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Real-Time Use of Soil Moisture Data for Refined REAL-TIME USE OF SOIL MOISTURE DATA FOR REFINED GREENSEEKER SENSOR BASED N RECOMMENDATIONS IN WINTER WHEAT ( Triticum aestivum L.) AND EFFECT OF FOLIAR P FERTILIZATION ON CORN (Zea mays L.) GRAIN YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY By OLGA S. WALSH Bachelor of Science in Soil Science St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg, Russia 1997 Master of Science in Soil Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2006 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2009 REAL-TIME USE OF SOIL MOISTURE DATA FOR REFINED GREENSEEKER SENSOR BASED N RECOMMENDATIONS IN WINTER WHEAT ( Triticum aestivum L.) AND EFFECT OF FOLIAR P FERTILIZATION ON CORN (Zea mays L.) GRAIN YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY Dissertation Approved: Dr. William R. Raun Dissertation Adviser Dr. John B. Solie Dr. Arthur R. Klatt Dr. Chad B. Godsey Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advisor Dr. William Raun for his guidance, inspiration and encouragement. I express my great appreciation to my dissertation committee members: Dr. Art Klatt, Dr. John Solie, and Dr. Chad Godsey for their wise suggestions and help during my graduate studies. Also I would like to thank Daniel Edmonds, Yumiko Kanke, Dr. Brenda Tuba ňa, Dr. Brian Arnall, and Dr. Kefyalew Desta for their leadership and expertise. I am grateful to all the members of Soil Fertility project at Oklahoma State University for their friendship and continuous motivation. I would also like to thank the Oklahoma State University faculty and staff for giving me the skills and the knowledge that I obtained during my study and work at the OSU. Also my sincere thank you goes to my wonderful family: my wonderful mom Elena Miller, my dear husband Stephen and my precious children – Willow and William for their continuous love, support, encouragement and for believing in me. I am honored to have completed my degree and greatly inspired by this experience. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. REAL-TIME USE OF SOIL MOISTURE DATA FOR REFINED GREENSEEKER SENSOR BASED N RECOMMENDATIONS IN WINTER WHEAT ( Triticum aestivum L.) Chapter Page I. ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................1 II. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................2 III. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................3 Soil moisture and plant growth ................................................................................3 Soil moisture and nitrogen use efficiency ................................................................4 Soil moisture and grain yield ...................................................................................7 Spatial and temporal variability .............................................................................11 Soil moisture and NDVI ........................................................................................14 Soil moisture research ............................................................................................16 IV. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES .....................................................................19 V. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................20 VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................32 VII. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................37 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................40 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................70 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1. Treatment structure for experiment 502, Lahoma, OK, 2008 and 2009. .....54 Table 2. Treatment structure for experiment 801, Perkins, OK, 2008 and 2009. .......54 Table 3. Treatment structure and winter wheat grain yield for experiment 502, Lahoma, OK, 2008 and 2009. ....................................................................................................55 Table 4. Treatment structure and winter wheat grain yield for experiment 801, Perkins, OK, 2008 and 2009. ....................................................................................................55 Table 5. Field activities including planting dates, seeding rates, cultivars, preplant fertilizer application dates, topdress fertilizer application dates, climatic data including rainfall, average air temperatures, and average soil temperatures for experiment 502, Lahoma, OK, and experiment 801, Perkins, OK, 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. ...........56 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1. Relationship between N rate and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2008. ......................................................................................................................................57 Figure 2. Winter wheat grain yield as affected by N rate, Lahoma, OK, 2008. .........58 Figure 3. Relationship between N rate and winter wheat grain yield, Perkins, OK, 2008. ......................................................................................................................................58 Figure 4.Winter wheat grain yield as affected by N rate, Perkins, OK, 2008. ...........59 Figure 5. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 growth stage and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2008. .................................................................................59 Figure 6. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by volumetric soil water content at the 5 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2008. ....................................................................................................................60 Figure 7. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by volumetric soil water content at the 25 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2008. ....................................................................................................................60 Figure 8. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by volumetric soil water content at the 60 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2008. ....................................................................................................................61 Figure 9. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by volumetric soil water content at the 75 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2008. ....................................................................................................................61 Figure 10. Relationship between INSEY (NDVI at the Feekes 5 growth stage/GDD>0) and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2008. .....................................................62 Figure 11. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 growth stage and winter wheat grain yield,Perkins, OK, 2008. ....................................................................................62 vi Figure Page Figure 12. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by fractal water index at the 5 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Perkins, OK, 2008. ....................................................................................................................…………..63 Figure 13. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by fractal water index at the 25 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Perkins, OK, 2008. ...................................................................................................................…….63 Figure 14. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by fractal water index at the 60 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Perkins, OK, 2008. ............................................................................................................................64 Figure 15. Relationship between INSEY (NDVI at the Feekes 5/GDD>0) and winter wheat grain yield, Perkins, OK, 2008. ........................................................................64 Figure 16. Relationship between INSEY (NDVI at the Feekes 5/GDD>0) multiplied by fractal water index at the 5 cm depth at the time of sensing and winter wheat grain yield, Perkins, OK, 2008. ......................................................................................................65 Figure 17. Relationship between N rate and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2009. ......................................................................................................................................65 Figure 18. Winter wheat grain yield as affected by N rate, Lahoma, OK, 2009. .......66 Figure 19. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 growth stage and winter wheat grain yield, experiment 502, Lahoma, OK, 2009. ......................................................66 Figure 20. Relationship between INSEY (NDVI at the Feekes 5 growth stage/GDD>0) and winter wheat grain yield, Lahoma, OK, 2009……………………………………...67 Figure 21. Relationship between NDVI at the Feekes 5 multiplied by volumetric soil water content at the 5 cm depth at the time of
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