey moon when Soviet Union coming future. asked for privileges in north-east and north-west China and other concrete compromises on In the first part of this paper, there would be a China’s sovereignty, which automatically chronological review about the foreign policy reminded Chinese about the painful humiliations guidelines which could be defined as grand during the half-colonial era in the past century. strategies in the history of PRC as well as their Chinese communist revolution war, unlike the policy practices. In the second part, to achieve east European countries, was won mainly by the historical understanding about the new grand efforts of Chinese Communist Party, therefore strategy, we will conduct a comparative study Chinese party can hardly accept the integration from five different perspectives among the six instruments imposed by Soviet Hegemony. different strategies, disclosing its continuity and Once this gap was enlarged by the change. As for a living grand strategy, to get disagreements on ideological issues, the ally know how it comes is important, but what’s changed into rivalry, and the one side binding more important is how it is applied. Therefore, strategy came to its end automatically. in the final part, there would be a summary on how the Grand Strategy of ‘peace and Harmony’ In the 1960s, China was on a high risky has been doubted and received so far by the approach named ‘two lines fighting’, i.e., to research and policy community to find out what fight against US and Soviet Union at the same kind of result we can expect from it. time. During the Vietnam War, China sent 300,000 troops to reinforce North Vietnam and 1. FROM “ONE SIDE BINDING” TO the logistic input summed up to 20 billion US “PEACE AND HARMONY” dollars 2. Considering the exchange rate and purchasing power differences between 1960s The past half century had witnessed a and today, that was really significant investment surprisingly regular rhythm in the changes of to fight against US hegemony. But comparing to PRC’s grand strategies. Every decade had its the north frontier, this investment was no more own updated concept: in the 1950s it was a than a piece of cake. The public debate and strategy called “one side binding”, 1960s the mutual harsh criticize between Soviet Union and ‘two lines fighting’ strategy, 1970s the ‘one China in the late 1950s resulted in a dramatic line’ strategy, 1980s the ‘independent and deterioration of bilateral relationship and was peaceful diplomacy’, 1990s the ‘low profile’ even accelerated by Soviet Union’s unilaterally strategy, and since 2003 the new concept and breaking its promise on aid and cooperation, and practices of ‘peace and harmony’. finally, in 1969 a war broke out around an island on which both sides declared sovereignty. It was Shortly after 1949, the biggest challenge that the really a difficult and dangerous strategy new born communist regime faced with is to situation for a weak state as China fighting consolidate its position both domestically and against two superpowers at same time. internationally. Because of the ideological and geopolitical security reasons, Mao Zedong chose From early 1970s, both China and US have been to adopt the strategy of “yi bian dao” (Throwing looking for cheap ways to improve their oneself into one side between the confronting strategic situations which resulted from the wars two blocks, or, one side binding), that means in 1960s, and both sides found each other an China made up its mind to follow the Soviet ideal card to play against Soviet Union, Union and take the capitalist block which was therefore the China-US relationship straightened led by US as its enemy. By doing this, China up dramatically. In 1971 US Secretary of State can find shelter for security and physical and Dr. Kissinger visited Beijing stealthily and political support from the Soviet block. This effectively changed the global power structure. grand strategy prevailed the whole decade and In 1973, Mao developed the idea to form a imposed great influence on China’s policies in strategy of ‘one line’, i.e. coordinating the every aspect. Korean War, in which China strategy of US, Japan, China, Pakistan, Iran, fought with the US, sacrificing half a million Turkey and western Europe to form an anti men and Mao’s most beloved son, was one of Soviet Union geopolitical line and restrain the 8 © Historia Actual Online 2007 Dongsheng Di China’s new grand strategy expanding tendency of Soviet power. As in most accommodated by the international community years of 1970s, US was looking for detente with which was led by US. During the whole 1990s, Soviet Union and China was no more than a step President Jiang zemin showed high fidelity in stone to have a better access to Moscow, it was implementing this grand strategy. For example, not until end of the decade that US-China China was famous for its dull renunciation on relationship witnessed substantial and concrete any important issues in UN Security Council, developments. China also kept its pace and direction in continually disarmament which started from In the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping reformed China 1980s. These are the examples for China’s low dramatically and accordingly there were big profile. But on the other side, partly because of adjustment in its foreign policy, which was the stimulation from the military contingencies declared to pursue an independent peaceful such as the first gulf war(1991), Taiwan Straight diplomacy.
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