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18 Rapid Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow Using Chlorine Dioxide

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18 Rapid Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow Using Chlorine Dioxide 18 Rapid Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow Using Chlorine Dioxide Ｒ. Takahashi1 , T.Kirihara2 , M.Koeda3 1 Director, 2 Chief Researcher, 3 Senior Researcher Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology ABSTRACT This is a technology in which disinfection of untreated sewage from pump stations in combined sewer systems and primary effluent from final treatment plants is performed by oxidization using chlorine dioxide. As a distinctive feature of the technology, the disinfectant is rapidly and uniformly injected and diffused in the water channel cross-section, resulting in substantially improved disinfection efficiency in comparison with conventional methods using chlorine disinfectants such as sodium chlorite. KEYWORDS Disinfection, chlorine dioxide, ClO2 generation system, ClO2 injection system 1. OUTLINE OF TECHNOLOGY 1.1 Principle of technology Chlorine dioxide is expressed by the chemical formula ClO2, and is a reddish-yellow gas with a pungent odor resembling chlorine or ozone at room temperature. Its physical constants are shown in Table 1. Chlorine oxide is water soluble and exists in aqueous solutions in the form of ClO2. Because it is strongly oxidizing and has the following distinctive properties, it is considered suitable for use as a disinfectant in combined sewers: 1) Rapid disinfection effect in comparison with chlorine agents (sodium hypochlorite, etc.), 2) In the range of pH 6-10, the effect of pH on disinfection effectiveness is not as great as with chlorine, 3) Does not react with ammonia, 4) Does not form tri-halide-methane, and 5) Does not display persistence, and therefore has little adverse effect on public waters. Furthermore, contact with coliform groups is achieved within a short time as a result of rapid and uniform injection/diffusion of ClO2 in the water channel cross-section. By increasing the disinfection speed, this makes it possible to reduce disinfectant consumption. Table 1 Physical constants of chlorine dioxide Molecular weight 67.46 Boiling point 11°C (101kPa) Melting point –59°C (101kPa) Specific gravity 2.33 (gas, 11°C, relative value when air = 1) Approx. 130°C Flash point (Partial pressure of ClO2 in air: 13-40kPa) Liquid: Reddish-brown Gas: Reddish-yellow Appearance Crystal (anhydride): Yellowish-orange (hydride): Yellow This disinfection technology comprises a ClO2 generation system and a ClO2 injection system which ensures rapid diffusion of the ClO2 in the water channel. Takahashi et al. 1 1.2 ClO2 generation system Because ClO2 decomposes easily, on-site production is necessary. Figure 1 shows a schematic flowchart of the ClO2 generation system (case of 3-solution suction method). The 3-solution suction Figure 1 Schematic flowchart of ClO2 generation system method is a method in which (case of 3-solution suction method) influent sewage or secondary effluent is Controller Control valve supplied to the ClO (solenoid valve) 2 generation system, creating Reactor a suction force in the reactor Feed water Hydrochloric pump which lifts the chemicals, Ｐ acid: 15% HCl resulting in reaction of the Strainer chemicals and formation of Sodium chlorite Sodium hypochlorite ClO2 in the device. Three 25% NaClO2 12% NaOCl chemical solutions are used, Pump these being sodium chlorite (25wt%), sodium Sand Pump well Primary sedimentation Secondary hypochlorite (12wt%), and screen pond screen hydrochloric acid (15wt%). The reaction equation is shown in Eq. – 1. 2Na ClO2 + NaOCl + 2HCl Æ 2 ClO2 + 3NaCl + H2O Eq. – 1 1.3 ClO2 injection system (equipment for promoting ClO2 diffusion) This is a system for promoting rapid and uniform diffusion of the injected ClO2 in the water channel. It comprises injection nozzles installed a multiple locations and a baffle plate (installed downstream from the nozzles). 2. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH 2.1 Performance requirements and judgments standards for technical evaluation The performance requirements and judgment standards for the technical evaluation in SPIRIT 21 are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Performance requirements and judgments standards for technical evaluation Technical Performance requirement Judgment standard evaluation item Treatment Shall reduce total coliform in Confirm that total coliform in treated water is 3000/cm³ performance effluent to 3000/cm³ or less. or less in demonstration experiments. Time for obtaining disinfection Confirm necessary reaction time quantitatively, and Disinfection effect shall be short. verify that high disinfection efficiency is achieved in efficiency comparison with the conventional technology. Safety of Shall be little effect on aquatic life Confirm that the effect of treated water on aquatic life downstream in downstream drainage basin as a in downstream basin is slight from genotoxicity tests, water basin result of disinfection. ecotoxicity tests, and tri-halide-methane formation. Shall reduce chemical and power Prepare model design based on results of consumption. demonstration experiments, and confirm reduction of Others chemical/power consumption by study of running costs, including chemical/power consumption. 