Fairwest Village: Ecological Assessment Report

Report Prepared by: Engineering Advice & Services (Pty) Ltd

EAS Project Number: 1470

20 October 2017

Prepared for: Imizi Housing Utility (NPO) 7 Upper Dickens Road, Central, Port Elizabeth, 6001 Tel:(041) 508 5800 Fax: (041) 373 1838

Prepared by: Engineering Advice & Services (Pty) Ltd 73 Heugh Road, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, 6013 Tel: +27 (0) 41 581 2421 Fax: +27 (0) 86 683 9899

EAS Project Number: 1470

20 October 2017

This Report has been prepared by Engineering Advice and Services, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our standard terms and conditions of business and taking into account the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. EAS disclaims any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside of the scope of the above. This report is exclusive to the client and the described project. EAS accepts no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this Report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such persons or parties rely on the report at their own risk.

Compiled by: Name Company Email Mr Jamie Pote (Ecology) Engineering Advice & Services [email protected] Mr Daniel Schroeder (GIS) Engineering Advice & Services [email protected] EAS Ref: F:\1400-1499\1470\Environmental\Reports\Biophysical Reports\1470 Fairwest EAR 14082017.docx

Fairwest Village: Ecological Assessment Report 20 October 2017

Table of Contents 1 Introduction & Background ...... 1 1.1 Methodology and Approach ...... 1 1.2 Proposed Approach...... 1 1.3 Legislation Framework ...... 1 1.4 Systematic Planning Frameworks ...... 3 1.4.1 Vegetation of Southern Africa ...... 1 1.4.2 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP) ...... 1 1.4.3 Nelson Mandela Bay Bioregional Plan ...... 1 1.5 Implications of Systematic Planning frameworks ...... 2 1.6 Systematic Planning Maps ...... 3 2 Description of the Terrestrial Environment ...... 9 2.1 Site Locality ...... 9 2.2 Summary of Terrestrial Environment ...... 9 2.3 Ecological Processes ...... 10 2.4 On-site vegetation and Sensitivity ...... 11 2.5 Flora ...... 12 2.5.1 Species of Special Concern ...... 12 2.5.2 Alien Invasive species ...... 13 2.6 Fauna ...... 14 2.6.1 Permit Requirements ...... 15 2.7 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 15 2.8 List of Site Maps ...... 15 3 Impact Assessment ...... 17 3.1 Assessment of the significance of the potential impacts ...... 17 3.1.1 Criteria of assigning significance to potential impacts ...... 17 3.1.2 Significance Rating ...... 17 3.2 Identification of potential impacts ...... 18 3.2.1 Possible impacts on biodiversity during construction and operations ...... 18 3.2.2 Summary of actions, activities, or processes that have sufficiently significant impacts to require mitigation ...... 18 3.2.3 Potential cumulative impacts ...... 18 4 Mitigation and Management ...... 20 4.1 Vegetation and Flora Clearing and Relocation Plan ...... 20 5 Conclusions ...... 20 6 References ...... 21 7 Appendix B: Site Photographic Record ...... 23

List of Figures Figure 1: Map indicating locality of the site within NMB...... 3 Figure 2: Rivers and Wetlands...... 3 Figure 3: Vegetation units and status, as per Nelson Mandela Bay Bioregional Conservation Plan...... 3 Figure 4: Critical Biodiversity Areas, as per Nelson Mandela Bay Bioregional Conservation Plan...... 3

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Figure 5: Aerial Map...... 3 Figure 6: Critical Biodiversity Areas and corridors ...... 10 Figure 7: Vegetation (NMB Bioregional Plan) ...... 10 Figure 8: Critical Biodiversity Areas and corridors...... 10 Figure 9: Mapped Vegetation and Sensitivity ...... 15

List of Tables Table 1: Summary of Biodiversity features...... 1 Table 2: Flora Species of Special Concern known to occur in the vicinity of the site ...... 13 Table 3: Alien Invasive plants and common weeds present and respective NEMBA classifications...... 14 Table 4: Summary indicating significance of potential impacts (SB = Significance BEFORE Mitigation; SA = Significance AFTER Mitigation) ...... 19

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Abbreviations

CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 CBA Critical Biodiversity Area DEDEAT Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism DEMC Desired Ecological Management Class DWS Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (former department name) EA Environmental Authorisation ECO Environmental Control Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIR Environmental Impact Report EMC Ecological Management Class EMP Environmental Management Plan EMPr Environmental Management Programme report ER Environmental Representative ESS Ecosystem Services IAP’s Interested and Affected Parties IEM Integrated Environmental Management LM Local Municipality masl meters above sea level NBA National Biodiversity Assessment NEMA National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 NFA National Forests Act NEMBA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 NFA National Forest Act 84 of 1998 PEMC Present Ecological Management Class PES Present Ecological State PNCO Provincial Nature and Environment Conservation Ordinance (No. 19 of 1974). RDL Red Data List RHS Right Hand Side RoD Record of Decision SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SDF Spatial Development Framework SoER State of the Environment Report SSC Species of Special Concern TOPS Threatened of Protected Species ToR Terms of Reference +ve Positive -ve Negative

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Glossary

Corridors: Have important functions as strips of a particular type of landscape differing from adjacent land on both sides. Habitat, ecosystems or undeveloped areas that physically connect habitat patches. Smaller, intervening patches of surviving habitat can also serve as "stepping stones" that link fragmented ecosystems by ensuring that certain ecological processes are maintained within and between groups of habitat fragments. Degraded Land that has been impacted upon by human activities (including introduction of invasive habitat/land: alien plants, light to moderate overgrazing, accelerated soil erosion, dumping of waste), but still retains a degree of its original structure and species composition (although some species loss would have occurred) and where ecological processes still occur (albeit in an altered way). Degraded land is capable of being restored to a near-natural state with appropriate ecological management. Ecological Ecological processes typically only function well where natural vegetation remains, and in Processes: particular where the remaining vegetation is well-connected with other nearby patches of natural vegetation. Loss and fragmentation of natural habitat severely threatens the integrity of ecological processes. Where basic processes are intact, ecosystems are likely to recover more easily from disturbances or inappropriate actions if the actions themselves are not permanent. Conversely, the more interference there has been with basic processes, the greater the severity (and longevity) of effects. Natural processes are complex and interdependent, and it is not possible to predict all the consequences of loss of biodiversity or ecosystem integrity. When a region’s natural or historic level of diversity and integrity is maintained, higher levels of system productivity are supported in the long run and the overall effects of disturbances may be dampened. Ecosystem status: Ecosystem status of terrestrial ecosystems is based on the degree of habitat loss that has occurred in each ecosystem, relative to two thresholds: one for maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning, and one for conserving the majority of species associated with the ecosystem. As natural habitat is lost in an ecosystem, its functioning is increasingly compromised, leading eventually to the collapse of the ecosystem and to loss of species associated with that ecosystem. Ecosystem: All of the organisms of a particular habitat, such as a lake or forest, together with the physical environment in which they live. Endangered: Endangered terrestrial ecosystems have lost significant amounts (more than 60 % lost) of their original natural habitat, so their functioning is compromised. Endemic: A plant or animal species, or a vegetation type, which is naturally restricted to a particular defined region. It is often confused with indigenous, which means ‘native, occurring naturally in a defined area’. Environment: The external circumstances, conditions and objects that affect the existence and development of an individual, organism or group. These circumstances include biophysical, social, economic, historical and cultural aspects. Exotic: Non-indigenous; introduced from elsewhere, may also be a weed or alien invasive species. Exotic species may be invasive or non-invasive. Fragmentation Causes land transformation, an important current process in landscapes as more and more (habitat): development occurs. Habitat: The home of a plant or animal species. Generally those features of an area inhabited by animal or plant which are essential to its survival. Indigenous: Native; occurring naturally in a defined area.

