MIRPS: Regional Context and Comprehensive Approach
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The Impact of Sustainable Certifications on Coffee Farming Practices
FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Master Thesis Eva M. Elise Kraus The Impact of Sustainable Certifications on Coffee Farming Practices A Case Study from Tarrazú Region, Costa Rica Supervisors at the University of Copenhagen: Aske Skovmand Bosselmann and Andreas de Neergaard Institute for Food and Resource Economics and Dept. of Plant and Environmental Science External supervisor: Nicole Sibelet, CIRAD/CATIE Submitted: 15. July 2015 In partial fulfilment of a M.Sc.in Agricutural Development Abstract During the past decades, sustainable coffee certifications have become increasingly popular amongst the global consumer audience. These seals often evoke the impression that by buying certified coffee, environmental and socio-economic conditions in coffee production are improved. Many of the certifications rely on producer cooperatives to reach the individual farmer. However, studies investigating how theoretical certification standards are put into practice at farm-and cooperative level are scarce. This is especially the case for environmental standards. In consequence, it is not clear what constraints farmers and cooperative managers face in “greening” practices as aimed for by certifications. This case study portrays how environmental certification guidelines are implemented in two adjacent coffee cooperatives in Tarrazú region, Costa Rica. The objective was to investigate the impact of certifications on farming practices and to identify the main farm-and cooperative-level constrains for a more sustainable coffee production. The certifications researched were Fairtrade and C.A.F.E. Practices, which are managed as group certifications by the cooperatives (all farmers are certified collectively) as well as Rainforest Alliance, which is managed as individual certification (only some of the farmers at one of the cooperatives are certified). -
Fiscal Panorama of Latin America and the Caribbean 2020
Fiscal Panorama of Latin America and the Caribbean 2020 Fiscal policy amid the crisis arising from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps Fiscal Panorama of Latin America and the Caribbean 2020 Fiscal policy amid the crisis arising from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Mario Cimoli Deputy Executive Secretary Raúl García-Buchaca Deputy Executive Secretary for Management and Programme Analysis Daniel Titelman Chief, Economic Development Division Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division The Fiscal Panorama of Latin America and the Caribbean is a report prepared each year by the Economic Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The preparation of this year’s report was supervised by Daniel Titelman, Chief of the Division, and Noel Pérez Benítez, Chief of the Division’s Fiscal Affairs Unit. Jean Baptiste Carpentier, María Gil, Michael Hanni, Juan Pablo Jiménez and Noel Pérez Benítez worked on the drafting of the report. Chapter III drew on inputs prepared by Juan Carlos Gómez Sabaini and Dalmiro Morán. Andrea Podestá prepared inputs for chapter IV. Swen Tellier provided research assistance and prepared statistical information. The Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) assisted with the financing of this publication. -
Workbook on Security: Practical Steps for Human Rights Defenders at Risk
WORKBOOK ON SECURITY: PRACTICAL STEPS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS AT RISK FRONT LINE DEFENDERS WORKBOOK ON SECURITY: PRACTICAL STEPS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS AT RISK FRONT LINE DEFENDERS Published by Front Line 2011 Front Line Grattan House, 2nd Floor Temple Road Blackrock Co Dublin Ireland Phone: +353 1 212 3750 Fax: +353 1 212 1001 Copyright © 2011 Front Line Cover illustration: Dan Jones This Workbook has been produced for the benefit of human rights defenders and may be quoted from or copied so long as the source/authors are acknowledged. Copies of this Workbook are available free online at www.frontlinedefenders.org (and will be available in English, Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish) To order a Workbook, please contact: [email protected] or write to us at the above address Price: €20 plus post and packing ISBN: 978-0-9558170-9-0 Disclaimer: Front Line does not guarantee that the information contained in this Workbook is foolproof or appropriate to every possible circumstance and shall not be liable for any damage incurred as a result of its use. Written by Anne Rimmer, Training Coordinator, Front Line and reviewed by an invaluable team of human rights defenders: Usman Hamid, International Centre for Transitional Justice and Kontras, Indonesia, Ana Natsvlishvili, Georgia and a HRD from the Middle East (name withheld for security reasons). Acknowledgements: This Workbook is based on the concepts introduced in the Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Enrique Eguren/PBI BEO, and the updated New Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Enrique Eguren and Marie Caraj, Protection International. We are grateful to Protection International for permission to reproduce extracts from the New Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders. -
FOCUS 2013 Public Policies for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders: the State of the Art Table of Contents
