tecture, Planning and Policy Development ITB, Bandung, April 17, 2008. The field survey of the research, organized together research, with the the students, of was carried survey out in field The August, 2008. and November-December 17, 2007 as April Bandung, an integrated ITB, activity of Development elective Policy and Planning tecture, 1 countrysid the in expedition an out carry to 1867 in Indie assigned the of was Governor the by geologist, Dutch young a Greve, de WH 19-century. the of end the at deposit of coal number large a across came geologists when Sawahlunt of history long The SAWAHLUNTO 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDOF Keywords: development, whichisoftenneglectedduetoconflictinginterests. of problem the and activities socio-economic of rehabilitation intervention, nexus physical important between the reveals Sawahlunto of case The leadership. political strong need endeavors these but making place to significantly contributes fabric urban historic that argues paper beautification. This on heritage conservationCultural city. mining utilizing ex-coal the the urban of fabricdynamics andcultural mining-relatedthe maintain installationsto order has in been priority criticized a due became to its emphasis ABSTRACT [email protected] Institut Teknologi Bandung, Dr.-Ing. Ir. Widjaja Martokusumo Urban Development Notions onRevitalization,Conservationand Sawahlunto Revisited: The Ex-CoalMiningCityof seminar onSpecial Topic inUrbanDesign,conducted bytheauthor.

T This is a revised paper, which was presented at the Seminar on Recent Research Works at the School of Archi of School the at Works Research Recent on Seminar the at presented was which paper, revised a is This triggered environmental problems and challenges. Revitalization combined with conservation efforts he structural change of Sawahlunto, Indonesia from a mining-based to a tourism-based economy has Mining-basedtourism,revitalization,conservationapproach,Sawahlunto,Indonesia o began at the time the at began o 1 e of of e Sug Lapangan Sigakut, Durian, tons Sungai of areas million the in 205 of reserve mining underground 1875. The results of the expedition indicated a coal VerbeekRDM by undertaken was expedition in the 1872, in death sudden Greve’s de After Westkust. Padangsche ’s de op transportstelsel het in en Bovenlanden the Ombilien-kolenveld with Het 1871 in title published was finding Greve’s M the Notions onRevitalization,ConservationandUrbanDevelopment ar, Tanah Hitam and Perambahan, including including Perambahan, and Hitam Tanah ar, inangkabau, West coast of Sumatera. De De Sumatera. of coast West inangkabau, The Ex-CoalMiningCityofSawahluntoRevisited: institutional -

Nakhara ��� Nakhara 108 mining undertaking in Sawahlunto led also to the the to also led Sawahlunto in undertaking mining The Sumatera. West in activities mining the from history of its urban development cannot be separated abundant evidence of a long history (Figure 1). The city). However few recognize that the tiny town had as language local the in known also was Sawahlunto operation, mining coal vast 550 were Europeans. 1930s when the the city in had 40,000 heyday inhabitants, its reached of which mining and Exploration heart of the in level, sea above 250-260m about basin, a in town. The Sawahlunto town is geographically located 28, 2010). Accelerating the development of the tiny (March http://m.kompasiana.com/?act=r&id=84953 2002. See “Sawahlunto, Coal and Country Railroad”. route from and to Sawahlunto, stopped operation in railway, The 1998. the in serving closed finally was Sawahlunto in operation mining coal the century, network. railway a by Emma to the connected (now Haven was town small early the By 1894, infrastructure. coal-mining Ombilin the for Netherlands the of government colonial the by 1888, the year when 5.5 million Gulden was investedin settled was town thereafter,the workers Shortly 1887. in and staff mining coal for settlement tiny a as developed initially Sawahlunto 2006). Miko, (cf. years 200 next the for utilized be could which the surrounding areas of of areas surrounding the Dr.-Ing. Ir. Widjaja Martokusumo Settlement structure ofSawahluntoin1921(Source: RedrawnafterSawahlunto2020 (Kuswartojo,2001)) Figure 1.: Bukit Barisan Teluk Bayur Teluk

