Vector Signal Analyzer R&S FSQ-K70
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Degree Project
Degree project Performance of MLSE over Fading Channels Author: Aftab Ahmad Date: 2013-05-31 Subject: Electrical Engineering Level: Master Level Course code: 5ED06E To my parents, family, siblings, friends and teachers 1 Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing1 Wernher Von Braun 1Brown, James Dean, and Theodore S. Rodgers. Doing Second Language Research: An introduction to the theory and practice of second language research for graduate/Master's students in TESOL and Applied Linguistics, and others. OUP Oxford, 2002. 2 Abstract This work examines the performance of a wireless transceiver system. The environment is indoor channel simulated by Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The modulation scheme implemented is GMSK in the transmitter. In the receiver the Viterbi MLSE is implemented to cancel noise and interference due to the filtering and the channel. The BER against the SNR is analyzed in this thesis. The waterfall curves are compared for two data rates of 1 M bps and 2 Mbps over both the Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Prof. Sven Nordebo for his supervision, valuable time and advices and support during this thesis work. I would like to thank Prof. Sven-Eric Sandstr¨om.Iwould also like to thank Sweden and Denmark for giving me an opportunity to study in this education system and experience the Scandinavian life and culture. I must mention my gratitude to Sohail Atif, javvad ur Rehman, Ahmed Zeeshan and all the rest of my buddies that helped me when i most needed it. -
Bit & Baud Rate
What’s The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate? Apr. 27, 2012 Lou Frenzel | Electronic Design Serial-data speed is usually stated in terms of bit rate. However, another oft- quoted measure of speed is baud rate. Though the two aren’t the same, similarities exist under some circumstances. This tutorial will make the difference clear. Table Of Contents Background Bit Rate Overhead Baud Rate Multilevel Modulation Why Multiple Bits Per Baud? Baud Rate Examples References Background Most data communications over networks occurs via serial-data transmission. Data bits transmit one at a time over some communications channel, such as a cable or a wireless path. Figure 1 typifies the digital-bit pattern from a computer or some other digital circuit. This data signal is often called the baseband signal. The data switches between two voltage levels, such as +3 V for a binary 1 and +0.2 V for a binary 0. Other binary levels are also used. In the non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format (Fig. 1, again), the signal never goes to zero as like that of return- to-zero (RZ) formatted signals. 1. Non-return to zero (NRZ) is the most common binary data format. Data rate is indicated in bits per second (bits/s). Bit Rate The speed of the data is expressed in bits per second (bits/s or bps). The data rate R is a function of the duration of the bit or bit time (TB) (Fig. 1, again): R = 1/TB Rate is also called channel capacity C. If the bit time is 10 ns, the data rate equals: R = 1/10 x 10–9 = 100 million bits/s This is usually expressed as 100 Mbits/s. -
Agilent ESA-E Series Spectrum Analyzer Performance Guide Using the 89601A Vector Signal Analysis Software
Agilent ESA-E Series Spectrum Analyzer Performance Guide Using the 89601A Vector Signal Analysis Software Application Note Table of Contents 89601A vector signal analysis software Introduction . .2 The 89601A vector signal analysis Simplify the characterization of your Product Overview . .2 software provides flexible tools for signal with the zero-span spectrum ESA-E/89601A Features . .3 making RF and modulation quality analysis tools in the 89601A analysis Performance Summary . .4 measurements on digital communica- software. Match your measurement Time and Waveform . .5 tions signals. span to your signal bandwidth, thus Measurement, Display, and Control . .7 maximizing analysis signal–to-noise Software Interface . .9 Analyze a wide variety of standard ratio (SNR), with the wide selection Vector Modulation Analysis and non-standard signal formats with of spans available in the 89601A (Option 89601A-AYA) . .10 the 89601A software. Twenty-three software. FFT-based resolution 3G Modulation Analysis standard signal presets cover GSM, bandwidths down to less than 1 Hz (Option 89601A-B7N) . .14 GSM (EDGE), cdmaOne, cdma2000, provide all the resolution needed for Dynamic Links to EEsof ADS W-CDMA, and more. For emerging frequency domain investigations. A (Option 89601A-105) . .20 standards, the 89601A software power spectral density (PSD) func- Appendix A: series offers 24 digital demodulators tion is useful for estimating the level Required hardware and software . .22 with variable center frequency, of the noise floor when calculating Appendix B: symbol rate, filter type, and filter SNR. And, a spectrogram display is PC to ESA-E spectrum analyzer alpha/BT. A user-adjustable adaptive provided for monitoring the wide- interface configuration . -
Application of 4K-QAM, LDPC and OFDM for Gbps Data Rates Over HFC Plant David John Urban Comcast