2.2 Location and periods of experiments Table 3 shows an outline of the location where the demonstration experiments were conducted, together with the periods of the experiments. Figure 3 shows a flowsheet of the experimental system at the Kanazawa Water Treatment Plant. 2 Rapid Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow Using Chlorine Dioxide Figure 3 Flowsheet of system used in experiment ClO2 generator Dilution sodium ※1 To dilution hypochlorite tanks sodium hypochlorite tank. P (switching) Miscellaneous ※１ ※1 water M M F P P Miscellaneous ClO2 Sodium Hydro- Sodium feed chlorite hypo- water tank pump chloric P tank acid chlorite (25%) tank tank (15%) (12%) Sodium Baffle plate hypochlorite S S S Sampling position pump Distribution tank Experimental water tank (experimental system) S Possible to install baffle plate P Automatic feed Experimental water tank water pump (conventional system) (for water intake) Sodium P Secondary screen hypochlorite stock Primary screen solution Kanazawa Water Treatment Plant combined sewage sand sedimentation Pump well pond Table 3 Location and period of experiments Clear weather experiment Rainy weather experiment Location of experiment Kanazawa Water Treatment Plant (Yokohama) Period of experiment February 2004 to April 2004 June 2004 to July 2004 Kanazawa Plant sand sedimentation pond Kanazawa Plant sand sedimentation pond Raw water influent (clear weather) influent (rainy weather) Comparative study of disinfection speed Demonstration of disinfection effect Outline of experiment with ClO2 and conventional technology using sewage in rainy weather. (sodium hypochlorite). Remarks Installed on slab at B3F sand sedimentation pond. 2.3 Results of developmental research 2.3.1 Results of clear weather experiment A comparison of the disinfection results with ClO2 injection and the conventional technology (injection of sodium hypochlorite in injection pipe) is shown in Figure 5. With the conventional technology, the total coliform in the treated water was 2.2 x 103 to 2.7 x 3 3 10 /cm with an injection rate of 21 mg/L. In contrast, with ClO2 injection, the total coliform in the treated water was less than 3000/cm3 with an injection rate of 15-16mg/L. 2.3.2 Results of rainy weather experiment An experiment with untreated sewage during rainy weather (influent at Kanazawa Water Treatment Plant sand sedimentation pond) was performed three times during rainfall when the maximum hourly precipitation rate was 5 mm/h or higher. Takahashi et al. 3 The results of ClO2 treatment under conditions of ClO2 injection rates of 5, 7.5, and 15 mg/L and a contact time of 3 min showed that the total coliform and fecal coliform counts were less than 3000/cm3 in all treated water samples. An outline of the results of these demonstration experiments is shown in Table 4. Table 4 Outline of results of demonstration experiments Experiment No. R-1 R-2 R-3 June 6, 2004; June 25, 2004 July 29, 2004 Date/time of experiment 9:00-17:00 11:00-16:00 9:00-17:00 No. of rain-free days prior to experiment 4 days 3 days 2 days※１ 35.0(Kanazawa Water 9.0(Kanazawa Water 5.5(Kanazawa Water Treatment Plant) Treatment Plant) Treatment Plant) 15.5(Kanazawa Pump 9.0(Kanazawa Pump 22.0(Kanazawa Maximum hourly precipitation (mm/h) Station) Station) Pump Station) 16.0(Mutsu-ura Pump 10.0(Mutsu-ura Pump 11.0(Mutsu-ura Station) Station) Pump Station) 23.0(Kanazawa 62.0(Kanazawa Water 20.0(Kanazawa Water Water Treatment Treatment Plant) Treatment Plant) Plant) 50.0(Kanazawa Pump 26.5(Kanazawa Pump Total precipitation (mm) 37.0(Kanazawa Station) Station) Pump Station) 48.0(Mutsu-ura Pump 26.5(Mutsu-ura Pump 22.0(Mutsu-ura Station) Station) Pump Station) Raw water for disinfection Untreated sewage Untreated sewage Untreated sewage Contact time (min) 3 3 3 Duration of experiment (h) 5 4 6 Disinfectant injection rate (mg/L) 5.0, 7.5, 15 7.5, 15 7.5, 15 Raw 1.9×104-3.9×105 4.3×105-2.4×106 3.2×104-3.4×106 water Total coliform (coliform/cm3) Treated 1.0×102※2-3.0×102 1.5×102-2.5×103 1.0×101※3-3.8×102 water Total coliform inactivation Treated 2.3-3.4 2.5-4.2 2.6-4.6 ratio water Residual ClO concentration Treated 2 0.5-12.3 1.0-7.2 2.7-13.1 (mg/L) water Residual sodium chlorite ion Treated 4.2-12.0 4.6-9.9 4.7-10.2 concentration (mg/L) water Residual chlorate ion Treated 1.3-3.0 1.6-3.0 2.5-4.5 concentration (mg/L) water Figure 5 Comparison of disinfection with ClO2 and conventional technology After2.25分後（二酸化塩素） 2.25 min (ClO2) After3分後（二酸化塩素）
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