(Asoka

Mountains,West Sumatera. After lasting for more than a than more for lasting After the Sawahlunto town, town, Sawahlunto the et al., seaport) via via seaport) Kota Arang Arang Kota 2005)

Due to the (coal (coal a state-owned company, was in charge of of charge in economic development initiative was undertaken to was socio- company, a production, of end the management. After state-owned Ombilin a Produksi Unit ( – Asam BA-UPO Bukit PT Tambang 2002, of end the At production in2000. of end the until government Indonesian new the by World War II, the mining operations were taken over production Sawahlunto, of architecture and the in urban fabric. After recognized especially be through the mining can artifacts and the spatial revolution activities, historical traces of the European industrial mining of period short relatively the Despite whole. Cement Maatschappij (cf. Zed, 2001. pp. 149) Indie in the beginning of 20 century, Padang Portland building of the first cement fabric in the Netherland- despite some persistent small scale, and mostly mostly illegal miningactivities,whicharestillinoperation. and strong scale, small became persistent some despite Sawahlunto for tourism based decentralization, the political will to execute mining- ( 2003 tahun Regulation Local the in stipulated was its and association with the national decentralization shift policy development This economy. based tourism- to mining-based from transformation the was which vision, new a upon based institutionally were endeavors these of All policy. planning environmental-friendly city an of introduction the to led obstacles socio-cultural and interests, political sustain Sawahlunto. Ecological problems, conflicting ). In accordance with the emphasis on emphasis the with accordance In ). Perusahaan Perusahaan ed 6 Perda

as a ), ), of historic buildings and sites, may take lower priority sense the in least at conservation, heritage cultural country,since developing a for objective strange a seem also may past the of legacy the Conserving the to remaking ofthiscityatourist destination. contribute will influences, colonial foreign history, urban with its mix of local-indigenous cultures and Sawahlunto’s of richness the Thus, fabric. urban its of layers cultural be the through still recognized can past the of legacy the Sawahlunto In colonialization. through directly about came form in out, built on influence Western pointed Asia, of countries most (2002) Logan As societies. and they reveal stories about stages in since spatial significant, productionare layers these of all and cities, Cultural layering is a common attribute of most Asian DYNAMIC CITY SAWAHLUNTO: AN ISSUEOF CU Indonesia andWest Sumatera Figure 2a: than other social needs, such as poverty alleviation LTURAL HERITAGE while several buildings nearby Sawahlunto are are Sawahlunto nearby buildings several while preserved been have city old the in period colonial and mining heritage buildings and artifacts from the mining-related installations. Only part of the industrialand fabric urban historic the of re-use adaptive the been mainly have programs, revitalization fabric the into integrated historic the to physical noteworthy improvements some 2000, Since well. as new environmental problems and social challenges triggered has policy development in change This tourism. mining-based and conservation heritage partially on has based policy development 2020 new a implemented Sawahlunto of mission and vision the realization, this from directly Following urban of 2002 andStubbs,2009). term in Logan, 1990; cities Dix, 1984; (Tunbridge, development developing concern various serious a to becoming of is fabric redevelopment urban the uncontrolled or revitalization uncritical of result a as heritage cultural of loss the though, years, recent In work. and infrastructure other transport housing, new of provision the and (Source: Sawahlunto2020(Kuswartojo,2001)) the administrativeareain1990(27,344ha) of expansion the and ha) (779 Sawahlunto town old The Figure 2b: Notions onRevitalization,ConservationandUrbanDevelopment The Ex-CoalMiningCityofSawahluntoRevisited:

