DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 9. Climate Change: Fungal Responses and Effects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 9. Climate Change: Fungal Responses and Effects 9 State of the World’s Fungi State of the World’s Fungi 2018 9. Climate change: Fungal responses and effects Martin I. Bidartondoa,b, Christopher Ellisc, Håvard Kauserudd, Peter G. Kennedye, Erik A. Lilleskovf, Laura M. Suza, Carrie Andrewg a Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; b Imperial College London, UK; c Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK; d University of Oslo, Norway; e University of Minnesota, USA; f USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, USA; g Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Switzerland 62 Challenges Climate change: Fungal responses and effects Climate change is already impacting fungal reproduction, distribution, physiology and activity What impact is climate change having on fungal communities across the globe and where are our greatest knowledge gaps? stateoftheworldsfungi.org/2018/climate-change.html Climate change: Fungal responses and effects 6363 64 Challenges zones a 1°C increase will result in an upward shift of mean Given the important roles, both annual temperature isotherms by nearly 200 m. Hot days beneficial and detrimental, that will increase and cold days will decrease. Patterns of rainfall and snowfall are also shifting, and extreme disturbance fungi play in all aspects of life events such as hurricanes and fires are also likely to increase. These changes will affect the evolution of species on Earth, it is critical to consider and their ability to adapt to, migrate between, and reside within ecosystems. In fact, some climate impact is already the impact of climate change apparent: fungal reproduction, geographic distributions, on this kingdom. physiology and activity have changed markedly in the last few decades, through direct climate change effects on fungal [e.g. 4–8] The Earth’s climate has been changing rapidly since the growth and indirect effects on their habitats . mid-twentieth century[1] and this has consequences for all Because fungi play a dominant role in terrestrial living organisms. Last year’s State of the World’s Plants decomposition and nutrient cycling, as well as plant nutrient focused on how these climate impacts are already affecting uptake (see Chapter 5), plant health (see Chapter 8), and the [9,10] vascular plants across the globe and how they are likely to diet of many animals , changes in fungal growth resulting affect them in the future[2]. This chapter provides a broad from climate change will have considerable knock-on effects overview of the current status of knowledge of how fungi for ecosystem functions. Fungi are uniquely able to exploit are responding to climate change and how their ecological living and dead plant tissues that make up 95% of terrestrial [11] functions and interactions may affect ecosystem responses biomass . They are also a major component in the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ); in Scandinavia, for to current and future change. 2 example, it was estimated that 50–70% of carbon stored in boreal forest soils was derived from dead roots and THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE associated fungi[12]. A changing climate will have significant By 2100, global temperature increases in the range of effects on these processes. In addition, global patterns of 1 to 5°C are predicted. High-latitude temperature increases fungal disease are changing and although the main driver are, and will continue to be, of greater magnitude than in the spread of fungal pathogens is considered to be trade, average, with rapid changes in boreal (subarctic) and Arctic climate change will have an increasingly important role to ecosystems[3]. The consequences of these rapid changes play (see Chapter 8). are likely to be significant, and in temperate mountain FIGURE 1: QUESTIONS AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS KEY UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS: KEY INFORMATION GAPS: What is the relative importance of fungal ! Long-term data adaptation, migration and acclimatisation? Large-scale data How does climate change affect the yield of Data from tropical, subtropical and warm fungal spore-bearing structures? temperate ecosystems How does climate change affect fungal Experimental data from fungi associated growth and activity? with trees, rather than seedlings ? How do fungi mediate ecosystem responses Fungal response and effect traits to climate change? Data from multiple simultaneous How do changes in the phenology of spore- drivers of change (nitrogen bearing structure production reflect changes deposition, carbon dioxide, ozone, in activity, abundance, biomass UV, temperature, drought, fire) and distribution? Can fungi track climate space shifts? Climate change: Fungal responses and effects 65 66 Challenges OBSERVING HOW FUNGI RESPOND Reproduction is now considerably later in the season than [7] Because fungi feed and live within substrates or underground, in the 1950s . There is also evidence of changes in fungal direct observation and measurement of their responses