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Least threatened These ecosystems have lost only a small proportion (more than 80 % remains) of their original terrestrial natural habitat, and are largely intact (although they may be degraded to varying degrees, for ecosystems: example by invasive alien species, overgrazing, or overharvesting from the wild). Riparian: Pertaining to, situated on or associated with a river bank. River corridors: River corridors perform a number of ecological functions such as modulating stream flow, storing water, removing harmful materials from water, and providing habitat for aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals. These corridors also have vegetation and soil characteristics distinctly different from surrounding uplands and support higher levels of species diversity, species densities, and rates of biological productivity than most other landscape elements. Rivers provide for migration and exchange between inland and coastal biotas. Transformation: In ecology, transformation refers to adverse changes to biodiversity, typically habitats or ecosystems, through processes such as cultivation, forestry, drainage of wetlands, urban development or invasion by alien plants or animals. Transformation results in habitat fragmentation – the breaking up of a continuous habitat, ecosystem, or land-use type into smaller fragments. Transformed Land that has been significantly impacted upon as a result of human Habitat/Land: interferences/disturbances (such as cultivation, urban development, mining, landscaping, severe overgrazing), and where the original structure, species composition and functioning of ecological processes have been irreversibly altered. Transformed habitats are not capable of being restored to their original states. Tributary/ A small stream or river flowing into a larger one. Drainage line: Untransformed Land that has not been significantly impacted upon by mans activities. These are ecosystems habitat/land: that are in a near-pristine condition in terms of structure, species composition and functioning of ecological processes. Vulnerable: Vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems have lost some (more than 60 % remains) of their original natural habitat and their functioning will be compromised if they continue to lose natural habitat. Weed: An indigenous or non-indigenous plant that grows and reproduces aggressively, usually a ruderal pioneer of disturbed areas. Weeds may be unwanted because they are unsightly, or they limit the growth of other plants by blocking light or using up nutrients from the soil. They can also harbour and spread plant pathogens. Wetlands: A collective term used to describe lands that are sometimes or always covered by shallow water or have saturated soils, and where plants adapted for life in wet conditions usually grow.

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1 Introduction & Background

The client proposes to develop Social Housing and related facilities on erven 330 to 349 in the established area of Fairview. The subject erven are single residential erven that has been laid out in accordance with the original Fairview Township and the erven appear on an approved General Plan as being part of the Fairview South Township approved in 1945. The erven are designated for residential development and are all approximately 2017.35 m2. The erven has been rezoned to Residential 3.

1.1 Methodology and Approach

Specific terms of reference include:  Confirm all the Environmentally Sensitive aspects relating to vegetation and flora areas along the route;  Collect sufficient information to inform a Basic Assessment Report (BAR) which has to be submitted to Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEDEAT) and Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation (DWS) for water use licence applications;  Identify all relevant legislation or policies that may be applicable to this project in the Eastern Cape;  Undertake field studies, if required;  Identify and rate all significant impacts associated with the proposed development; and  Recommend mitigations measures to minimise or prevent impact on the sensitive features of the study area.

1.2 Proposed Approach

The Ecological Assessment Report will be compiled to include the following aspects:  Undertake a desktop assessment of available data layers (vegetation types, red data book species, bioregional plans, etc.), literature and legislation or polices.  Conduct a site assessment of the entire proposed site including verification of the desktop assessment and route sensitivity mapping.  Describe and rate the potential vegetation and botanical impacts including an overall rating of the ecological sensitivity of the route and the effect of the development on the ecology of the site.  Identify and rate potential impacts and mitigation measures for negative and positive impacts.  Make recommendations for the Environmental Management Programme Report.

1.3 Legislation Framework

In terms of NEMA EIA Regulations (07 April 2017), the following Listing notices have bearing on this report: LN1 Basic Assessment Comments 27. The clearance of an area of 1 hectare or more, The development of the individual erven would not but less than 20 hectares of indigenous trigger this listed activity. vegetation, except where such clearance of The proposed development will result in the clearing of indigenous vegetation is required for— greater than 1 Ha of vegetation that has a history of (i) the undertaking of a linear activity; or disturbance resulting from previous residential use and (ii) purposes undertaken in accordance with a forced removals and has furthermore been disturbed maintenance management plan. to a certain extent with the installation of a major sewer Note: “indigenous vegetation” refers to pipeline over 10 of the 20 properties. vegetation consisting of indigenous plant species Listed activity 12 is applicable, however occurring naturally in an area, regardless of the vegetation is not typical of Lorraine Transitional level of alien infestation and where the topsoil has Grassy Fynbos, has no species indicative of Algoa Sandstone Fynbos and is secondary in nature.

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not been lawfully disturbed during the preceding Species present are predominantly grasses, the ten years; origin of which are unknown.

LN 2 Full Scoping and EIA N/A N/A No affected triggers LN3 Basic Assessment 12 The clearance of an area of 300 square metres Greater than 300 m2 of indigenous vegetation will be or more of indigenous vegetation except where cleared, however: such clearance of indigenous vegetation is i. Algoa Sandstone Fynbos (Endangered) is present required for maintenance purposes undertaken in ii. Site within ECBCP CBA 2, however not a gazetted accordance with a maintenance management Bioregional Plan so will not trigger. plan. Site NOT within any NMBM Bioregional Plan CBA (a) Eastern Cape areas (gazetted) i. Within any critically endangered or endangered iii. none in vicinity ecosystem listed in terms of section 52 of the iv. not outside of urban area. NEMBA or prior to the publication of such a list, v. not zoned open space or conservation within an area that has been identified as critically endangered in the National Spatial Biodiversity Listed activity 12 is applicable, however, Assessment 2004; vegetation is not typical of Lorraine Transitional ii. Within critical biodiversity areas identified in Grassy Fynbos, has no species indicative of Algoa bioregional plans; Sandstone Fynbos and is secondary in nature. iii. Within the littoral active zone or 100 metres Species present are predominantly grasses, the inland from high water mark of the sea or an origin of which are unknown. estuarine functional zone, whichever distance is the greater, excluding where such removal will occur behind the development setback line on erven in urban areas; iv. Outside urban areas, within 100 metres inland from an estuarine functional zone; or v. On land, where, at the time of the coming into effect of this Notice or thereafter such land was zoned open space, conservation or had an equivalent zoning.