Nakhara ��� Nakhara 110 o cn ein n dvlpet oto o new of control development and design can How as: What kind of productive uses can be introduced? some questions regarding the Sawahlunto case such improvement little to the quality brought of urban life. This raises have developments physical recent generally Thus, Sawahlunto. in case the been not this uses, are efforts productive new of introduction the with associated conservation Although, what heritageconservationisallabout. to regard with actors the among understanding or groups. opinions conflicting Moreover,of lot a still are there ethnic non-indigenous certain to related culturally are they if or period, created colonial the were during conserved be vulnerable to objects politically the as when conservation well as Heritage socially be large. can at society the in acceptance and readiness a not is, there politics, development urban Indonesian in issues important become have revitalization that and conservation while discussed has 2008) (Martokusumo, author only. city on the of focus beautification their the for criticized been have activities mo Dr.-Ing. Ir. Widjaja Martokusumo the protection of individual buildings, structures and with simply dealt conservation historic phase, early Tiesdell As REVITALIZATION 2. CONSERVATION AND and ignored. The to the conflicting interests, has behavior. often been simplified human and due relationship, this that reveals case Sawahlunto fabric forms/urban strong interdependent relationship between physical a is there that explained (2003) Saliya discussion, inhabitants and their environment. In relation to such as the people between thenexus to enhance order in will political strong a by supported be institutional also must and activities development. Consequently, efforts at revitalization socio-economic of rehabilitation interventions, physical with explicitly urban fabric. In a broader sense, revitalization deals process of spatial production in architecture and the the and beings human between relations complex revitalization is necessary in order to understand the An in-depth insight into the conservation approach in place. a of quality the enriching in role significant a fabric historic plays and making place to city’s significantly contributes any that argues paper This stimulated andincreased? awareness, And public participation environmental and sustainable development can implemented? be how be ultimately, facilities and buildings stly deserted. Consequently, conservation conservation Consequently, deserted. stly t al. et (1996) have pointed out, in its its in out, pointed have (1996)

Elsewhere, the the Elsewhere, by a sense of use, which includes community needs (cf. needs time ruled more by a sense of history; it is now ruled community to Martokusumo, 2008). While relevant conservation makes was at one more but past, them the of shrines worship merely not does It environment. natural and physical the change (Tiesdell of management the and change inexorable the about is conservation management. Accordingly, urban of apparatus an into turned has therefore conservation and function, urban for buildings. The preservation of of form has implications qualities to historical and addition architectural in visual, the concern conservation a was as up buildings set protected of use economic active the and areas of characteristics functional the on expanded into area-b concern phase second the in while artifacts, other on generating economic development while while development economic focuses generating on Revitalization characteristics. and economic physical cultural, social, of considerations urban neglected to certain careful with interventions physical through quarters of efforts vitality as the understood increase be can Revitalization the environmentalburdens(Eichstaedt,1996). result will have significant contributions in minimizing of existing urban utilization fabrics - building and sites - and as a sensitive promotes sustainability paradigm of The challenging. particularly is quality of balancing economic progress with environmental various requirements of conservation the and revitalization, and integrating of necessity the quarters, such In conservation. of interest the in controlled on the other hand physical change is restricted and the dynamics of change and economic opportunity; with Inevitably,deal to have quarters urban historic 2008). understand our cultural heritage (see Martokusumo, and appreciate to attempt an as conceived be can urban fabric in accommodating and new functional architectural of needs utilization The understanding. intellectual broadens and appreciation cultural a to leads movement conservation the of objective the important architectural andappreciate spatialto and forms. interpret In to essence,effort thorough a as physical dimensions, are but it should ultimately be seen conservation heritage increasing. for objects potential such an expanded concept of heritage conservation, dominant than historical associations of a place. With traditions, or and other environmental natural culturalobjectsand i.e. social -topography, are - landscape, morecultural concerns environmental areas where into interests its expanded has movement and ecological concerns. The heritage conservation et al. et

