Geomorphological Environment: Dunes in Agrigento Coast
Vincenzo Liguori Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica Facoltà di Ingegneria Università degli Studi di Palermo [email protected]
Giorgio Manno Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica Facoltà di Ingegneria Università degli Studi di Palermo
Francesco Caruso Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica Facoltà di Ingegneria Università degli Studi di Palermo
Territoris (2007-2008), 7: 157-173
Territoris Universitat de les Illes Balears 2007-2008. Núm. 7. pp. 157-173 ISSN: 1139-2169
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT: DUNES IN AGRIGENTO COAST
Vincenzo Liguori Giorgio Manno Francesco Caruso
RIASSUNTO: La fascia costiera di San Leone (Agrigento-Siclia). è costituita da una spiaggia sabbiosa delimítala verso terra da un complesso dunale di particolare pregio. L'assetto geomorfologico di questo litorale è stato inlluenzato dal forte grado di antropizzazione del luogo. La fascia costiera nel tempo ha súbito degli avanzamenti e arreiramenti. Sono stati quindi analizzati e proposti alcuni rimedi. mirali alia ricostruzione. al mantenimenlo e alia diíesa della duna.
ABSTRACT: The coastline ol'San Leone (Agrigento) is characterised by sandy beaches delimited on the interior by a particular dunal complex. The geomorphological aspects of this coast nave been influenced by a high degree of site anthropization and undergone advances and regressions over time. Several recommendations for reconslructing. maintaining and defending the dunes are proposed and analysed. KEY WORDS: Coastal environmeiit. dunes, coastal geomorphology.
1. Physical environment Behind the coastline. from west to east. we find the seaside resort of San Leone, San Leone (Agrigento) coastline is in- which extends from the mouth of the cluded between the mouth of the Akragas Akragas River until the so-called zone river (also known as San Leone river) and «Ragno d'oro». where the «Viale delle the mouth of the Naro river. San Leone dune» originates. path that skirts almost the coastline belongs to the physiographic unit whole shoreline taken into consideration and 10. This área has a hilly morphology and it that ends. in its turn. in the called área «Le is localized in south-west Sicily. confining Dune». This zone is adjacent to the Lido with the Mediterranean Sea. The coastline is Cannatello (bathing place), near to the long approximately 5.6 Km and its géo• mouth of the Naro river. graphie disposition is in the direction San Leone coastline is well linked up NW/SE. with the chief town Agrigento. The roads Liguori, V.. Manno. G. y Caruso F. Geomorphological Environment: Dunes in.
that link up Agrigento with San Leone are: physiographic units. Thanks to this scale, it Francesco Crispi street, provincial road N°4 is possible to analyse in detail the and Emporium avenue. In this treatment. the development effects of the dynamics coastal. coastal physiographic unit has been chosen In the figure 1 there are shown the 21 as temtorial level of analysis. or rather that physiographic units into which the Sicilian littoral strip in which the movements of shorelines has been divided. figure 2 sediments are delimited and where there are describes the studied area. no exchanges with other adjacent
Figura 1: The 21 physiographic units: 1) Milazzo - Capo Peloro: 2) Capo Peloro - Scaletta Zanglea: 3) Scaletta Zanglea - Giardini: 4) Giardini - Porto di Catania: 5) Porto di Catania - Punta Castelluzzo; 6) Punta Casteliuzzo - I. delle Correnti: 7) I. delle Correnli - Punta Braccetto: 8) Punta Braccetto - Licata: 9) Licata -Punta Bianca; 10) Punta Bianca - Capo Rosselló; 11) Capo Rosselló - Capo San Marco; 12) Capo San Marco -Punta Granitola; 13) Punta Granitola - Capo Feto; 14) Capo Feto - Capo San Vito: 15) Capo San Vito - Capo Rama; 16) Capo Rama - Capo Gallo; 17) Capo Gallo - Capo Mongerbino; 18) Capo Mongerbino - Cefalü: 19) Cefalü - Capo D'Orlando; 20) Capo D'Orlando - Capo Calava; 21) Capo Calava - Milazzo.