communities in warmer soils, with mycorrhizal species that to climate change are challenging. Crucially, this limits our produce abundant filaments in the soil and consume more [6,34,35] ability to predict change in ecosystem properties such as plant host carbon becoming more dominant . Though global carbon stocks[13,14]. For practical reasons, more readily considerably less studied, leaf endophytes (fungi living within observable shifts in the timing of reproduction – when some the leaf cells of plants; see Chapter 5) also respond to global fungi emerge from wood, litter and soil to make spore-bearing change and can ameliorate the effects of drought in their [36,37] structures such as mushrooms – have been more intensively host plants . However, there are still large knowledge documented (see Box 1). Even though evidence of changes in gaps and unresolved questions relating to how fungi will distribution, physiology and activity are emerging (see Box 2), respond to current and future climate change (Figure 1). or can be predicted from models (see Box 3), for fungi it is not yet possible to comprehensively assess the importance of the MYCORRHIZAL INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACK four possible outcomes of global change: adaptation, migration, Human-induced changes in the atmosphere are known acclimatisation or extinction. to affect fungi in a variety of ways. In general, studies Studies of individual species in laboratory conditions show have found that elevated atmospheric CO enhances the that fungal growth increases with temperature until reaching 2 abundance and activity of mycorrhizal fungi, particularly a maximum and then decreases. Moisture levels also have in relation to the production of spore-bearing structures, an effect, causing a decrease in fungal growth when moisture while warmer temperatures increase fungal abundance is insufficient or excessive[15]. But how do fungi respond to but decrease activities such as soil nutrient transfer to changes in the real world? For mushrooms (basidiomycete plants[6]. Mycorrhizal fungi reduce plant stress and increase agarics), there are abundant long-term datasets available productivity during drought, so the effect of fungal shifts on from citizen science and fungarium collections showing that plant community dynamics is likely to be important[6]; shifts reproduction has been dramatically impacted by climate change: in mycorrhizal diversity are directly linked with tree tolerance length of the reproductive season and timing of the production to climate change[38]. Carbon dioxide fertilisation of plants[39] of spore-bearing structures have been shown to be affected might also increase resources for decomposer fungi. by temperature and rainfall, as have diversity and range, in In general, depending on their characteristics, different fungi studies from Europe, Japan and the USA[5,8,16–31]. For example, are likely to be variously impacted (see Figure 2). in some European countries, the mushroom season has up In addition to climate change, nitrogen (an essential nutrient to doubled in length for many fungal species since 1950[20,26]. that mycorrhizal fungi have specialised in scavenging for plants Similar changes have been reported elsewhere in Europe, from mineral and organic sources) has reached unnaturally high Asia and North America, but variation in fungal phenology and concentrations in industrialised regions. Low nitrogen deposition fungal biomass exists among species and locations. Overall, levels (up to 5–10 kg/ha/yr of nitrate and/or ammonium) can the higher temperatures and increased moisture levels have be favourable to fungal growth. Higher levels (increasingly more become more conducive to reproduction, and growth within soils widespread globally), shift the proportion of mycorrhizal fungi and plant biomass potentially occurs over a longer period each in ecosystems and negatively impact their diversity, growth year. Consequently, inputs of dead vegetation, decomposition and reproduction. Dutch studies conducted since the 1950s and the resulting release of carbon dioxide from soil, wood and provide striking evidence that fungal fruiting declines with leaf litter can be expected to rise, although data are still limited increased nitrogen pollution[35,40]. Some mycorrhizal fungi in on the capacity for plant-mutualistic fungi to store carbon in Europe have benefited from environmental measures to reduce soils, which may counterbalance this effect. nitrogen deposition[41], yet nitrogen pollution is increasing in the The dominant plant nutritional mutualists – mycorrhizal developing world, especially Asia. Considering these complex fungi – increase
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Climate Change Influences Mycorrhizal Fungal–Plant Interactions, but Conclusions Are Limited by Geographical Study Bias