Other relevant legislation includes the following:

EIA Regulations (08 December 2014; GN R. 982 as amended (07 April 2017): Published in terms of NEMA trigger the need for applicants to undertake either a Basic Assessment or Scoping and Environmental Impact Assessment if the proposed activity is included in one or more of the three Listing Notices; and Listing Notice 3 (listing activities and sensitive areas per province, for which a Basic Assessment process must be conducted).

Water Use Authorisations: National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998): Requires that provision is made both in terms of water quantity and quality for ‘the reserve’, namely to meet the ecological requirements of freshwater systems and basic human needs of downstream communities. It is essential in preparing an EMP that any impacts on water resources be they surface water or groundwater resources, and/ or impacts on water quality or flow, are carefully assessed and evaluated against both the reserve requirement and information on biodiversity priorities. This information will be required in applications for water use licenses or permits and/or in relation to waste disposal authorisations.

NEMA: Environmental management principles set out in NEMA, and other Specific Environmental Management Acts (SEMAs) should guide decision making throughout the project life cycle to reflect the objective of sustainable

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development. One of the most important and relevant principles is that disturbance of ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, pollution and degradation of environment and sites that constitute the nation’s cultural heritage should be avoided, minimised or as a last option remedied. This is supported by the Biodiversity Act as it relates to loss of biodiversity.

Liability for any environmental damage, pollution, or ecological degradation: Arising from any and all -related activities occurring inside or outside the area to which the permission/right/permit relates is the responsibility of the rights holder. The National Water Act and NEMA both oblige any person to take all reasonable measures to prevent pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or reoccurring (polluter pays principle). Where a person/company fails to take such measures, a relevant authority may direct specific measures to be taken and, failing that, may carry out such measures and recover costs from the person responsible.

Public participation: Public consultation and participation processes prior to granting licences or authorisations can be an effective way of ensuring that the range of ways in which the activities impact on the environment, social and economic conditions are addressed, and taken into account when the administrative discretion to grant or refuse the licence is made.

Constitution of Republic of South Africa (1996): Section 24(a) of the Constitution states that everyone has the right ‘to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being’. Construction activities must comply with South African constitutional law by conducting their activities with due diligence and care for the rights of others.

National Forests Act 84 of 1998 with Amendments: Lists Protected trees, requiring permits for removal Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries).

Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1993: Lists Alien invasive species requiring removal.

Eastern Cape Nature and Environmental Conservation Ordinance 19 of 1974: Lists Protected species, requiring permits for removal (Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism).

1.4 Systematic Planning Frameworks

A screening of Systematic Planning Framework for the region was undertaken (summarised in Table 1), that included the following features:  Critically Endangered and Endangered Ecosystems  Critical Biodiversity Areas  Ecological Support Areas  Vulnerable Ecosystems  River and Wetland Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (FEPAs)  100 m buffer of Rivers and Wetlands  Protected Areas  Protected Area buffers

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Table 1: Summary of Biodiversity features. Feature Description Implications/Comment Algoa Sandstone Affected Vegetation Types (National) Endangered Fynbos High conservation status at national level. Requires on site specialist assessment. Critically Endangered and Endangered Algoa Sandstone Although the vegetation type is endangered, the vegetation on site is confirmed to be secondary in nature and Ecosystems (National) Fynbos (Endangered) not of the vegetation type indicated. Vulnerable Ecosystems (National) None N/A Lorraine Transitional High conservation status at regional level. Requires on site specialist assessment. Grassy Fynbos Affected Vegetation Types (Regional) Although the vegetation type is critically endangered, the vegetation on site is confirmed to be primarily (Critically secondary in nature and not of the vegetation type indicated. Highly invaded Endangered) Requires on site specialist assessment. The recommendations for CBA’s is as follows: Functional landscapes: Manage for sustainable development, keeping natural habitat intact in wetlands (including wetland buffers) and riparian zones. Environmental authorisations should support ecosystem Critical Biodiversity Areas (Regional: integrity. CBA 2 ECBCP) Transformed landscapes: Manage for sustainable development.

Since the site can be regarded as being a combination of Functional and Transformed landscape and has no wetlands or riparian areas, development of the entire site is feasible in terms of national guidelines. Critical Biodiversity Areas (Nelson The site is NOT identified in the gazetted NMB Bioregional Plan as a Critical Biodiversity Area. Mandela Bay Bioregional Plan) Ecological Support Areas (Nelson The site is NOT identified in the gazetted Municipal Bioregional Plan as an Ecological Support Area. Mandela Bay Bioregional Plan) Aquatic Critical Biodiversity Areas None N/A IBA's None N/A Protected Areas within 5 km None N/A National Parks within 10 km None N/A

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Feature Description Implications/Comment CBA 2 (A2a): Important sub-catchments – supporting zone required for preventing degradation of A1 rivers. Quaternary Catchment M20A (Baakens) Require moderate or high protection. Defined as all remaining areas within the designed river catchment network not in A1 River Names within Study Area Baakens River Located approximately 800 m to the north of the site Within 500 m of Rivers and Wetlands None N/A Within 100 m of River or Wetland None N/A Within 32 m of a watercourse/wetland None N/A Surrounding Land Uses Residential erven Area is predominantly undeveloped and developed erven. Eastern side is adjacent to a housing development. The geological map indicates that the site is located near the contact between relatively young (Quaternary-Tertiary age) Nanaga Formation aeolian sands and significantly older underlying quartzite and sandstone bedrock of the Ordovician Peninsula Formation Geology (Table Mountain Group) – see Figure 5. There are no geological faults near the site and the seismic activity of the area is low. The general geology is considered suitable for urban development.

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1.4.1 Vegetation of Southern Africa

One vegetation unit is primarily affected by the proposed development (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006), namely Algoa Sandstone Fynbos which has an Endangered Conservation Status.

Distribution: The vegetation unit is present only within the Coastal flats at Port Elizabeth from Van Stadens River in the west to Southdene-Summerstrand in the east, located mostly some kilometres from the coast and close to the coast at only Maitland River Mouth and urbanised Summerstrand. Conservation: Endangered. Target 23%. About 2% conserved in the Van Stadens Wild Flower Reserve, The Island Nature Reserve as well as in several private nature reserves. More than 50% transformed (cultivation, urban sprawl of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Area). Several Australian Acacia species occur as invasive aliens, but only to a limited extent. Erosion moderate and very low. Vegetation & Landscape Features: Flat to slightly undulating plain supporting grassy shrubland (mainly graminoid fynbos). Grasses become dominant especially in wet habitats. In the south this fynbos unit borders on Albany Coastal Belt and Algoa Dune Strandveld and forms transitional mosaics with both. It also borders on patches of Southern Coastal Forest in this area. Geology & Soils: Acidic lithosol soils derived from Ordovician sandstones of the Table Mountain Group (Cape Supergroup). Land types mainly Db and Ha. Altitude: 20–300 m. Important Taxa: Tall Shrubs: Protea eximia, P. neriifolia, P. repens. Low Shrubs: Agathosma hirta, A. ovata, Erica zeyheriana, Euryops ericifolius, Helichrysum appendiculatum, H. teretifolium, Leucadendron salignum, L. spissifolium subsp. phillipsii, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Protea cynaroides, P. foliosa, Tephrosia capensis. Succulent Herb: Crassula pellucida subsp. marginalis. Graminoids: Andropogon eucomus, Brachiaria serrata, Cymbopogon pospischilii, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta calycina, Eustachys paspaloides, Ischyrolepis capensis, Pentaschistis heptamera, P. pallida, Thamnochortus cinereus, Themeda triandra, Tristachya leucothrix. Endemic Taxa: (WWetlands) Low Shrubs: Agathosma gonaquensis, Cyclopia pubescensW, Erica etheliae. Geophytic Herb: Holothrix longicornu. [No endemic Taxa present].