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Figura 2. The San Leone coastline (Agrigento)
2. San Leone (Agrigento) geology to «marine terrace» and dune shorelines. The geològic context is invariable also towards The arca is characterized by Plio- cast. in C.da Cannatello. where the area Pleistocene lands with different features occupied from the dunal sandy sediments (incoherent, pseudo-coherent and lithoid). becomes really denser. These sediments arc Among the genètic mechanisms that have overlapped lo the alluvium typical of the determined their formation, a very important Naro River's mouth. The nature of the role has been played by the processes of sea sediments, after flowing into the sea. is advance and regression that has produced the strictly linked up with the petrography sedimentation of sand stone and sand in characteristics of the rocks outcropping. heteropy with marly clays (Fm of Agrigento). inside the river basins. The superficial wàters These genètic mechanisms have brought transport sediments into the sea. allowing to the formation of lands clayey. slimy and of their distribution along the coast. It can be conglomerates pertaining at the marine affirmed that the lithological successions terrace. This tenace is wide inside in outcrop typical of the basins of Agrakas river and in the coastal area of Agrigento. In particular, Naro river, are constituted of clayey for• the coast that precedes the inhàbils place of mation (Tertiary). These sediments are co- San Leone and Cannatello is characterized vered in some parts from lands of the geologically by incoherent lands pertaining evaporitic series («Gypseous Sulphurous
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Serie» -middle- upper Messinian). We nave from the shoreline and 30 cm deep) and the executed drawing of samples of sediments submerged shore (through 5 m deep both from the emerged shore (to 5 meters submersion).
The depth valué has been chosen equal Figure 3b and 4b ¡Ilústrate the to 5 m because that valué is equal to the granulometric curves of the samples drawn «depth of closing». Beyond this valué the near the «Third beach» (fig. 3a) and offshore samplings. repeated year after year. do not (fig. 4a) being considered as representative show variations in the bathymetric. of the average shoreline conditions.
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From the granulometric curves that have Images of the samples previously men- been made. il luis emerged that the I),, ol'lhe tioned have been aequired (besides fig. 5a samples drawn on land is on average of and 5b) through electrònic microscope and 0.4mm, while which one of the samples aequired through digital telecamera, drawn on the submerged shore is of allowing to analyze the geomètric aspeets of 0,13mm. In both cases the curves indícate the shape of elàstic elements. that drawn samples are sand.
From the analysis of these images. it has 3. Geomorphologicaí environment emerged that the elàstic clements which form the samples have mostly spherical The coast consists of sandy beaches li- shape and they show an elevated degree of mited in the inner side by rock slopes or rounding. The superficial weaving of grains al·luvial plains. Morphologically. the te- is glittery. opaque and carved. Yellow ochre. rritory along the coast area is characterized white and the grey are the principal colours. by a landscape with very soft and bland The granular components are calcite and shapes. imposed by the presence of Plio- quartz (in traces). Fossiliferous microfauna Pleistocene outcropping sedimentan1 lands is absent both in the samples drawn on the with clayey-arenaceous matrix. It is possible emerged shore and on the sunken one. This to fïnd the presence of remarkable sub-level study shows how the fundamental difference surfaces produced by the erosi ve-sedi- between the samples drawn on the emerged mentary processes dues to the sea beach and on the submerged one is almost transgressions in the hinterland. which have exclusively a dimensional difference. strongly moulded the country plain. The
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coastal dunes that we meet along this shore the shoreline. can grow up to constitute a are formed by the sand transported by the real dune (foredune). In this process. Ihe wind from the surface of the beach. They vegetation. which keeps on growing above, constitute an element of transition between has a decisive role as it always remains a the beach and the hinterland. In the backing semi-permeable barrier. shores the eolic deposits can miss or if not. As it is shown in figure 6b. the beach they show signs of erosión at the basis and vegetation has a parallel course with the the vegetation on the external side results shore. It is possible to observe an arca often with the roots exposed. as it happened without vegetation and an área of plants along the coastline subject of the study. (which survive in an environment rich in precisely along «Terza Spiaggia» (fig. 6a), sodium chloride) that progressively covers and the «Spiaggia delle dune». with shrubby and arboreal dune vegetation. Well defined geomètric elements as In this coast. the dune disposition is enclosures or buildings along St. Leone always parallel to the shore, independenlly coastline. provoke often an accumulation of from the direction from which the wind sand on the windward side. The vegetation blows, so that the geometry of the dunes represents a less rigid obstacle and it reduces system cannot be used as palaeoclimatic gradually the wind speed. indicative to recognise those anemologic Where vegetation is present the dune is conditions of the age of their formation. softly joined with the beach (fig. 6b) as it The reason for that has to be found in the occurs along the shore área sheltered from fact that vegetation can grow at a much the emerged breakwater barriers in pro- defined distance from the sea. At that dis• ximity of the Second Beach. tance vegetation can contribute to the for• The first psammophilous plants mation of a sandbar. which results to be occurring on the very inner part of the always parallel to the shore. Along the Second Beach. represent such an obstacle to analysed coastal área, it is possible to find the form a first embryonic dune. This dune. if urban agglomerations of San Leone and not damasjed by the seasonal oscillations of Cannatello (Agrigento). Urbanizations
Fig. 6: a left) phenomenon of erosión to the foot of the dune; b right) foredune of the Second beach.