    CONCEPTS & SYNTHESIS EMPHASIZING NEW IDEAS TO STIMULATE RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY Ecology, 101(4), 2020, e02978 © 2020 by the Ecological Society of America Climate change influences mycorrhizal fungal–plant interactions, but conclusions are limited by geographical study bias 1,5 2,3,4 ALISON E. BENNETT AND AIMEE T. C LASSEN 1Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA 2Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 USA 3The Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 USA 4Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100 Denmark Citation: Bennett, A. E. and A. T. Classen. 2020. Climate change influences mycorrhizal fungal–plant interactions, but conclusions are limited by geographical study bias. Ecology 101(4):e02978. 10.1002/ecy. 2978 Abstract. Climate change is altering the interactions among plants and soil organisms in ways that will alter the structure and function of ecosystems. We reviewed the literature and developed a map of studies focused on how the three most common types of mycorrhizal fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM], ectomycorrhizal [EcM], and ericoid mycorrhizal [ErM] fungi) respond to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2), climatic warming, and changes in the distribution of precipitation. Broadly, we ask how do mycorrhizal fungi respond to climate change, how do these responses vary by fungal type, and how do mycorrhizal traits influence plant adaptation, movement, or extinction in response to climatic change? First, we found that 92% of studies were conducted in the northern hemisphere, and plant host, ecosys- tem type and study location were only correlated with each other in the northern hemisphere because studies across all mycorrhizal fungal types were only common in the northern hemi- sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Accounting for the Missing Carbon-Sink with the C02
    ACCOUNTING FOR THE MISSING CARBON-SINK WITH THE I C02-FERTILIZATIONEFFECT HAROON S. KHESHGI Corporate Research Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801. U.S.A. ATUL K. JAIN and DONALD J. WLTEBBLES Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A. Abstract. A terrestrial-biosphere carbon-sink has been included in global carbon-cycle models in order to reproduce past atmospheric CO2, I3cand I4cconcentrations. The sink is of large enough magnitude that its effect on projections of future C02 levels should not be ignored. However, the cause and mechanism of this sink are not well understood, contributing to uncertainty of projections. The estimated magnitude of the biospheric sink is examined with the aid of a global carbon-cycle model. For C02 emissions scenarios, model estimates are made of the resulting atmospheric CO2 concentration. Next, the response of this model to CO2-emission impulses is broken down to give the fractions of the impulse which reside in the atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial biosphere - all as a perturbation to background atmospheric CO2 concentration time-profiles that correspond to different emission scenarios. For a biospheric sink driven by the CO2-fertilization effect, we find that the biospheric fraction reaches a maximum of roughly 30% about 50 years after the impulse, which is of the same size as the oceanic fraction at that time. The dependence of these results on emission scenario and the year of the impulse are reported. 1. Introduction Reconstruction of the global carbon cycle for the past 200 years balances emissions of C02 from fossil-fuel burning and land-use changes with the accumulation of 1 C02 in the atmosphere and the dissolution of C02 in the oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf Area Index Identified As a Major Source of Variability in Modeled
    Biogeosciences, 15, 6909–6925, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6909-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Leaf area index identified as a major source of variability in modeled CO2 fertilization Qianyu Li1,2,3, Xingjie Lu4, Yingping Wang5, Xin Huang4, Peter M. Cox3, and Yiqi Luo1,4 1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214000, China 3College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK 4Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (Ecoss), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA 5CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, PMB #1, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia Correspondence: Yiqi Luo ([email protected]) Received: 27 April 2018 – Discussion started: 8 May 2018 Revised: 24 October 2018 – Accepted: 27 October 2018 – Published: 19 November 2018 Abstract. The concentration–carbon feedback (β), also key factor causing the divergence in β in the CABLE model. called the CO2 fertilization effect, is a key unknown in It is therefore urgent to constrain processes that regulate LAI climate–carbon-cycle projections. A better understanding dynamics in order to better represent the response of ecosys- of model mechanisms that govern terrestrial ecosystem re- tem productivity to increasing CO2 in Earth system models. sponses to elevated CO2 is urgently needed to enable a more accurate prediction of future terrestrial carbon sink. We conducted C-only, carbon–nitrogen (C–N) and carbon– nitrogen–phosphorus (C–N–P) simulations of the Commu- 1 Introduction nity Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange model (CABLE) from 1901 to 2100 with fixed climate to identify the most Terrestrial ecosystems absorb roughly 30 % of anthropogenic critical model process that causes divergence in β.
