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Mass Mortality of the Sea Stars Luidia Clathrata and Luidia Alternata Alternata on the Alabama Coast, December 2013 James B

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Mass Mortality of the Sea Stars Luidia Clathrata and Luidia Alternata Alternata on the Alabama Coast, December 2013 James B Gulf of Mexico Science Volume 31 Article 7 Number 1 Number 1/2 (Combined Issue) 2013 Mass Mortality of the Sea Stars Luidia clathrata and Luidia alternata alternata on the Alabama Coast, December 2013 James B. McClintock University of Alabama at Birmingham Luke M. McClintock University of Alabama at Birmingham John M. Lawrence University of South Florida DOI: 10.18785/goms.3101.07 Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/goms Recommended Citation McClintock, J. B., L. M. McClintock and J. M. Lawrence. 2013. Mass Mortality of the Sea Stars Luidia clathrata and Luidia alternata alternata on the Alabama Coast, December 2013. Gulf of Mexico Science 31 (1). Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol31/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf of Mexico Science by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. McClintock et al.: Mass Mortality of the Sea Stars Luidia clathrata and Luidia alter SHORT PAPERS AND NOTES Gulf of Mexico Science, 2013(1–2), pp. 74–78 in the web-based London Daily Mail read ‘‘Thou- E 2013 by the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama sands of dead starfish wash up on Lincolnshire Beach following stormy weather.’’ The ensuing MASS MORTALITY OF THE SEA STARS LUI- news article and photograph reported a mass DIA CLATHRATA AND LUIDIA ALTERNATA mortality of what was identified by a local expert ALTERNATA ON THE ALABAMA COAST, to be Asterias rubens presumably caused by strong DECEMBER 2013.—Mass mortalities among storm-generated currents (Reynolds, 2014). echinoderms are known to occur worldwide Herein we report a mass mortality of the sea and can be of biotic or abiotic origin. Despite stars Luidia clathrata and Luidia alternata alternata the importance of these observations, the vast as indicated by hundreds of dead individuals majority of these catastrophic events are noted discovered littering the tide line of a high-energy only anecdotally. Documentation of mortality sand beach in Orange Beach, AL, on 27 Dec. events can provide important insights into the 2013. biology of the individuals involved, their ecolog- ical roles in communities, and the general health Methods.—In order to document the mass mor- of marine ecosystems, as well as information of tality event, individuals of both L. clathrata and L. paleontological relevance (reviewed in Lawrence a. alternata were exhaustively hand-collected 1996). Among those mass mortality events along a continuous 1.125-km stretch of beach documented and published in the literature, immediately to the east of the East Jetty of the majority have focused on sea urchins (e.g., Perdido Pass that opens into Perdido Bay, Lytechinus variegatus: Beddingfield and McClin- Alabama (30u169140N287u339110W). The sea tock, 1994; Paracentrotus lividus: Girard et al., stars were separated into their respective species 2012; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Hendler, 2013; and the radius (R) of the longest arm was reviewed in Lawrence, 1996). Fewer studies have measured to an accuracy of 1 mm for all documented mass mortality in sea stars. Eckert individuals. Two individuals of each species were et al. (2000) reported significant mortality from preserved as voucher specimens (Fish and Wild- ‘‘sea star wasting disease’’ in Pisaster giganteus and life Research Center, Saint Petersburg, FL). In Patiria miniata, and to a lesser degree nine other order to evaluate the size classes of individuals species of common Pacific coast sea stars in a that were most impacted in the mass mortality study conducted in the California Channel event, the size frequency of all the individuals Islands in 1997. A similar epidemic of sea star collected from the shoreline were determined for wasting disease is currently underway along much each species. Moreover, the mean body size (R) of the Pacific coast of North America ( J. S. Pearse, of L. clathrata and L. a. alternata were statistically pers. comm.). Shorter-term sea star mass mortality compared. events that are not density dependent or often as The mass mortality event also provided an widespread as those caused by disease have been opportunity to evaluate the first documentation attributed to a host of abiotic factors including of the incidence of arm regeneration in field low seawater temperature (e.g., Astropecten irregu- populations of both L. clathrata and L. a. alternata laris: Crisp, 1964; Moyse and Nelson-Smith, 1964), along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Arm rapid smothering by sediments (e.g., Asterias regeneration was defined as only those arms that rubens, Astropecten irregularis: Scha¨fer, 1972), high showed discernable regenerative growth, not currents and