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(roads, piping systems. sewer systems. and so destroyed to build lines of communication. on) which serve these settlements, have urban settlements and more recently. even caused the urgeney to créate along the coastal local settlements on the beaches for the área a greater number of services (marina, carrying out of plays (fig. 7). heliport. walk along the promenade, and so In the evaluation of the development on) which. time after time, have modilied the trend of the shore (fig. 8) under consi• dynamics of the natural processes, provoking deraron, three spatial intervals have been in some strips of the shore. the moving back defined. for each of which a specific process of the coastline. deepening is proposed: All of it has. as a consequence. the necessity of carrying out works of pro- l) Interval Mouth River Akragas - tection. in order to secure the constructions a seafront «Falcone-Borsellino». sure safety. It provoked a progressive dete- It deals with the coastal area completely rioration of the coast. which has in the loss anthropic where the dock of San Leone and of many dune systems one of the most the seafront terrace stand, sheltered from an alarming signáis. These systems. already almost uninterrupted system of emerged threatened by the general moving back breakwater barriers - Length approximately process of the coastline. have been partly 1.150m.
Figura 7. Sight of the coastal dune attacked by the anthropic settlements.
This first interval of coast is absolutely the work a sequence of 6 barriers breakwater urbanised. subject to a sequence of inter- has been therefore erected. with limestone ventions that have completely modified the blocks. able to créate some inner sea-inlets nature of the landscape. of deposition. with the formation of small During the first half of the 70"s a front of beaches. land protected to sea by a wall of bank in Contextually. the construction of the reinforced concrete, so that the line of shore tourist dock of San Leone was carried out. advancing about 20-25m. As a protection of which at the beginning, was constituted only
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by the west dock with a length of around The cartographic comparison between 200m, then widened to the actual dimen• the datum of 1885 and that one of 1913 sions of approximately 560m, overhanging underlines during this interval a olear the sea of around 350m. At the moment, advancement of the beach with máximum there is also the eastern dock, around 240m superior to 8()m. In the following time of length. segment which starts from 1913 until 1931, As regards past years to such a period. there are considerable withdrawals of almost there have been no important phenomena of 130m. Between 1931 and 1960 there were advancement or moving back such as to give other phenomena of withdrawal. however prominencc to. except some peaks in pro- elevated with valúes around 7()m. ximity of the mouth of the San Leone River. This phenomenon has been attributed to probably conseqüent to variations of the the realization of interventions between the sol id transport in the years. end of the 50s and the first 60s consisted in the realisation of rocky blocks to protect the 2) Interval of beach protected from the ancient village of San Leone from the direct breakwater barriers. action of the wavy motion that, in the winter It deals with the sector of sandy shore months. was a threaten for the existing protected from a sequence of emerged constructions; actually, barriers have been breakwater barriers involving the First and carried out in rocks skimming to the coast so the Second Beach - Length around 1.500m. that to attenuate the waves action.