Application of 4K-QAM, LDPC and OFDM for Gbps Data Rates over HFC Plant David John Urban Comcast Abstract Higher spectral density requires mapping more bits into a symbol at the expense of a This paper describes the application of higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) threshold. 4096-QAM, low density parity check codes The new physical layer will map 12 bits per (LDPC), and orthogonal frequency division symbol on the downstream compared to the 8 multiplexing (OFDM) to transmission over a bits per symbol used in DOCSIS 3.0. 4K- hybrid fiber coaxial cable plant (HFC). These QAM (or 4096-QAM) is a modulation techniques enable data rates of several Gbps. technique that has 4,096 points in the constellation diagram and each point is A complete derivation of the equations mapped to 12 bits. The new physical layer used for log domain sum product LDPC will map 10 bits per symbol using 1024-QAM decoding is provided. The reasons for (or 1K-QAM) on the upstream compared to 6 selecting OFDM and 4K-QAM are described. bits per symbol with 64-QAM used in Analysis of performance in the presence of DOCSIS 3.0. noise taken from field measurements is made. INCREASING SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY INTRODUCTION The three key methods for increasing the A new physical layer is being developed for spectral efficiency of the HFC plant in the transmission of data over a HFC cable plant. new physical layer are LDPC, OFDM and The objective is to increase the HFC plant 4K-QAM. LDPC is a very efficient coding capacity. -
A Measurement Instrument for Fault Diagnosis in Qam-Based Telecommunications
12th IMEKO TC4 International Symposium Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation September 25−27, 2002, Zagreb, Croatia A MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN QAM-BASED TELECOMMUNICATIONS Pasquale Arpaia(1), Luca De Vito(1,2), Sergio Rapuano(1), Gioacchino Truglia(1,2) (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, piazza Roma, Benevento, Italy (2) Telsey Telecommunications, viale Mellusi 68, Benevento, Italy Abstract − A method for diagnosing faults in Some techniques for classifying automatically the main communication systems based on QAM (Quadrature faults on QAM modulation via the constellation diagram Amplitude Modulation) modulation scheme is proposed. were proposed. The approach followed in [4] is based on a The most relevant faults affecting this modulation have been Wavelet Network (WN). This method provides very good observed and modelled. Such faults, individually and results on simulated and actual signals. combined, are classified and estimated by analysing the Another method classifies the faults through an image- statistical moments of the received symbols. Simulation and processing approach [5]. The constellation diagram is experimental results of characterisation and validation digitised, then the obtained image is compared with some highlight the practical effectiveness of the proposed method. fault models, by using a correlation method, and a similarity score is provided. Keywords: Fault diagnosis, telecommunication, testing, However, both the WN- and the image processing-based QAM. methods can recognize and eventually measure only the dominating fault, and can not recognize the simultaneous 1. INTRODUCTION presence of several faults. In this paper, a diagnostics method, based on analytical Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is an estimation of the statistical moments of the received symbol attractive method for transmitting two data streams in distribution, is proposed for QAM-modulation. -
N9064A & W9064A VXA Signal Analyzer Measurement Application Measurement Guide
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzer This manual provides documentation for the following analyzers: PXA Signal Analyzer N9030A MXA Signal Analyzer N9020A EXA Signal Analyzer N9010A CXA Signal Analyzer N9000A N9064A & W9064A VXA Signal Analyzer Measurement Application Measurement Guide Agilent Technologies Notices © Agilent Technologies, Inc. Manual Part Number as defined in DFAR 252.227-7014 2008-2010 (June 1995), or as a “commercial N9064-90002 item” as defined in FAR 2.101(a) or No part of this manual may be as “Restricted computer software” reproduced in any form or by any Supersedes: July 2010 as defined in FAR 52.227-19 (June means (including electronic storage Print Date 1987) or any equivalent agency and retrieval or translation into a regulation or contract clause. Use, foreign language) without prior October 2010 duplication or disclosure of Software agreement and written consent from is subject to Agilent Technologies’ Agilent Technologies, Inc. as Printed in USA standard commercial license terms, governed by United States and Agilent Technologies Inc. and non-DOD Departments and international copyright laws. 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway Agencies of the U.S. Government Trademark Santa Rosa, CA 95403 will receive no greater than Acknowledgements Warranty Restricted Rights as defined in FAR 52.227-19(c)(1-2) (June 1987). U.S. Microsoft® is a U.S. registered The material contained in this Government users will receive no trademark of Microsoft Corporation. document is provided “as is,” and is greater than Limited Rights as subject to being changed, without defined in FAR 52.227-14 (June Windows® and MS Windows® are notice, in future editions. -
Vector Signal Analyzer FSE-B7 for Spectrum Analyzers FSE Universal Demodulation, Analysis and Documentation of Digital and Analog Mobile Radio Signals