waves (e.g., Luidia senegalensis: simply arms that had freshly broken off presum- Tiffany, 1978; Asterias rubens: Menge, 1979), low ably due to damage caused by being cast on to tide emersion (e.g., Patiriella, Coscinasterias, Penta- the shore. Both the incidence of individuals with gonaster: Hodgkin, 1959), low salinity exposure at least one regenerating arm was determined for (e.g., Asterias rubens (as Asterias vulgaris): Smith, each species (frequency of arm regeneration 1940), hypoxia (e.g., Luidia clathrata: Osborne within the population), and the number of arms 1979), anchor ice and ice scour (e.g., Odontaster regenerating in individuals displaying regenera- validus: Dayton et al., 1970), and oil spills (e.g., tion (degree of regeneration within individuals) Asterias rubens, Marthasterias glacialis: Smith, 1968). were recorded. The frequency of arm regenera- Moreover, there have been numerous anecdotal tion and the numbers of arms regenerating observations of sea stars washing up on beaches. among individuals were statistically compared For example, a recent 24 Jan. 2014 news headline between the two species. Gulf of Mexico Science goms-31-01-07.3d 12/6/14 08:43:52 74 Cust # 14-003 Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 2018 1 Gulf of Mexico Science, Vol. 31 [2018], No. 1, Art. 7 SHORT PAPERS AND NOTES 75 Fig. 1. Size frequency (radius) histogram of individuals of Luidia clathrata collected from the shoreline of Orange Beach, AL, following a mass mortality event observed on 27 Dec. 2013 (n 5 195). Results and Discussion.—The total number of L. overlap of the size frequencies of the two species, clathrata and L. a. alternata collected were 195 individuals of L. clathrata were significantly and 226 individuals and their density along the smaller than those of L. a. alternata (mean R 6 shoreline sampled was 0.17 and 0.20 individuals 1 SD: 64.2 6 0.79 mm [n 5 132] and 98.3 6 m21, respectively. Dead individuals were found 0.87 mm [n 5 173] for L. clathrata and L. a. all along the shore but were not spread evenly alternata, respectively; P , 0.001, two-sample and often were found clumped together with up Student’s t-test, t 5 28.971, df 5 418). The fact to as many as ca. 10 individuals aggregated in a that L. clathrata were on average one-third tight pile. This was likely the result of repeated smaller than L. a. alternata is more likely a strandings of dead individuals in zones of higher consequence of species-specific differences in currents or surf. There appeared to be no maximum body size rather than size-specific pattern of differential distribution of the two differences in susceptibility to the factor (or species along the shore, but rather they generally factors) that caused the mass mortality. occurred mixed together. Individuals of both species with one or more The vast majority of individuals of both species regenerating arms were relatively common and fell into large size classes (Luidia clathrata: 90% . the incidence of regeneration was significantly 50 mm R; L. a. alternata: 100% . 50 mm R). higher in L. clathrata than in L. a. alternata Individuals of both species collected along the (32.3% vs 23.4%, respectively; P 5 0.0426; two-by- shore had unimodel size frequency distributions two contingency table, chi-square uncorrected 5 (Figs. 1, 2) indicating that either juveniles were 4.113). Moreover, the mean number of arms not present in the populations impacted by the regenerating was also significantly greater in L. mass mortality event, or were less susceptible to clathrata than in L. a. alternata (mean 6 1 SD: stranding. Luidia clathrata has an annual repro- 1.83 6 0.79 (n 5 63) and 1.45 6 0.75 (n 5 53), ductive cycle and spawns in the spring (Law- respectively; P 5 0.004, Mann–Whitney U-test). rence, 1973; Dehn, 1980; Watts and Lawrence, Both the higher incidence of arm regeneration 1990; Pomory and Lares, 2000). If this were in the population and the greater number of always the case, then early juveniles would have arms regenerating in a given individual indicate the potential to be represented in the impacted a higher susceptibility of L. clathrata to arm loss populations, but annual recruitment is known to and has implications for allocations of material be sporadic in echinoderms as it is dependent and energy to regenerating body components upon a number of biotic and abiotic variables (Lawrence et al., 1986; Lawrence and Ellwood, (Mercier and Hamel, 2009, 2013). Despite the 1991; Lawrence, 1992). Pomery and Lares (2000) Gulf of Mexico Science goms-31-01-07.3d 12/6/14 08:43:53 75 Cust # 14-003 https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol31/iss1/7 2 DOI: 10.18785/goms.3101.07 McClintock et al.: Mass Mortality of the Sea Stars Luidia clathrata and Luidia alter 76 GULF OF MEXICO SCIENCE, 2013, VOL. 31(1–2) Fig. 2. Size frequency (radius) histogram of individuals of Luidia alternata alternata collected from the shoreline of Orange Beach, AL, following a mass mortality event observed on 27 Dec.
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