IMPLICATIONS: The total original extent of the vegetation unit is 340 km2 of which approximately 50 % (172 km2) is remaining. The site contributes about 0.02 % of the total remaining extent.

1.4.2 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP)

Critical biodiversity areas (CBAs) are terrestrial and aquatic features in the landscape that are critical for conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem functioning (SANBI 2007). These form the key output of the conservation plan. They are used to guide protected area selection and should remain in their natural state as far as possible.

As indicated in Figure 4, the Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP, 2007) the site is situated within area designated a CBA 2 status (terrestrial).

IMPLICATIONS: Due to the limited size and overall impact of the proposed activity, as well as its location within an urban area and not being directly within any ecological corridors, the effect on Critical Biodiversity Areas at a regional (Provincial) level will be negligible.

1.4.3 Nelson Mandela Bay Bioregional Plan

Lorrain Transitional Grassy Fynbos Present on aeolionite, calcareous sandstone or sand in moderate moisture conditions. Dominant species include: Agathosma ovata, Metalasia aurea, Passerina rigida, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Phylica axillaris, Pelargonium

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longifolium, Leucadendron salignum, Geissorhiza aspera and Boscia oleoides. Common species also include Walafrida geniculata, Montinia caryophyllacea, Aspalathus angustifolia, Aspalathus biflora, Lobelia tomentosa and Erica chloroloma.

The total original area of Lorraine Transitional Grassy Fynbos is estimated to have been approximately 1440 Ha, of which approximately 295 Ha remains (2010), which equals 20.6 %. The proposed site thus contributes about 1.5 % of the remaining potential habitat of this vegetation type.

IMPLICATIONS: Due to the limited contribution that the specific site makes to the overall conservation of Lorraine Transitional Grassy Fynbos (1.5 %), as well as the fact that it can be regarded as being severely transformed with no original functional vegetation remaining, development of the site will result in a negligible effect on regional conservation of the vegetation unit. Furthermore, the site and surrounding area has been designated for such urban development within the SDF, which accommodates the conservation requirements of the vegetation unit.

1.5 Implications of Systematic Planning frameworks

The development of the site is) unlikely to compromise the vegetation units or critical ecological processes at regional levels significantly due to:  the degraded and transformed state of the site and immediate vicinity. All sites immediately surrounding the sites are either transformed or in severe states of degradation and alien invasion;  the site being located outside of the NMB designated Critical Biodiversity Area associated with the Baakens River, which are priority conservation areas to meet conservation targets;  the close proximity to urban development;  the localised footprint, surrounded on all sides by developed erven and roads planned to be developed in the future;  the implementation of a sound Environmental Management Plan during construction and operation.  the implementation of a formalized rehabilitation and landscaping plan, utilising indigenous species.

Loss of vegetation cover will thus be localised and have a minimal and negligible impact (individual and cumulative) at a regional level as the site is largely devoid of conservation worthy vegetation and supported by the fact that the site is within an area zoned for residential development.

The impact of the proposed development of the site for social housing, within an area allocated for residential development is unlikely to have any significant negative impacts on ecological processes occurring at both a regional and localised level. Furthermore, the densification of the site will promote a more sustainable use of land for residential use than development of individual erven. The implementation of best practice guidelines (as per the EMP) will most likely be effective management to minimise any negative consequences in localised sensitive areas.

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1.6 Systematic Planning Maps

Figure 1: Map indicating locality of the site within NMB.

Figure 2: Rivers and Wetlands.

Figure 3: Vegetation units and status, as per Nelson Mandela Bay Bioregional Conservation Plan.

Figure 4: Critical Biodiversity Areas, as per Nelson Mandela Bay Bioregional Conservation Plan.

Figure 5: Aerial Map.

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LOCALITY MAP

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RIVERS AND WETLANDS

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VEGETATION AND STATUS (NMB BIOREGIONAL PLAN)

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CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREAS (NMB BIOREGIONAL PLAN)

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AREAL PHOTO

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2 Description of the Terrestrial Environment 2.1 Site Locality

The site is proposed to be developed for residential housing, which will require complete clearing of the development footprint or site. The site is directly surrounded by undeveloped suburban erven to the south, west and north and by developed erven to the east.

2.2 Summary of Terrestrial Environment The table below provides a description of the on-site natural biophysical features: Feature Implication Topography and drainage The site is flat sloping gently towards the Baakens River Site topography is suited to proposed development approximately 800 m to the north scenario. Vegetation A mozaic of moderate to dense alien infestation and areas with Site is highly suited to proposed activity, as no remnant grassy secondary vegetation composed of ‘indigenous’ species. Lorraine transitional Grassy Fynbos or species typically Approximately 50 % of the site can be considered to have representative of this vegetation unit are present. Currently indigenous species, the reminder being invasive tree species, ruderal the site has a high fire risk due to the abundance of fire- weeds and rubble. Species present include numerous common prone exotic wattle and gum species and proliferation of grasses, ruderal weeds and exotic alien species. A few isolated grasses, which can be confirmed by presence of frequent individuals and clumps of typical grassy fynbos species are present. fires that pass through the area. Indigenous Flora Permits for removal of flora will likely be required, however A few individuals of indigenous species and species of special all species that are present are widespread species within concern were noted to be scattered around the site. the region. Forest No Forest will be affected as a result of development of None present. the site. Indigenous and protected trees

No Protected tree species are present. No NFA permits will be required.