FOCUS 2013 Public Policies for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders: The State of the Art Table of contents 1. Preface 2. Introduction 3. Concepts and definitions 4. National public policies: a world overview 4.1 Latin America 4.2 Asia 4.3 Africa 5. Timetable 6. Progress and Challenges in public policies for the protection of HRD 6.1 Progress on existent policies (to be considered as minimal standards) 6.2 Challenges (on the program level) to improve protection results: 6.3 Progress and Challenges in public policies for the protection of HRD to improve existent public policies 7. Protection International: Our work as regards public policies for the protection of HRDs 8. Civil Society About Protection International (PI): Credits 2 | Focus 2013 – Public Policies for the Protection of HRDs: The State of the Art 1. Preface Margaret Sekaggya, UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, March 2013 It gives me great pleasure to write the foreword of the first national mechanisms and public policies are important issue of the Focus Report, 2013. Focus is a web-based global means of ensuring such protection in order for defenders observatory of public policies for the protection of human to continue their important work. rights defenders that Protection International has established I am pleased to note that there has been some progress in to closely monitor any developments concerning national this area over the past months, notably in Mexico where legislations and mechanisms to protect defenders. the Law for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders As UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human and Journalists was enacted in June 2012. -
Towards the Implementation of the MIRPS in Central America & Mexico
Concept notes Towards the implementation of the MIRPS in Central America & Mexico Concept notes on selected sectors 2020 Concept notes Context Impacted by increasingly complex forced displacement situations, Central America hosts hundreds of thousands of people who have fled their homes, either within or across their country’s borders, in search of safety. This includes IDPs in El Salvador, Honduras and Mexico; together with refugees and asylum-seekers from the northern Central American countries who have fled chronic gang violence, persecution and insecurity. The vast majority of refugees and asylum-seekers from these countries are hosted in Mexico and the USA, with several thousands more having sought asylum in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Panama. In addition, tens of thousands of people have fled the social and political crisis in Nicaragua, the vast majority arriving in neighbouring Costa Rica where asylum claims have increased exponentially. In 2019, the Americas was the largest recipient of asylum applications worldwide. An additional several hundred thousand persons are returning to their countries of origin as deportees, including those with protection needs. With an increasing trend of people forcibly displaced in the region exerting pressure on national protection and asylum systems, the MIRPS seeks to expand the operational capacity of States in Central America and Mexico to respond to forced displacement. This includes making the necessary arrangements to ensure safe reception and admission of people forced to flee, facilitating access to safe spaces and shelters, engaging community and municipal leadership, promoting durable solutions and livelihoods, as well as fostering an environment of peaceful coexistence. In 2017, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Panama adopted the San Pedro Sula Declaration, to address forced displacement by strengthening the protection and assistance to affected persons, as well as promoting durable solutions. -
Assembling Costa Rica As a 'Small
“Assembling Costa Rica as a ‘Small-Green-Giant’: When the non- urban/non-human take over” By Yamil Hasbun (PhD candidate at TU Berlin, Associate Professor at Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, UNA) 1. Introduction. Any complex theoretical model or paradigm is built through the sum of meticulous experimentation, debate, reflection, synthesis and re-shuffling of various sorts of data all performed intensively by collective groups of actors over the course of time (Callon 1986, Knorr-Cetina 1983). Even though these processes of construction are hardly ever exonerated of contestation, disagreements and negotiations, both on a human and non-human level (Knorr-Cetina 2001), certain theoretical complexities can become more or less stabilized in order for them to become familiar to a broader range of actors. In so doing, it can suddenly give the appearance of unity, simplicity, timelessness, and in some cases even of common knowledge. Examples of these punctualized (Callon & Latour 1981) complexities in the field of urban planning are the inherent ‘goodness’ of citizen participation (as opposed to top-down planning), ‘governance’ (as opposed to government), ‘sustainability’ (as opposed to un-sustainability) and more recently ‘smartness’ (as opposed to technological ‘bruteness’ perhaps?). It may be fair to state that the later concept itself is precisely undergoing a process of construction that has been characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and debate. Nonetheless, the present theoretical discussion does not try to define the concept of ‘smartness’ as such, nor does it focus on the ongoing debates that have taken place in its particular formulation, but concentrates on several formative preconceptions that ground current paradigmatic constructions such as ‘smart city’ itself. -