N Profíle 2 "Terza spiaggia" VMc Delk Dunc AJÍ
0 10 20m
Profíle 3 "Secónda spiaggian s
1 1 1
0 10 20m
Figura 8. The Second «beach» and the Third «beach» profiles
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However. this intervention has caused an coastal wàters, exposing the part of beach imbalance of the coastline dynamics pre- free from the breakwater barriers to the venting the taking in load of the sandy ma• erosive action of the wavy motion, so terial to transport towards East and so the in- evident during the last years. crease of the erosive potential of the sea, The strip under examination is included which gathered in the adjacent coastal among the end of the protected shore (in wàters. proximity of the third crossroad) and the The following interventions through the mouth of the Naro River (in proximity of construction of the dock and the seafront Cannatello Beach) for a length of around prevented the dispersión towards East of the 2.650 meters. sòlid deposits deriving from the San Leone Also for this sector of shore. feed mainly River and have even more accented the derives from sòlid deposits from the erosive power of the sea: to these effects it Akragas river and from the small inter- must be added those deriving by the mediate deep valleys that flow along this interventions of reclamation inside the basin line of coast. with the sediments' displa• of the San Leone river, actually extended to ce m e n t. garanteed by the drift coastal the first 90s. consistent in the realization of current facing East. harnessing and cementing of many streams Obviously. for the reasons above listed. tributaries in the principal water course. able the evolution of this coastline is exclusively to limit the natural capacity of the river sòlid linked up to the modifications occurred in transport. In the following years. part of the the western shore. «tombolo» shore has been completely covert The first comparison between 1885 and by new coastal deposits and during the last 1913 underlines a marked withdrawal in period it is recorded the tendency to the proximity of Cannatello Beach. where there formation of new small dunes fronts. are peaks also of around 8()m. the remaining The actual trend is therefore that of part of this shoreline is instead subject to prevalent stationariness. with a portion of advancements not over 20m in proximity of shore in which a remarkable quantity of the third beach and withdrawals of around sediments trapped by the barriers results to lOm in proximity of the beach of Dunes. In be subtracted to the dynamics of the sea. The the period among 1913 and 1931 further comparison among the data of 1931 and significant variations of the shoreline have 1998 shows, as a matter of fact. a prevailing been recorded. Shoreline keeps on going advancement of the coast liné, artificially backwards in proximity of the zone among imposed by the breakwaters. Cannatello Beach and the mouth of the Naro river. with peaks just a little over 90m. while .í) Intervallo di spiaggia libera «Viale the advancements are around 50m in delle Dune» - Cannatello. proximity of the third beach. Eventually, no It deals with the segment of shore meaningful variations have been found in vvithout protection. extending from the the shoreline related to the beach of Dune. orthogonal groin. which delimits the In the comparison among 1931 and 1966 protected shore close to the third traverse of a positive trend of the beach can be the Viale delle Dune. up to the mouth of the underlined. with a average advancement of River Naro - Length approximately 2.650m. around 10 meters associated with the The phenomenon of urbanisation of the withdrawal of the western sector, with the western coastal part has caused. naturally, displacement of the coastal deposits towards the increase of erosive processes on the East East. The negative datum is recorded
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however one more time, in the zone caused by the interventions of reclamation included among Cannatello Beach and the that at that time were started inside the moLith oí the Naro River, most probably basin.
Figura 9. Variation of the coastline.
In the following interval among 1966 front of the agglomeration risen in the West and 1970. a negative trend is recorded. once side of of River Naro's mouth. again. with withdrawals that. on average. are Among 1987 and 1992 after the around 20m. Conditions of greater erosión construction of the breakwater barriers, are found also in this case in the strip situated in the western side. there is the adjacent to the mouth of the Naro River presence of erosive processes, mainly (eastern sector). gathered along the West coastline. The From 1970 to 1987 there were no cartographic comparison with the year 1992 significant fluctuations of the shoreline's allows to record so a withdrawal with peaks trend. the only important variations are those of around 30 melers that involves the due to the advancements art i Fi c i a 11 y western zone of the line under examination produced through an oblique groin by the and an irregular advancement in the oriental shoreline related to the Dune beach. Another segment, in the strip that goes from of le oblique groin. put by Cannatello Beach. in Dune beach towards Cannatello Beach. order to protect of the road and the beach in