    [Show full text]
  • CO2 Enhancement of Forest Productivity Constrained by Limited Nitrogen Availability
    CO2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability Richard J. Norbya,1, Jeffrey M. Warrena, Colleen M. Iversena, Belinda E. Medlynb, and Ross E. McMurtriec aEnvironmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830; bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; and cSchool of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Edited by William H. Schlesinger, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, and approved October 6, 2010 (received for review May 9, 2010) ± Stimulation of terrestrial plant production by rising CO2 concentra- creased by 23 2% in response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment to tion is projected to reduce the airborne fraction of anthropogenic 550 ppm (7). Substantial uncertainty remains, however, because of CO2 emissions. Coupled climate–carbon cycle models are sensitive the expectation that feedbacks through the nitrogen (N) cycle will – to this negative feedback on atmospheric CO2, but model projec- reduce the CO2 stimulation of NPP (8 10). These feedbacks were tions are uncertain because of the expectation that feedbacks not included in the AR4 models and heretofore have not been fi through the nitrogen (N) cycle will reduce this so-called CO2 fertil- con rmed by CO2-enrichment experiments in forests (11). How- ization effect. We assessed whether N limitation caused a reduced ever, N feedbacks have been observed to diminish the CO2 effect stimulation of net primary productivity (NPP) by elevated atmo- on biomass accumulation in nutrient-poor grasslands (12), and spheric CO2 concentration over 11 y in a free-air CO2 enrichment severely N-limited forests show little response to eCO2 (13).
    [Show full text]
  • Mycorrhizal Association As a Primary Control of the CO2 Fertilization Effect César Terrer, Sara Vicca, Bruce A
    RESEARCH | REPORTS CARBON CYCLE precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), age of the vegetation at the start of the experiment, vegetation type (such as grassland or forest), CO2 fumigation technology (such as Mycorrhizal association as a primary FACE or growth chamber), length of the study (years), dominant mycorrhizal type (AM or ECM), control of the CO2 fertilization effect and N-status [high or low N availability, consid- ering soil characteristics and occasional fer- César Terrer,1* Sara Vicca,2 Bruce A. Hungate,3,4 Richard P. Phillips,5 I. Colin Prentice1,6 tilizer treatments, following the approach by Vicca et al.(17) and assigning all experiments Plants buffer increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations through enhanced with indications for some degree of N limitation growth, but the question whether nitrogen availability constrains the magnitude of this to the “low N” class and experiments that were ecosystem service remains unresolved. Synthesizing experiments from around the world, we unlikely N limited to the “high N” class] (sup- show that CO2 fertilization is best explained by a simple interaction between nitrogen plementary materials, materials and methods, availability and mycorrhizal association. Plant species that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi and table S2). show a strong biomass increase (30 ± 3%, P < 0.001) in response to elevated CO2 regardless Model selection analysis, based on corrected of nitrogen availability, whereas low nitrogen availability limits CO2 fertilization (0 ± 5%, P = Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), showed that 0.946) in plants that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The incorporation of the most parsimonious model within two AICc mycorrhizae in global carbon cycle models is feasible, and crucial if we are to accurately project units included N-status, mycorrhizal type, and ecosystem responses and feedbacks to climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphorus Limit to the CO2 Fertilization Effect in Tropical Forests As Informed from a Coupled Biogeochemical Model
    Phosphorus limit to the CO2 fertilization effect in tropical forests as informed from a coupled biogeochemical model Zhuonan Wang1, Hanqin Tian1([email protected]), Shufen Pan1, Hao Shi1, Jia Yang2, Naishen Liang3 Latif Kalin1, Christopher Anderson1 1International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA 2College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762-9681, USA 3Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan 1. Introduction 3. Input data and Model simulation experiments 5. Results Tropical forests store about 72% of global forest biomass carbon (C) and are accountable for about one-third of global net primary productivity (NPP). As essential C reservoirs in the Earth system, tropical forests maintain critical negative feedback to climate warming by slowing the rate of increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The CO2 fertilization effect that increases CO2 concentrations in leaves enhances plants' capacity in fixing carbon through photosynthesis has been considered as a primary mechanism that maintains and enhances tropical forest productivity. Some TBMs projected a sustained CO2 fertilization effect on the tropical forests, which has been questioned due to the missed P cycle representation in the Figure 2. Map of global tropical rainforests with four models. Meanwhile, the CO fertilization effect on vegetation photosynthesis has been reported to be subdivisions (TrBEF1-4) and the location of 13 tropical forest 2 sites from Clark et al. (2001) and six FLUXNET sites used in weakened in recent periods, partially attributable to nutrient limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Attribution of Seasonal Leaf Area Index Trends in the Northern Latitudes With