Vector Signal Analyzer FSE-B7 for Spectrum Analyzers FSE Universal demodulation, analysis and documentation of digital and analog mobile radio signals For all major mobile radio commu- For all common digital and analog Optimum representation of results: nication standards: modulation modes: • In-phase and quadrature signals • GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900 •BPSK • Magnitude, phase • NADC • QPSK, OQPSK • Eye and trellis diagrams • TETRA • π/4 DQPSK • Vector diagram •PDC • 8PSK, 8DPSK • Constellation diagram •PHS •(G)MSK • Table with modulation errors •DECT •(G)FSK • Demodulated bit stream • QCDMA (IS95) •4FSK •16QAM •AM/FM/ϕM Characteristics Q-CDMA PHP ISM WLAN GSM DCS 1800/1900 DAB NADC TFTS DECT SATELLITE RADAR MICROWAVE LINKS FSEA 20 Q FSEB 20 FSEM 20 90° FSEK 20 A DSP D FSEA 30 Memory IF filter 20 to Dig LO FSEB 30 25.6 MHz FSEM 30 I FSEK 30 20 Hz 9 kHz 1 GHz 2 GHz 3.5 GHz 7 GHz 26.5 40 GHz The vector signal analyzer option can be used Operating principle of Vector Signal with all analyzers of the FSE family to cover the Analyzer Option FSE-B7 frequency range up to 40 GHz for future-oriented applications Universal analysis of digital deviation or modulation depth, this Efficient in production mobile radio signals option also allows measurements of fre- quency transients or spurious FM on The high measurement speed of 25 The vector signal analyzer option synthesizers or transmitters. sweeps/s in the analyzer mode and upgrades the high-quality Spectrum typically 3 measurements/s using the Analyzers FSE, adding universal Since option FSE-B7 can analyze ana- vector signal analyzer function is ideal demodulation and analysis capability log and digital modulation signals, it is for applications in production. -
R&S®FSW-K70 Measuring the BER and the EVM for Signals With
R&S®FSW-K70 Measuring the BER and the EVM for Signals with Low SNR Application Sheet Signals with low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) often cause bit errors during demodulation, so that modula- tion accuracy values such as the error vector magnitude (EVM) may not be determined correctly. This application sheet describes: ● The significance of the Bit Error Rate (BER) parameter for signal analysis ● How the R&S FSW VSA application calculates the BER and determines bit errors ● How this knowledge can be used to obtain correct modulation accuracy results (;ÜOÔ2) 1178.3170.02 ─ 01 Application Sheet Test & Measurement R&S®FSW-K70 Contents Contents 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 2 How to Create Known Data Files..........................................................3 3 BER Measurement in the R&S FSW VSA application.........................6 4 Tips for Improving Signal Demodulation in Preparation for the Known Data File..................................................................................... 8 5 Measurement Example - Measuring the BER....................................14 6 Additional Information.........................................................................16 1 Introduction What is the Bit Error Rate (BER)? In signal analysis, a bit error occurs when a false symbol decision is made during demodulation. That is: the demodulated symbol does not correspond to the transmitted symbol. Bit errors often occur when demodulating highly distorted signals -
Digital Phase Modulation: a Review of Basic Concepts
Digital Phase Modulation: A Review of Basic Concepts James E. Gilley Chief Scientist Transcrypt International, Inc. [email protected] August , Introduction The fundamental concept of digital communication is to move digital information from one point to another over an analog channel. More specifically, passband dig- ital communication involves modulating the amplitude, phase or frequency of an analog carrier signal with a baseband information-bearing signal. By definition, fre- quency is the time derivative of phase; therefore, we may generalize phase modula- tion to include frequency modulation. Ordinarily, the carrier frequency is much greater than the symbol rate of the modulation, though this is not always so. In many digital communications systems, the analog carrier is at a radio frequency (RF), hundreds or thousands of MHz, with information symbol rates of many megabaud. In other systems, the carrier may be at an audio frequency, with symbol rates of a few hundred to a few thousand baud. Although this paper primarily relies on examples from the latter case, the concepts are applicable to the former case as well. Given a sinusoidal carrier with frequency: fc , we may express a digitally-modulated passband signal, S(t), as: S(t) A(t)cos(2πf t θ(t)), () = c + where A(t) is a time-varying amplitude modulation and θ(t) is a time-varying phase modulation. For digital phase modulation, we only modulate the phase of the car- rier, θ(t), leaving the amplitude, A(t), constant. BPSK We will begin our discussion of digital phase modulation with a review of the fun- damentals of binary phase shift keying (BPSK), the simplest form of digital phase modulation. -
Phase Jitter in DTV Signals