Fauna The grassy vegetation on the site may provide transient habitat for a None of concern likely to be affected significantly. Any wide range of small mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The transient fauna on the site will most likely migrate to dense clumps of invasive trees may provide roosting and nesting surrounding areas during construction. During clearing of habitat for larger bird species such as… gum trees, care verify if nesting… Alien Invasive Species Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle), Acacia saligna (Port Jackson), Eucalyptus spp. (Bluegum) and occasional Australian myrtle (Leptospermum laevigatum) occur in dense infestation with a wide range of ruderal weeds and exotic and indigenous grasses also in The proliferation of invasive species poses a fire risk to the abundance. Indications are that the site has become heavily invaded area, and removal in order to accommodate the over the last few years, possibly with a series of intense fires, which development will have positive influences. are likely to have affected the natural seed bank and ecology. Should the site be cleared and maintained alien free, it is unlikely that rehabilitation to a pre-disturbance state would occur. Drainage Lines and Rivers Although drainage from the site will flow towards the None present within the site, Baakens River located 800 m to the Baakens River, is not directly associated with the riparian north. zone of the river. Wetlands None present within the site None

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2.3 Ecological Processes

With reference to the Figure 6 to Figure 8 below. 1. The site is located centrally within an area of vacant land, to the north, south and west, which was historically vegetated with Lorraine transitional Grassy Fynbos. 2. The site is bounded on the east by residential development. 3. The greater area is earmarked for future development for residential development. 4. The vegetation on site has historically been developed and thus the vegetation is secondary in nature. 5. The site is located 800 m south of the Baakens River corridor. 6. The site is not located within an area identified as a Critical Biodiversity area or Ecological Process area. 7. The nearest intact patch of Lorraine transitional Grassy Fynbos is located 340 m to the North along the Baakens River. 8. The vegetation on site is a mosaic of heavily invaded alien invasive species and common grasses, ruderal weeds and occasional shrubs and is prone to frequent hot fires, which is not suited to the persistence of grassy fynbos.

Figure 6: Critical Biodiversity Areas and corridors Figure 7: Vegetation (NMB Bioregional Plan)

Figure 8: Critical Biodiversity Areas and corridors.

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2.4 On-site vegetation and Sensitivity A site visit was conducted during October 2015 and January 2017. Sie investigations confirmed that the site is dominated by a mosaic of grassy patches and dense to moderately dense stands of exotic species including Acacia mearnsii, Acacia saligna and Eucalyptus spp. as well as a range of ruderal weeds,

Two general communities can be distinguished: 1. In grassy patches, indigenous grasses are dominant (Setaria spp., Eragrostis curvula, Brachiaria serrata, Bromus catharticus, Digitaria eriantha, Panicum deustum, Pennisetum setaceum and Stenotaphrum secundatum) with various annual weedy species. None of the indicator species typical of either Lorraine Transitional Grassy Fynbos or Algoa Sandstone Fynbos were found to be present within the site and the grass species found are not typical of the vegetation unit. 2. In areas with dense alien invasion, exotic Kikuyu grass is mostly dominant where grass is present with various ruderal weeds and other opportunistic indigenous ruderal species as well as Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle), Acacia saligna (Port Jackson Willow) and Eucalyptus spp. (Bluegum) trees. 3. The road along the eastern boundary and piles of rubble are also present.

Further to the above, a mapping exercise was undertaken of the site in order to delineate the exotic and indigenous vegetation patches. With reference to the map below and included in Annexure E, the following coverages are estimated:

Vegetation unit Area (Ha) ‘Indigenous’ grassy patches with sporadic alien infestation and weedy species and some grassy 2.26 Ha fynbos elements Dense exotic infestation with minimal grass cover 2.24 Ha Road – to east of site 0.1 Ha Rubble scattered throughout the site > 0.1 Ha

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Although the vegetation species present (excluding the exotic trees and weeds) can be classified as being indigenous species, they are not representative of the vegetation type and are common grasses and ruderal weeds. From an ecological and botanical perspective the site can be considered to be highly degraded and does not make any contribution to the conservation of Lorraine Transitional Grassy Fynbos. The entire site is deemed to have a Low Sensitivity.

2.5 Flora

Typical intact Lorraine Transitional Grassy Fynbos, where not invaded and disturbed or transformed, tends to composed of a restioid-grassy component with a mix of small shrubs, herbs and geophytes, typically less than 50 cm in height. The Restio-grass component is usually comprised of species such as Andropogon eucomus, Brachiaria serrata, Cymbopogon pospischilii, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta calycina, Eustachys paspaloides, Ischyrolepis capensis, Pentaschistis heptamera, Pentaschistis pallida, Thamnochortus cinereus, Themeda triandra, Tristachya leucothrix. The Restio Ischyrolepis capensis is a good indicator of intact grassy fynbos.

Typical and common herbs and shrubs include, but are not limited to Metalasia aurea, Passerina rigida, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Phylica axillaris, Pelargonium longifolium, Leucadendron salignum, Geissorhiza aspera Agathosma ovata and Boscia oleoides dominant with other species including Walafrida geniculata, Montinia caryophyllacea, Aspalathus angustifolius, Aspalathus biflora, Lobelia tomentosa and Erica chloroloma. It often provides habitat for a number of protected species. A number of geophytic species are occasionally and seasonally found including Dietes iridioides, Gladiolus sp., Ornithogalum spp., Watsonia pillansii and Disa cornuta.

No intact or semi-intact patches of typical or even degraded grassy fynbos as described above were noted to be present within the site. Importantly the Restio component was absent from the site and although some of the typical grasses are present, many species are also not typical of the unit and include some non-indigenous species. Grasses include Brachiaria serrata, Bromus catharticus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis curvula, Lolium perenne, Panicum deustum, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum setaceum, Setaria sphacelata, Sporobolus africanus and Stenotaphrum secundatum) Further investigation in areas surrounding the site did indicate that some patches of typical but degraded grassy fynbos vegetation do sporadically occur, however these are generally in a degraded state with many typical species (in particular the shrub component) were notably absent. In these patches common elements include Restio spp., Agathosma sp. and various geophytic species including Disa cornuta.

2.5.1 Species of Special Concern

Based on a desktop Assessment of existing online databases as well as field verification, the potential list of flora species that may occur near or within the site, is limited. Common flora species that occur in the surrounding area include Protea spp, Erica spp, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme and Agathosma spp and various Restio spp. Many of these ‘indicator’ species are absent from the site with a few scattered individuals observed. No intact or semi-intact patches of grassy fynbos were noted to be present within the site.

Red Data Book, Rare, Endangered, Protected Species

 The site falls within the distribution range of Algoa Grassy Fynbos endemics including Cyclopia pubescence, Agathosma gonaquensis and Disa cornuta (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Cyclopia pubescence and Agathosma gonaquensis which are listed as Critically Endangered in the National Red List for South African Plants. None of these species were recorded on site.  No plant species listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Near Threatened in the National Red List for South African Plants were recorded at the study site.

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 Brunsvigia littoralis, listed as vulnerable in the interim National Red List for South African Plants (2009) was also NOT recorded at the site.  No flora species listed under Threatened and Protected Species (T.o.P.S.) were noted to be present during the site assessment.

Table 2 provides a detailed list of species protected in term of the P.N.C.O., for which permits will be required should they occur and require removal. No protected trees were noted within the site. Due to limited sampling time, presence or absence of all species cannot be confirmed without detailed seasonal site visits, but the risk of any Critically Endangered or Endangered species being present is Low.