    DR. SHILONG PIAO (Orcid ID : 0000-0001-8057-2292) Article type : Primary Research Articles Attribution of seasonal leaf area index trends in the northern latitudes with “optimally” integrated ecosystem models Running head: Attribution of seasonal LAI trends Article Zaichun Zhu 1, Shilong Piao 1,2*, Xu Lian 1, Ranga B. Myneni 3, Shushi Peng 1, Hui Yang1 1 Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. 2 Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. 3 Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/gcb.13723 Accepted This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author: Dr. Shilong Piao, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Tel: 86-010-62753298, Email: [email protected] Keywords: Attribution, vegetation greening, seasonal change, remote sensing, climate change, Bayesian model averaging Paper Type: Primary research Article Manuscript for Global Change Biology Abstract Significant increases in remotely sensed vegetation indices in the northern latitudes since the 1980s have been detected and attributed at annual and growing season scales. However, we presently lack a systematic understanding of how vegetation responds to asymmetric seasonal environmental changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Elevated Atmospheric CO 2 Negatively Impacts Photosynthesis Through
    Elevated atmospheric CO 2 negatively impacts photosynthesis through radiative forcing and physiology-mediated climate feedback Peng Zhu, Qianlai Zhuang, Philippe Ciais, Lisa Welp, Wenyu Li, Qinchuan Xin To cite this version: Peng Zhu, Qianlai Zhuang, Philippe Ciais, Lisa Welp, Wenyu Li, et al.. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 negatively impacts photosynthesis through radiative forcing and physiology-mediated climate feed- back. Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union, 2017, 10.1002/2016GL071733. hal-02903489 HAL Id: hal-02903489 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02903489 Submitted on 31 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. PUBLICATIONS Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Elevated atmospheric CO2 negatively impacts photosynthesis 10.1002/2016GL071733 through radiative forcing and physiology-mediated Key Points: climate feedback • Elevated atmospheric CO2 influences climate through both radiative and Peng Zhu1 , Qianlai Zhuang1,2 , Philippe Ciais3, Lisa Welp1 , Wenyu Li4 , physiological effects and Qinchuan
    [Show full text]
  • The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
    3 The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Co-ordinating Lead Author I.C. Prentice Lead Authors G.D. Farquhar, M.J.R. Fasham, M.L. Goulden, M. Heimann, V.J. Jaramillo, H.S. Kheshgi, C. Le Quéré, R.J. Scholes, D.W.R. Wallace Contributing Authors D. Archer, M.R. Ashmore, O. Aumont, D. Baker, M. Battle, M. Bender, L.P. Bopp, P. Bousquet, K. Caldeira, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, W. Cramer, F. Dentener, I.G. Enting, C.B. Field, P. Friedlingstein, E.A. Holland, R.A. Houghton, J.I. House, A. Ishida, A.K. Jain, I.A. Janssens, F. Joos, T. Kaminski, C.D. Keeling, R.F. Keeling, D.W. Kicklighter, K.E. Kohfeld, W. Knorr, R. Law, T. Lenton, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, A.C. Manning, R.J. Matear, A.D. McGuire, J.M. Melillo, R. Meyer, M. Mund, J.C. Orr, S. Piper, K. Plattner, P.J. Rayner, S. Sitch, R. Slater, S. Taguchi, P.P. Tans, H.Q. Tian, M.F. Weirig, T. Whorf, A. Yool Review Editors L. Pitelka, A. Ramirez Rojas Contents Executive Summary 185 3.5.2 Interannual Variability in the Rate of Atmospheric CO2 Increase 208 3.1 Introduction 187 3.5.3 Inverse Modelling of Carbon Sources and Sinks 210 3.2 Terrestrial and Ocean Biogeochemistry: 3.5.4 Terrestrial Biomass Inventories 212 Update on Processes 191 3.2.1 Overview of the Carbon Cycle 191 3.6 Carbon Cycle Model Evaluation 213 3.2.2 Terrestrial Carbon Processes 191 3.6.1 Terrestrial and Ocean Biogeochemistry 3.2.2.1 Background 191 Models 213 3.2.2.2 Effects of changes in land use and 3.6.2 Evaluation of Terrestrial Models 214 land management 193 3.6.2.1 Natural carbon cycling on land 214 3.2.2.3 Effects
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation: Management Oriented to Carbon Capture and Storage