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In time this permanent situation keeps on rivers, with further negative consequences worsening and the comparison with the 1998 on the budget of the sediments. All of this cartography puts in evidence a further has caused not only the withdrawal of the withdrawal situated in the most western part, coastline, but also the conseqüent erosión of with a reduction of the beach of around 30m. the dune at the back. which has the function a further peak is also recorded in proximity of «natural reserve of sand» for the before of the Dune beach with a withdrawal of beach. and which has been more and more around 40m. tapering until to fade away. During the last years, the zone of free beach has been subject to heavy flood that have subsequently provoked the withdrawal 4. Considerations on the defence of of the shore in particular in the western área. the Dune System The erosión is manifested both against the natural structure of the beach, seriously The erosive phenomenon along this attacking and damaging in more strips the shore has aroused in the years particular dune, both against the anthropic structures attention and interest the community. as it carried out in the immediate vicinity of the has provoked the pardal destruction of the back beach, with serious damages. even if coastal dune. that represents over that a they are yet located. on the road for «Viale natural structure of particular interest and delle Dune». merit under the environmental profile. geo- In conclusión, the under waves zone next morphologic. landscape profile. also an to the anthropic interventions. which consist essential barrier to protect what is situated in in the breakwater barriers parallel to the proximity of it (roads. inhabited places, coastline, nowadays is subject to intense agricultural grounds. etc.). The restoration or erosive phenomena. Along this strip of the reconstruction of a tombolo and of the shore. there was a dune and retro-dune relative ecosystem can certainly have no structure in equilibrium, characterized by other purpose if not the restoration of the typical vegetation of the Mediterranean naturalness. A project of reconstruction can bush. consolidating the same dune. The involve both the reinforcement of an increase of the erosive process has provoked existing natural dune or in height or in depth the tapering of this portion of coast área and the reconstruction of a dune whereas it which separated Viale delle Dune from the does not exist anymore. The best work of shoreline. In particular, from the budget of redevelopment is always achieved through the sediments along this shore is absent the the reconstruction of beaches and dunes bringing due to the beaches protected by the similar as much as possible to those original. emerged breakwater barriers. with The dune bars face the great tides of storm. conseqüent intensification of the erosión prevent the approaching of the big waves near the áreas not protected. Moreover. it and they prevent directly the damage of the must be added the fact that in the two basins works situated along the coast and the flood related to the courses of water flowing along of the inner zones. the shore, interventions of reclamation have The growth of the dune can be prometed been carried out until the first 90's, such as and its structure can be strengthened against harnessing many affluent streams to the the erosión if it succeeds in making grow principal watercourses and even artificial appropriate vegetation on it. during an obs truc tions that have definitely limited the adequate period with the purpose to have a natural capacity of sòlid transport of the well developed radical apparatus. For the
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phytostabilisation it is possible to use local apparatus, and up to 10 years before getting and shrubby herbage. However, the refo- the máximum resistance against the erosión. restation of the dunes is not a simple An active program of enriehmenl and operation. as the substratum is in continuous maintenance of the vegetation can evolution and the roots of the new little considerably improve the survival and the plants are continually exposed by the wind. efficacy of the Ammophila. More recent It is then necessary to make them stable with experiences use also other species: par- dead hedges or with nets and panels before ticularly it results useíul the Otanthus proceeding to their planting. Examples of maritimus, that bears the aerosol and the this type of interventions can be observed sprays very well and it has a good edifying both in Italy and in the test of the world and capability. It is evident that these inter• they show a great variety of typologies. ventions need the preciusion to the access, at which converge generally in bedding least up to the moment in which the ve• Ammophila. getation has not completely covered the The species more used are Ammophila dune: preciusion that is achieved by means littoralis (A. breviligulata in America) or, of the construction of enclosures or in along the Atlantic coasts. Unióla paniculata, alternative superelevate paths or wood Panicum amanim, Panicum amaruliim. The platforms (fig. 10) so that the passage of plants must to be bed with great care, people do not produce a furrow which the covering them almost entirely with sand. so wind could then deepen and widen. that the plant can have an easier access to Another methodology that can be used is the damp and it can be protected from the the «construction of the dunes through baring of the wind and from the stamping; enclosures». These enclosures are cons- separately or in groups at a distance of tituted by wood sticks or brushwood, or around 50cm. from plàstic structures or mesh of juta or It is better to resort to the transplantation. coconut fibre. We can proceed by installing instead of the seeding: besides the difficulty a single fence, with following raisings of a to find the seeds. in l'act, it would be ne• single row, after the first one has been filled; cessary an excessive irrigation. When the or with a double row of fences. spaced out sand is trapped by plants collocated too of l'our times the height. followed by cióse, a dune with narrow base grows; on raisings also constituted by a double Iine. the other hand, if the same number of plants The enclosures' porosity has to be of 50c/c is set with small density. the base of the with empty and full spaces of 5 cm: they can dune will result wider. When the Ammophila be submerged even in one year. are planted too close it is very difficult the However. sand's accumulation varies reclamation of other dune species. according to the season. the year and the It is important to specify that this system location: under favourable conditions sand does not work anywhere. but only where rises of 1-2 m generally in one year. The there is enough dynamics to build. that is in enclosures have the vantage that they can be other words where there is a good bringing of set in any season of the year ant they start sand, otherwise the dune can form and the immediately to hold the sand. while it is plants of Ammophila decay. Another problem necessary to wait that vegetation takes root is that Ammophila vegetates with difficulty and grows sufficiently. the wideness of the unless it is at Ieast 2 m above sea level. beach has the great influence on the speed of It must be expect from 2 to 5 years so accumulation: it is evident that the wider is that the Ammophila creates a strong roots the surface before the barrier. the greater is