Table 2: Flora Species of Special Concern known to occur in the vicinity of the site Botanical Name Family Status** Pres Comment

Aristea sp. Iridaceae PNCO Y Few scattered individuals (< 5)

Bobartia orientalis Iridaceae PNCO Y Few scattered individuals (< 5)

Carpobrotus edulis Aizoaceae PNCO Y Few scattered clumps, often around rubble

Dietes iridioides Iridaceae PNCO N Few scattered individuals noted in proximity to site

Erica cerinthoides Ericaceae PNCO N Few scattered individuals noted in proximity to site

Gladiolus sp. Iridaceae PNCO Y Few scattered clumps (< 5)

Leucadendron salignum Proteaceae PNCO N Few scattered individuals noted in proximity to site

Ornithogalum longibracteatum Hyacinthaceae PNCO Y Few scattered individuals (< 5)

Watsonia pillansii Iridaceae PNCO Y Few scattered clumps (< 10)

Satyrium sp. Orchidaceae PNCO N Few scattered individuals noted in proximity to site

Acrolophia capensis Orchidaceae PNCO N Few scattered individuals noted in proximity to site

**PNCO – Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance (19 of 1974); NFA – National Forests Act

Permits from the relevant authority (Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism) are required for the removal, translocation or destruction of all plants listed as protected; and all faunal species, in terms of the Provincial Nature and Conservation Ordinance (No. 19 of 1974). It is not anticipated that s comprehensive flora search and rescue will be required at this stage during construction due to the lack of protected flora species. It is however recommended that the permits are obtained as a precautionary measure and that a qualified botanist oversee a rapid flora search and rescue in order to address any species that may be present but that were not visible during tha various site assessments.

2.5.2 Alien Invasive species

Invasive alien plants have a significant negative impact on the environment by causing direct habitat destruction, increasing the risk and intensity of wildfires, and reducing surface and sub-surface water. Landowners are under legal obligation to control alien plants occurring on their properties. Alien Invasive Plants require removal according to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 (CARA) and the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (10 of 2004; NEMBA): Alien and Invasive Species Lists (GN R598 and GN R599 of 2014). Alien control programs are long-term management projects and a clearing plan, which includes follow up actions for rehabilitation of the cleared area, is essential. This will save time, money and significant effort. Collective management and planning with neighbours allows for more cost-effective clearing and maintenance considering aliens seeds as easily dispersed

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across boundaries by wind or water courses. All clearing actions should be monitored and documented to keep track of which areas are due for follow-up clearing. A general rule of thumb is to first target lightly infested areas before tackling densely invaded areas, and prioritize sensitive areas such as river banks and wetlands. Alien grasses are among the worst invaders in lowland ecosystems adjacent to farms, but are often the most difficult to detect and control.

A list of species and their respective NEMBA status occurring within the site is provided in Table 3: Alien Invasive plants and common weeds present and respective NEMBA classifications.. The most serious and problematic of the invasive present are as follows: 1. Acacia saligna - Seriously problematic and found throughout the site forming dense stands, which ultimately exclude indigenous grassy fynbos vegetation and are prone to fire. Management of this species should be a priority during construction and operational phases. 2. Acacia mearnsii – Present in small clumps and individuals, less problematic than above species. 3. Eucalyptus diversicolor – large trees present throughout the site, result in severe loss of groundcover.

Table 3: Alien Invasive plants and common weeds present and respective NEMBA classifications. Botanical Name Common name Family Status Extent

Agave sisalana Sisal Agavaceae NEMBA 2 Isolated individuals Large clumps covering large Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle Fabaceae NEMBA 2 proportion of site Large clumps covering large Acacia saligna Port jackson Willow Fabaceae NEMBA 2 proportion of site Cestrum laevigatum Ink Berry Solanaceae NEMBA 1b Isolated individuals

Datura stramonium Thorn Apple Solanaceae NEMBA 1b Scattered individuals Large clumps covering large Eucalyptus diversicolor Gum tree Myrtaceae NEMBA 2 proportion of site Lantana camara Lantana Verbenaceae NEMBA 1b Scattered individuals

Nicotiana glauca Wild Tobacco Solanaceae NEMBA 1b Isolated individuals NEMBA 1b Scattered clumps associated with Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu grass Poaceae (wetlands) dumping Pinus sp. Pine Pinaceae NEMBA 2 Isolated individual trees

Ricinus communis Cast Oil Plant Euphorbiaceae NEMBA 2 Scattered individuals

Various other species not considered to be alien invasive species but rather ‘garden escapees’ are present.

NEMBA: Alien and Invasive Species as per National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (10 of 2004; NEMBA): Draft Alien and Invasive Species Lists (GN R598 and GN R599 of 2014

(category 1, 2 or 3)

Eradication protocol Specific eradication and management procedures must be stipulated in the EMP as to the methods to be implemented to remove and control the various alien invasive species as they tend to require species specific techniques. A comprehensive management plan should be incorporated into the EMP and a detailed action plan compiled and implemented by the ECO. All removed trees must either be removed from site or disposed of at a registered waste disposal facility. Alternatively the plant material can be mulched using a wood chipper on site. And seed bearing material is to be disposed of.

2.6 Fauna

The site under assessment lies within an area that is comprised of a mix of heavily invaded and secondary vegetation and is likely habitat for a number of transient faunal species including small mammals, reptiles and birds,. Further the piles of rubble from illegal dumping may be home to reptiles. The site is separated from the nearby Baakens River

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ecological corridor to the north by various roads and developed erven. This is likely to influence the faunal species that do occur to some extent.

It is not likely that the proposed development will have any significant impact on faunal species. Most of the mobile fauna are expected to vacate the area that is to be developed once vegetation clearing and other site preparation activities commence and will seek refuge in intact natural or near-natural surrounding areas. However as a cautious measure, the following should be implemented:  Measures should be implemented to ensure that fauna on site are not harmed during site preparation or operational phase activities associated with the development, e.g. environmental induction process for construction personnel.  It is likely that mobile will vacate the site once clearing commences. It is recommended that a professional reptile handler (with the necessary permits) undertake a search and rescue, in particular of the rubble dumps on site to remove snakes that might be present. Removal of animals from the affected areas before the start of site clearing and relocating these to safe areas would only be a valid mitigation option in the case of tortoises. This will additionally serve to reduce the risk of any snake bite incidents to workers during site preparation.  All other reptile and small mammal species are extremely difficult to catch and it would be a futile attempt to try and relocate them. Before doing site clearing, affected areas should be thoroughly searched for tortoises. Tortoises found must be released in the no-go areas.  Search and rescue operations undertaken before and during the site preparation phase will decrease the impacts considerably.

2.6.1 Permit Requirements

Permits from the relevant authority (Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism) are required for the removal, translocation or destruction of protected faunal species, in terms of the Provincial Nature and Environment Conservation Ordinance (No. 19 of 1974).

2.7 Conclusions and Recommendations

No noteworthy or conservation worthy vegetation or species are present within the site, which can be regarded as beig severely degraded and secondary in nature.

Under status quo conditions, it is likely that alien infestation would progress and frequent fires would exacerbate. Removal of alien species from the site are also likely to reduce the spread of seeds into the surrounding area in the long term, which will have a positive impact.