    climate Review Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation: Management Oriented to Carbon Capture and Storage Leonel J.R. Nunes 1,* , Catarina I.R. Meireles 1 , Carlos J. Pinto Gomes 1,2 and Nuno M.C. Almeida Ribeiro 1,3 1 ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, 7000-083 Évora, Portugal; [email protected] (C.I.R.M.); [email protected] (C.J.P.G.); [email protected] (N.M.C.A.R.) 2 Departamento da Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal 3 Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade de Évora, 7000-083 Évora, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-266-745-334 Received: 3 December 2019; Accepted: 25 January 2020; Published: 27 January 2020 Abstract: Today, climate change is assumed by many researchers and scholars as a certainty and is presented as the biggest challenge humanity has ever faced. It is commonly accepted that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause that is accelerating the process. Therefore, it is urgent to find solutions to mitigate climate change, mainly because the intense effects have already been felt, in many cases in the form of the occurrence of extremely violent weather events. Forests are undoubtedly one of the most effective and easiest ways to provide the function of carbon sinks. However, it is essential and convenient to analyze the permanence time of this carbon in forests, because this permanence time depends directly on the forest management model used. This article aims to analyze forest management models from the perspective of carbon residence time in temperate forests, dividing the models into three types, namely carbon conservation models, carbon storage models, and carbon substitution models, according to their ability to contribute to functioning as carbon sinks, thereby contributing to the mitigation of climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contrasting Responses of Mycorrhizal Fungal Mycelium Associated with Woody Plants to Multiple Environmental Factors
    Article The Contrasting Responses of Mycorrhizal Fungal Mycelium Associated with Woody Plants to Multiple Environmental Factors Cunguo Wang 1 , Shengwei Zong 1,* and Mai-He Li 1,2 1 Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (M.-H.L.) 2 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +0431-85099550 Received: 2 September 2019; Accepted: 31 October 2019; Published: 4 November 2019 Abstract: Research Highlights: Extraradical mycorrhizal fungal mycelium (MFM) plays critical roles in nutrient absorption and carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. However, it is often ignored or treated as a root uptake apparatus in existing biogeochemical models. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis to reveal how MFM responds to various, coinciding environmental factors and their interactions. Results: Nitrogen (N) addition and N-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) combination significantly decreased MFM. However, elevated CO2, organic matter addition, P addition, and CO2-N combination significantly increased MFM. In contrast, warming, K addition, N-P combination, and P-K combination did not affect MFM. Mycorrhizal fungal levels (individual vs. community), mycorrhizal type (ectomycorrhizal fungi vs. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), treatment time (<1 year vs. >1 year), and mycelium estimation/sampling method (biomarker vs. non-biomarker; ingrowth mesh bag vs. soil core) significantly affected the responses of MFM to elevated CO2 and N addition. The effect sizes of N addition significantly increased with mean annual precipitation, but decreased with soil pH and host tree age.
    [Show full text]
  • CO2-Driven Suppression of Photorespiration in C3 Plants Over the 20Th Century Ina Ehlersa,1, Angela Augustia,1,2, Tatiana R
    Detecting long-term metabolic shifts using isotopomers: CO2-driven suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants over the 20th century Ina Ehlersa,1, Angela Augustia,1,2, Tatiana R. Betsona, Mats B. Nilssonb, John D. Marshallb,c, and Jürgen Schleuchera,3 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden; bDepartment of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden; and cDepartment of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1133 Edited by Katherine H. Freeman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved November 9, 2015 (received for review July 26, 2015) Terrestrial vegetation currently absorbs approximately a third of measure the metabolic fluxes directly. The consequently poor anthropogenic CO2 emissions, mitigating the rise of atmospheric constraint of the magnitude of the CO2 fertilization effect over CO2. However, terrestrial net primary production is highly sensitive decadal to century time scales (1, 9) is a major source of un- to atmospheric CO2 levels and associated climatic changes. In C3 certainty in parameterizations of Earth system models (1, 10) plants, which dominate terrestrial vegetation, net photosynthesis and crop productivity models (11, 12). Therefore, observational depends on the ratio between photorespiration and gross photosyn- data are essential to enable global carbon models to provide thesis. This metabolic flux ratio depends strongly on CO2 levels, but reliable long-term predictions. changes in this ratio over the past CO2 rise have not been analyzed Plants that fix carbon by the C photosynthetic pathway (C experimentally. Combining CO manipulation experiments and deu- 3 3 2 plants) account for most (ca.
    [Show full text]