Executive Summary of a Study on the Protection of Victims and Witnesses in D.R
Executive summary of a study on the protection of victims and witnesses in D.R. Congo Isabelle Fery Published by: Protection International Rue de la Linière, 11 B 1060 Brussels, Belgium Date: July 2012 Author: Isabelle Fery Supervision: Sophie Roudil and Enrique Eguren This document may be quoted or reproduced as long as the source and the author are acknowledged. This document can be downloaded for free from: www.protectionline.org Acknowledgements PI wants to thank the many actors (human rights defenders, Congolese and international jurists) who have contributed to the reflection, shared their knowledge and experience and made their documentation available. PI also thanks all the institutions, Embassies, MONUSCO, local and international NGOs, for their contribution. PI thanks its donors, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and the Embassy of the Netherlands in Kinshasa, without which this study would not have been possible. PI wishes to thank everyone who has generously helped to the preparation and the reviewing of this document. Disclaimer The content of this study shall be the sole responsibility of PI and does not necessarily reflect the views of the donors. PUBLIC DOCUMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF A STUDY ON THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS AND WITNESSES IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO PREAMBLE This summary is drawn from a study conducted over several months on the protection of victims and witnesses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with a three-month mission in Kinshasa and the East of the Country, between -
Democracy Index 2020 in Sickness and in Health?
Democracy Index 2020 In sickness and in health? A report by The Economist Intelligence Unit www.eiu.com The world leader in global business intelligence The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group, the sister company to The Economist newspaper. Created in 1946, we have over 70 years’ experience in helping businesses, financial firms and governments to understand how the world is changing and how that creates opportunities to be seized and risks to be managed. Given that many of the issues facing the world have an international (if not global) dimension, The EIU is ideally positioned to be commentator, interpreter and forecaster on the phenomenon of globalisation as it gathers pace and impact. EIU subscription services The world’s leading organisations rely on our subscription services for data, analysis and forecasts to keep them informed about what is happening around the world. We specialise in: • Country Analysis: Access to regular, detailed country-specific economic and political forecasts, as well as assessments of the business and regulatory environments in different markets. • Risk Analysis: Our risk services identify actual and potential threats around the world and help our clients understand the implications for their organisations. • Industry Analysis: Five year forecasts, analysis of key themes and news analysis for six key industries in 60 major economies. These forecasts are based on the latest data and in-depth analysis of industry trends. EIU Consulting EIU Consulting is a bespoke service designed to provide solutions specific to our customers’ needs. We specialise in these key sectors: • Healthcare: Together with our two specialised consultancies, Bazian and Clearstate, The EIU helps healthcare organisations build and maintain successful and sustainable businesses across the healthcare ecosystem. -
Coffee Annual
Required Report: Required - Public Distribution Date: May 14, 2021 Report Number: GT2021-0013 Report Name: Coffee Annual Country: Guatemala Post: Guatemala City Report Category: Coffee Prepared By: Karla Tay Approved By: Andrew Hochhalter Report Highlights: Guatemala coffee planted area in MY2021/2022 is forecast to remain steady at 305,000 Ha, but harvested area will increase 2 percent as planted trees mature. Production is forecast at 3.47 million 60- Kg bags, a 10 percent increase compared to 3.15 million 60-Kg bags estimated for the MY2020/2021 harvest, hit by hurricanes Eta and Iota at the beginning of the harvest. Between the storms and the COVID pandemic in 2020, the harvest dropped 16 percent. Exports in MY2021/2022 are forecast at 3.2 million 60-Kg bags. Consumption in MY2021/2022 will slightly recover as hotels, restaurants, and coffee shops open, but continue with limitations due to less than 1 percent of the Guatemalans being COVID vaccinated as of May 2021. THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Crop Area: At least 93 percent of the coffee in Guatemala continues to be grown under shade, much of it on steep mountain ranges in the primary water sources areas, which creates an agroforestry system (Photo 1) that protects watersheds, reduces soil erosion, and allows for nutrient recycling. Coffee forests represent 7 percent of the national forest cover. Photo 1 Agroforestry coffee system in Guatemala Source: ANACAFE, 2021 Guatemala’s coffee planted area forecast for MY2021/2022 is 305,000 hectares (Ha), just as in the past three years, but harvested area is forecast to increase to 270,000 Ha as bearing trees increase to 1.2 billion. -
What Is Protection?