2.8 List of Site Maps

Figure 9: Mapped Vegetation and Sensitivity

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. MAPPED VEGETATION AND SENSITIVITY

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3 Impact Assessment 3.1 Assessment of the significance of the potential impacts 3.1.1 Criteria of assigning significance to potential impacts The following methodology is to be applied in the specialist studies for the assessment of potential impacts. Criteria Explanation Nature of Review the type of effect that a proposed activity will have on the environment and should include “what will be impact affected and how?” Indicate whether the impact will be: Extent  (S) local and limited to the immediate area of development (the site);  (L) limited to within 5 km of the development; or  (R) whether the impact may be realized regionally, nationally or even internationally. Review the lifetime of the impact, as being:  (V) very short term (0 - 1 years), Duration  (S) short term (1 - 5 years),  (M) medium (5 - 15 years),  (L) long term (>15 years but where the impacts will cease after the operation of the site), or  (P) permanent. Establish whether the impact is destructive or innocuous and should be described as either:  (L) low (where no environmental functions and processes are affected) Intensity  (M) medium (where the environment continues to function but in a modified manner) or  (H) high (where environmental functions and processes are altered such that they temporarily or permanently cease). Consider the likelihood of the impact occurring and should be described as:  (I) improbable (low likelihood) Probability  (P) probable (distinct possibility)  (H) highly probable (most likely) or  (D) definite (impact will occur regardless of prevention measures). Status of the Description as to whether the impact will be positive (a benefit), negative (a cost), or neutral. impact Degree of The degree of confidence in the predictions, based on the availability of information and specialist knowledge. This confidence should be assessed as high, medium or low.  (L) Low: Where the impact will not have an influence on the decision or require to be significantly accommodated in the project design Significance  (M) Medium: Where it could have an influence on the environment which will require modification of the project design or alternative mitigation;  (H) High: Where it could have a ‘no-go’ implication for the project unless mitigation or re-design is practically achievable. 3.1.2 Significance Rating Duration

Permanent Long term Medium term Short term Very short term High Intensity

National High High High High Medium Regional High High High High Medium Local High High Medium Medium Medium

Extent Site specific Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Intensity

National High High High Medium Medium Regional High High High Medium Medium Local Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium

Extent Site specific Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Intensity

National Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Regional Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Local Medium Medium Medium Medium Low

Extent Site specific Medium Medium Medium Low Low

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Furthermore, the following must be considered: 1) Impacts should be described both before and after the proposed mitigation and management measures have been implemented. 2) All impacts should be evaluated for both the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project, where relevant. 3) The impact evaluation should take into consideration the cumulative effects associated with this and other facilities which are either developed or in the process of being developed in the region, if relevant. 4) Management actions: Where negative impacts are identified, specialists must specify practical mitigation objectives (i.e. ways of avoiding or reducing negative impacts). Where no mitigation is feasible, this should be stated and the reasons given. Where positive impacts are identified, management actions to enhance the benefit must also be recommended.

3.2 Identification of potential impacts 3.2.1 Possible impacts on biodiversity during construction and operations

Construction and operations can result in a range of negative impacts on terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems if not properly managed. Table 4 describes impacts that may potentially occur in the site (as per DEDEAT guidelines) as well indicating the relevant EMP section. The predicted significance of these are summarised in Table 4, where SB = Significance BEFORE mitigation and SA = Significance AFTER mitigation. No significant ancillary linear infrastructure, such as roads, conveyors, power lines, pipelines and railways, which can impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services are expected other than minor access roads.

3.2.2 Summary of actions, activities, or processes that have sufficiently significant impacts to require mitigation

The main impacts as a result of the proposed activity include the following: 1. Permanent or temporary loss of vegetation cover as a result of site clearing. Site clearing before construction will result in the blanket clearing of vegetation within the affected footprint only. 2. Loss of species of special concern during pre-construction site clearing activities. Few species of special concern are present within the affected area, which will be destroyed during site preparation. 3. Susceptibility of some areas to erosion as a result of construction related disturbances. Removal of vegetation cover and soil disturbance may result in some areas being temporarily susceptible to soil erosion. 4. Susceptibility of post construction disturbed areas to invasion by exotic and alien species. Post construction disturbed areas having no vegetation cover are often susceptible to invasion by weedy and alien species, which can not only become invasive but also prevent natural flora from becoming established. 5. Disturbances to ecological processes. Activity may result in disturbances to surrounding ecological processes. 6. Loss of Faunal Habitat: Activity will result in the loss of habitat for faunal species. 7. Loss of faunal SSC due to construction activities: Activities associated with bush clearing and site subsequent preparation, killing of perceived dangerous fauna, may lead to increased mortalities among faunal species.

3.2.3 Potential cumulative impacts No cumulative impacts are expected because of the development of the site, due to the limited disturbance area.

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Table 4: Summary indicating significance of potential impacts (SB = Significance BEFORE Mitigation; SA = Significance AFTER Mitigation) Impact Comment Extent Duration Intensity Probability SB SA The permanent or temporary loss of vegetation cover as a Indigenous vegetation cover result of site clearing is likely to be high during Low Site Long Moderate Definite Negligible loss construction, however the species currently present are (-ve) common grasses and invasive alien species. Loss of flora species of special Loss of species of special concern during pre-construction Low Site Long Low Definite Negligible concern site clearing activities (-ve) Activity will result in the loss of habitat for faunal species Low Loss of faunal habitat Site Long Moderate Definite Negligible (-ve) Activities associated with bush clearing and ploughing, Low Loss of faunal species killing of perceived dangerous fauna, may lead to Site Long Low Unlikley Negligible (-ve) increased mortalities among faunal species Susceptibility of post construction disturbed areas to Mod Moderate Alien species invasion Site Long High Definite invasion by exotic and alien species (-ve) (+ve) Due to the flat nature of the site the risk of erosion resulting Low Erosion Site Short Low Unlikley Negligible from loss of vegetation cover is minimal. (-ve) Disturbances to ecological Disturbances to ecological processes Low Site Short Low Probable Negligible processes (-ve) OVERALL Low Negligible

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4 Mitigation and Management The following mitigation measures are recommended: Impact Mitigation Measures Blanket clearing of vegetation will be limited to the development footprint (Erf 14). No clearing Vegetation outside of the erf will take place. Permits from DEDEAT must be obtained and kept on site and in the possession of the flora search and rescue team at all times. Flora Once flora search and rescue is complete, a certificate of clearance must be issued by the botanist and copies supplied to DEDEAT. Alien trees must be removed from the site as per NEMBA requirements. A suitable weed management strategy to be implemented in construction and operation phases Alien species to prevent the spread of weeds into adjacent areas. After clearing is completed, an appropriate cover grass should be planted to minimise risk of weed regrowth. Suitable measures must be implemented in areas that are susceptible to erosion, including but Erosion not limited to gabions and runoff diversion berms (if necessary). Areas must be rehabilitated and a suitable grass cover planted once construction is completed. Ecological Processes Blanket clearing of vegetation must be limited to the site. Faunal Habitat Blanket clearing of vegetation must be limited to the site footprint. A faunal search and rescue to be undertaken before bush clearing by a competent person, Faunal Species especially for reptiles.