BROADCASTING DIVISION Application Note Phase Jitter in DTV Signals Products: TV Test Transmitter R&S SFQ TV Test Receiver R&S EFA 7BM30_0E Contents Phase Jitter in DTV Signals 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 3 2 Measurement Capabilities of TV Test Transmitter R&S SFQ ................. 3 2.1 Phase Jitter Generation and Test Setup ................................................... 3 2.2 What Phase Jitter is Produced at What Modulation Frequency fMOD? ..... 4 2.3 Examples of Phase Jitter in a Constellation Diagram ............................ 5 2.4 Phase Jitter as a Function of Modulation Frequency ............................ 6 2.5 Phase Jitter Limits for 16QAM and 64QAM ................................................... 6 3 Summary ................................................................................................ 6 Appendix – Technical Data of Mixer R&S MUF2-Z2 ....................................... 7 2 BROADCASTING DIVISION Phase Jitter in DTV Signals 2 Measurement Capabilities of 1 Introduction TV Test Transmitter R&S SFQ Today's state-of-the-art TV test transmitters for TV Test Transmitter R&S SFQ meets the digital TV provide signals fully complying with requirements of DVB and ATSC. Multistandard the European DVB (digital video broadcasting) test capability is provided through options. The standard and the U.S. ATSC (advanced three DVB substandards – DVB-C (cable), television systems committee) standard. DVB-S (satellite) and DVB-T (terrestrial) – are Featuring calibrated settings for each of these also implemented by means of options. Another standards, the transmitters cover all parameters option is available for fading simulation. stipulated by the respective specifications. Configured in this way, the test transmitter is TV test transmitters must not only be capable of capable of setting and varying all of the above generating signals in conformance with signal parameters except for phase jitter. -
Lecture 10 Digital I/Q Transceiver
Lecture 10 Digital I/Q Transceiver Digital I/Q Transceiver • Constellation Diagram •SNR • Eye Diagram Lab 5 • Transmitter • Analog Receiver • Digital Receiver 10/17/2006 Digital Modulation Baseband Input Receiver Output Lowpass it(t) ir(t) t t π π 2cos(2 f1t) 2cos(2 f1t) π π 2sin(2 f1t) 2sin(2 f1t) Lowpass qt(t) qr(t) t t Decision Boundaries Sample Times • I/Q signals take on discrete values at discrete time instants corresponding to digital data – Receiver samples I/Q channels • Uses decision boundaries to evaluate value of data at each time instant • I/Q signals may be binary or multi-bit – Multi-bit shown above 10/17/2006 L Lecture 10 Fall 2006 2 Constellation Diagram-16QAM Q 00 01 11 10 Receiver Output 00 01 Decision t Boundaries I 11 10 t Decision Sample Boundaries Times • We can view I/Q values at sample instants on a two- dimensional coordinate system • Decision boundaries mark up regions corresponding to different data values • Gray coding used to minimize number of bit errors that occur if wrong decisions made due to noise 10/17/2006 L Lecture 10 Fall 2006 3 Impact of Noise on Constellation Diagram High Power Low Power • Sampled data values no longer land in exact same location across all sample instants while decision boundaries remain fixed • Significant noise causes bit errors to be made • Increasing signal power increases distance between decision boundaries i.e., increased SNR 10/17/2006 L Lecture 10 Fall 2006 4 Transition Behavior Between Constellation Points Q 00 01 11 10 00 Decision 01 Boundaries I 11 10 Decision Boundaries • Constellation diagrams provide us with a snapshot of I/Q signals at sample instants • Transition behavior between sample points depends on modulation scheme and transmit filter 10/17/2006 L Lecture 10 Fall 2006 5 Need for Transmit Filter data(t) x(t) Td O-Order t t Track & Hold • Steps in waveform x(t) have high frequency components. -
Fundamentals of Real-Time Spectrum Analysis
Fundamentals of Real-Time Spectrum Analysis Primer Primer Contents Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview ..........................3 Timing and Triggers .........................................................30 The Evolution of RF Signals ..............................................3 Real-Time Triggering and Acquisition .........................31 Modern RF Measurement Challenges ..............................4 Triggering in Systems with Digital Acquisition .............32 A Brief Survey of Instrument Architectures .........................5 Trigger Modes and Features ......................................32 The Swept Spectrum Analyzer ....................................5 Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer Trigger Sources ..........33 Vector Signal Analyzers ...............................................7 Constructing a Frequency Mask ................................34 Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers ....................................7 Modulation Analysis ........................................................35 Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Modulation ...........35 Chapter 2: How Does the Real-Time Spectrum Digital Modulation ......................................................36 Analyzer Work? ..............................................................9 Power Measurements and Statistics ..........................37 RF/IF Signal Conditioning .................................................9 Input Switching and Routing Section ........................10 Chapter 3: Correlation Between Time and RF and Microwave Sections .....................................10