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the quantity of sand the wind can rise. It leaving the dune with a totally natural aspect must be said nevertheless that the favourable since the 6"' -7"1 year. In effect it deals with a conditions before mentioned are by now structure that effectively simúlales the enough rare: very often the bringing of sand Amtnophila peopling. from the sea and therefore from the wind In some strips of this shore the dune bar results very scarce. Also the beach can be no results corroded to the foot directly from the so large. This does not mean that the enclo- waves. In this case it is possible to créate a sures must no to be used, as there is always a basal barrier in wicker: keeping in mind that bringing of sand. Considering how much it has to be necessarily a very resistant work sand is important and precious. it is being on direct contact with the strength of opportune in these situations. to do the the waves. Finally. it is necessary not to possible to harness it. rescuing from the forget that the safeguard of the dunes and dynamics of the beach and the dune. The their reconstitution find obstacles in a part of Oficina Técnica Devesa-Albufera uses the resident population and the summer branches of Sparlina versicolor 50-80 cm frequenters. which see a limitation to the tall to delimit square of 4x3 m. After many exploitation of the coastal área. The pro- years of experiments, this structure with a tection of the dunes, after they have been permeability to the wind of 40-507r is formed and got stable, even during the same resulted the most successful and cheap to fix intervention. is a key factor in the efforts to the sand, to facilítate its accumulation. for its mitígate the impacts in the different least impact on the environment. In time the components.
d rd palings are cover by sand (2" -3 year). The following typologies of action must lh 1 they decay (4 -5' ' year) and they disappear. be expected:
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1) physical protection, that involves the brought by the two rivers (Akragas and reparation of the fences and the maintenance Naro) that flow on the shoreline. The trend of the vegetation. Interruptions of the of the coastal evolution has been established enclosure increase the probability that the taking into consideration the most important dune is damaged by the erosión of the wind modifications of anthropic origin imposed to and by the passage of the people: the coastline and its important variations in 2) legal protection. that ineludes the the long term and in the short period. possibility to adopt some ordinances that We have studied also the esteemed give to the corporate bodies in charge of the ecosystems in site which. according to what arrangement of the dunes the authority to has been previously said. are these days regúlate the allowed and forbidden activities threatened by the erosión and by the wrong in the área of the dunes and to clearly define human behaviours. that with excessive the áreas of dune and beach. The municipal carelessness has ignored them up to now. pólice, the coastguard. the beach-attendants vvithout taking into account how many will provide to make ordinances respected. advantages derive from the «good health» of The violations will be settled with such natural structures. Finally we have also administrad ve sanctions; analyzed possible remedies, aimed to the 3) programs of education and sensi- reconstruction. the maintenance and the tization to increase the awareness about the defence of the dune. proposing a sustainable importance of the dunes as natural use of the dunes ecosystem. protection. It is fundamental the cons- truction of superelevate gangways in wood or of pedestrian paths pleasantly practicable 6. Acknowledgement to cross the dune and to reach the beach. to avoid the stamping of the dunes áreas so With the contribution of the Co.R.I. intensely frequented: in faet. people use 2007. Università degli Studi di Palermo them with pleasure because walking on the sand is very tiring. In this way the environmental problem is restricted in Bibliography limited áreas where the damage of the vegetation and the erosión of the dune are AA.VV. (1999): Toward an European prevented by technical devices. strategy for the coastal zones Management (GIZC). General principies and political options 5. Conclusión AGENC. AGENCE POUR LA GES• TIÓN DES ESPACES NATURELS DE The study has paid particular evidence to CORSÉ (1994). Restauration de dimes a the problems linked up to the erosive faible dynamique edificatrice en Corsé. phenomenon (withdrawal of the shoreline Bastia. Inedited. with conseqüent destruction of the dune) AJUNTAMENT DE VALENCIA y with the purpose not only to find its causes DEVESA DE L' ALBUFERA (2000). but also of get durable and effective Restauración de las dunas litorales de la solutions. The causes resull very complex Devesa de la Albufera de Valencia. and articulated, but, among these. there are AJUNTAMENT DE VALENCIA. LIFE certainly the uncontrolled urbanisation and (2003). Duna, modelo de restauración de the negative budget of the sediments habitats aunares en I'albufera de Valencia.
172 Territoris, mim. 7. 2007-2008 Geomorphological Environment: Dunes in. Liguori. V.. Matino, G. y Caruso F.
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