4.1 Vegetation and Flora Clearing and Relocation Plan The following flora relocation plan is recommended: 1. Once the site development plan has been determined a botanist should be consulted in order to undertake a rapid screening of the site in order to determine if any species require relocation. This is to allow for any species that may come up subsequent to the assessment that was conducted. 2. If necessary, any flora search and rescue is to be conducted before vegetation clearing takes place. 3. A permit may be required, depending of the findings of the above before site clearing commences.

5 Conclusions

The clearing of vegetation from the site to for the proposed development will result in the localised loss of vegetation cover as well as the potential destruction of a few individuals of commonly occurring and widespread species of special concern, within the affected area. The impacts will be confined to the site, having a limited area. In addition, any other species that are present have widespread distributions, and any losses are unlikely to result in any significant impacts to populations.

Although the site is generally flat, the clearing of vegetation to establish housing may also result in a temporary increase in erosion and erosion risk in some areas of the site during construction. Adequate measures must be implemented to stabilise areas having an erosion risk using appropriate means as necessary. Measures should be implemented to eradicate any weeds and invasive species that may regenerate after disturbance.

These impacts of the proposed development to terrestrial vegetation and flora are likely to be of low to negligible significance with the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, due to the degraded nature of the site. Impacts noted in this assessment report are likely to have negligible residual impacts if mitigation measures are implemented.

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6 References

1. Acocks, J. P. H. 1988. Veld Types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, No 57. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, South Africa. 2. Batten, H., and Bokelmann, H. 2001. Eastern Cape: South African Wild Flower Guide 11. The Botanical Society of South Africa. pp 306. 3. Berliner D. & Desmet P. 2007. Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan: Technical Report. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Project No 2005-012, Pretoria. 1 August 2007 4. Bourquin, O. 1987. The recent geographical range extension of Hemidactylus mabouia mabouia. Lammergeyer 38: 12-14. 5. Branch, W. R. and H. Braack, 1987. The reptiles and amphibians of the Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe 30: 61 112. 6. Branch, W.R. (ed.) 1988. South African Red Data Book - Reptiles and Amphibians. South African National Science Programme Report 151: i-iv, 242p. 7. Branch, W.R., 1998a. Field Guide to the Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Rev ed. Struiks Publ., Cape Town, 399 pp, num. maps, 112 col. pls. 8. Bromilow, C. 2001. Problem Plants of South Africa. A Guide to the Identification and Control of More than 300 Invasive Plants and Other Weeds. Briza Publications. pp 258 9. Bruton, M. N., and Gess, F. W. 1988. Towards and Environmental Plan for the Eastern Cape. Conference proceedings from Rhodes University. Grocott and Sherry, Grahamstown. 10. De Villiers C.C., Driver A., Clark B., Euston-Brown D.I.W., Day E.G., Job N., Helme N.A., Holmes P.M., Brownlie S. and Rebelo A.B. 2005. Fynbos Forum Ecosystem Guidelines for Environmental Assessment in the Western Cape. Fynbos Forum and Botanical Society of South Africa, Kirstenbosch, 94p. 11. Friedmann, Y. and Daly, B. (eds.) 2004. Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa: A Conservation Assessment. CBSG Southern Africa, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSG/IUCN), Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa. 722p. 12. Fuggle, R. F. and Rabie, M. A. 2003. Environmental Management in South Africa. Juta & Co, Johannesburg. 13. Gledhill, E. 1981. Veldblomme van Oos-Kaapland. The Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Cape Province Administration. Galvin and Sales, Cape Town. 14. Golding, J. (Ed.) 2002. Southern African Plant Red Data Lists. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No 14. 15. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No 12. Agricultural Research Council. pp 300. 16. Henning, G.A., Terblanche, R.F. and Ball, J.B (eds) 2009. South African Red Data Book: Butterflies. SANBI Biodiversity Series 13. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. 17. Hilton-Taylor, C. 1996. Red Data List of Southern African Plants. National Botanical Institute.. 18. Köpke, D. 1988. The Climate of the Eastern Cape. In: Bruton, M. N., and Gess, F. W. (Eds). Towards and Environmental Plan for the Eastern Cape. Conference proceedings from Rhodes University. Grocott and Sherry, Grahamstown. 19. Low, A. B., and Rebelo, A. 1988. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. A Companion to the Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. 20. Minter, L.R., Burger, M., Harrison, J.A., Braack, H.H., Bishop, P.J & Kloepfer, D. (eds.) 2004. Atlas and Red Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, SI/MAB Series 9. Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C., 360p. 21. Pienaar, K. 2000. The South African What Flower is That? Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd. Cape Town. 22. Pierce, S. M. 2003. The STEP Handbook. Integrating the natural environment into land use decisions at the municipal level: towards sustainable development. Terrestrial Ecological Research Unit Report No 47. University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

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23. Pierce SM and Mader AD. 2006. The STEP Handbook. Integrating the natural environment into land use decisions at the municipal level: towards sustainable development. Centre for African Conservation Ecology (ACE). Report Number 47 (Second Edition). Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa. 24. Rouget, M., Reyers, B., Jonas, Z., Desmet, P., Driver, A., Maze, K., Egoh, B. & Cowling, R.M. 2004. South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report. Volume 1: Terrestrial Component. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. Skead, C.J. 2007. Historical incidence of the larger land mammals in the broader Eastern Cape. 2nd ed. (eds. Boshoff, A.F., Kerley, G.I.H. and Lloyd, P.H.), Port Elizabeth, Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 570 p. 25. Soil Classification Working Group (SCWG), 1991. Soil Classification, A Taxonomic System for South Africa. Memoirs on the Agricultural Natural Resources of South Africa, No 15. Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria. 26. Stirton, C. H. 1987. Plant Invaders : Beautiful, but Dangerous. The Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Cape Province Administration. Galvin and Sales, Cape Town. 27. Vlok, J, H, J., Euston-Brown, D.I.W. 2002. The patterns within, and the ecological processes that sustain, the subtropical thicket vegetation in the planning domain for the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Planning (STEP) project. TERU Report 40. University of Port Elizabeth. 28. Weather Bureau. 1988. Climate of South Africa - Climate statistics up to 1984 (WB40). Government Printer, Pretoria.

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7 Appendix B: Site Photographic Record

Photo 1: Alien invasive infestation. Photo 2: Alien invasive infestation.

Photo 3: Grassy patches. Photo 4: Grassy patches.

Photo 5: Grassy patches with pioneer herbs.. Photo 6: Alien invasive infestation and rubble

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Photo 7: Typical poor groundcover under alien invasive ‘thickets’. Photo 8: Typical poor groundcover under alien invasive ‘thickets’.

Photo 9 Grassy areas with rubble and occasional alien trees. Photo 10: Burnt out alien invasives with grassy patches.

Photo 11: Burnt out alien invasives with grassy patches. Photo 12: Burnt out alien invasives with grassy patches.