What is Protection? Annual Report 2014 hat is protection? Throughout our journey we have learned that there is no simple answer to this question, rather that an HRD’s protection is like a puzzle: something that requires skills and persistence in solving. This report looks at some of the W pieces in such a puzzle. this meant accompanying civil society in 9 countries across Africa and Latin America striving to build Protection is first about building the capacity of defenders to protect themselves. In 2014, this meant public policies in line with international standards both for human rights defenders and journalists. guiding 136 capacity building processes to provide long-term support in developing protection We encountered many challenges, especially when dealing with fluid political backgrounds; but at the strategies and security management tools for communities and individuals in 25 countries across 3 same time encouraged by endorsement from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of our baseline continents. standards for public policies on the protection of human rights defenders. Protection for defenders at risk is also about the ability to develop innovative and collective community- Overall, improving protection is PI’s mission and this annual report shows snapshots of our work, which based protection mechanisms, such as protection networks established with the support of PI in like irregularly shaped puzzle pieces interlock to form a picture of PI´s work protecting defenders at risk Colombia and Guatemala, or through the use of video as evidence in Indonesia. throughout the world. We engaged with a large number of defenders. We have built many blocks and More and more, protection entails addressing and preventing the criminalization of human rights assembled difficult puzzle pieces, often overcoming many operational difficulties: this has been the defenders. -
Flight in Times of War
RICRSEPTEMBRE IRRC SEPTEMBER 2001 VOL.83 N° 843 62? Flight in times of war by WALTER KALIN rmed conflict always has been and still is the most impor- tant cause of flight. The 50th anniversary of the Refugee Convention provides an appropriate opportunity for re- Aexamining the relevance of international refugee law for persons fleeing armed conflict and its multiple conceptual and legal relationships with international humanitarian law. The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees was adopted on 28 July 1951 as an instrument aimed at solving the resid- ual problems of refugees in Europe whose flight was caused by the events of World War II.1 Today, it is internal rather than international armed conflict that forces human beings all over the world to abandon their homes and flee the dangers of war. For a long time, though, the Refugee Convention found little application to situations of flight caused by armed conflict but was instead mainly used to protect vic- tims fleeing the often very stable totalitarian and authoritarian regimes in Eastern Europe and the south. It was thought that the protection of human beings in times of war should be left to international humani- tarian law. However, international humanitarian law limits its protec- tion to refugees who are on the territory of one of the parties to an international conflict. This limitation has resulted in considerable chal- lenges to the refugee protection regime as, traditionally, refugees flee- ing the perils of war to third States were not regarded as persons hav- WALTER KALIN is Professor of International and Constitutional Law at the University of Bern (Switzerland). -
Heritage and Rights of Indigenous Peoples
HERITAGE AND RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES PATRIMONIO Y DERECHOS DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS Heritage and Rights of Indigenous Peoples Patrimonio y Derechos de Los Pueblos Indígenas Edited by Manuel May Castillo and Amy Strecker LEIDEN UNIVERSITY PRESS The publication of this book was made possible thanks to the financial support of ERC Advanced Grant n° 295434 in the context of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for the project ‘Time in Intercultural Context’. Archaeological Studies Leiden University is published by Leiden University Press, the Netherlands Series editors: M. E. R. G. N. Jansen and H. Kamermans Cover design: Joanne Porck Coverpage image: Ellen-Berit Nymo Dakbakk, Joanne Porck Layout: Samira Damato ISBN 9789087282998 e-ISBN 9789400603042 NUR 682 © Manuel May Castillo and Amy Strecker / Leiden University Press, 2017 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Table of Contents List of Figures IX List of Contributors XIII Acknowledgements XIX Prologue: the Ideas, Events and People Behind this Book 21 Manuel May Castillo 1. The Indigenous Condition: An Introductory Note 25 Maarten E.R.G.N. Jansen and Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez LAND 39 2. Protection of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ Cultural and Environmental Rights in Suriname: Challenges in the Implementation of the Judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 41 in the Saramaka Case and Subsequent Decisions Anna Meijknecht and Bas Rombouts 3.