Conservation deals not only with the the with only not deals Conservation , 1996). Conservation concerns both concerns Conservation 1996). , ased policies. Thus, reflection e se per

mining production began declining in the period of period the in declining began production mining not have tons Coal cost. operational high to 100 due excavated been of mining coal the underground while explored, been has coal of tons million 30 only activities, mining coal of years 100 within support. the since decided, whole scheme been depends heavily not on massive and financial has exploration management coal future Nevertheless, million 100 tons. field of a deposit coal to a still is According there survey, expensive. transportation more and became processing coal Ombilin, in First, development policy, asfollows: in changes major been have there Since the decline of coal production in Sawahlunto, DEVELOPMENT POLICY 3. TRANSFORMATION AND imperative. space. Evitalization that focuses on urban the social realm is also within vitality of sense a enhances revitalization Social important. also is revitalization social concerns, economic and physical to addition area urban In offerliving. for should place a and attractiveness revitalized successfully the making, (Tiesdell realm public the of maintenance the for pays eventually that realm private the of utilization productive the is it since required, also is revitalization of dimension confidence in the location. The encourages longer-termand image economicgood a projects that realm public well-maintained attractive, an in result can investments. economic In the attract short-term, will physical interventions which conditions, favorable intervention is usually a short-term strategy to create a positive image makes a place attractive. Physical physical interventions are visible, often the highly first stage, since areas, urban historic revitalizing In more vibrantlivingenvironment. of use cultural products and historical fabric make in producing a and recognize should revitalization (Tiesdell physical and conservation functional has dimensions: process related two restructuring The shell. historic its within base economic area’s the of restructuring a or locality a of activities traditional of regeneration an historic area. Th maintaining and enhancing the specific character of 1940-1970. With the support of modern equipment, due to declining coal-mining operation operation coal-mining declining to due

According to the municipality’s website, website, municipality’s the to According t al. et is could either be the indigenous , 1996). To promote place place promote To 1996). , t al. et , 1996). As such, such, As 1996). , o olpe Aoa t l, 05 n Mk, 2006). Miko, and vulnerable 2005 al., are et (Asoka shafts collapse to mining neglected and and tunnels deserted coal where years, few last the in especially is excavation, mining coal condition (illegal) clandestine of Such be activities growing can years. by few exacerbated last activities the in mining seen unorganized to impacts due ecological in The reserves decreased. coal Sawahlunto surface when arose problems. increased problems the have in Sawahlunto ecological activities of mining coal surroundings 2010). illegal March, (28 Ongoing http://www. sawahlunto.go.id/index.php see Sawahlunto,” “Situs For anum. and 1980s, pr mining the coal in re-optimized activities mining mining activities, but this has unfortunately not not unfortunately the has of this but period activities, productive mining the adequately during was need supported and facility single manner. Every mining. except resources other any orderly have not an did which town”, in “company quasi a was Sawahlunto proceeded not had Third, the ridgesofsurroundingmountain. expansion of local settlements on valley slopes and deforestation and inundation through the unchecked The river is now threatened by on-going clandestine River Sungai the is Sawahlunto in to a beautification process. Another important feature improvements of some significant buildings have led not the extent, does Tosome needs. contemporary support infrastructure existing the of amenities, most modern and supporting adequate no are there Moreover, found. be hardly can city tourism mining-based coal a for facilities Standard sense. former of Ombilin museum coal mining quasi activities a in a as very limited designated is city old The urban quarters of Sawahlunto are in general neglect. old the years, five last the in interventions physical limited some from Apart needs. local limited meet only can they and but developed, been facilities have services urban new some Certainly, few. a public former kitchen the (now Museum and Kek, Sin Pek house shop former tunnel mine coal old the as such of attractions, tourist old of objects as the preserved are number city within small significance a historical of Only buildings Sawahlunto. of surrounding area the in other installations and industrial plant former processing the as in are such artifacts decay, few a repair; of state mediocre a Second, Notions onRevitalization,ConservationandUrbanDevelopment since the city was established, urbanization established, was city the since Societet the historic fabric in Sawahlunto is in in is Sawahlunto in fabric historic the The Ex-CoalMiningCityofSawahluntoRevisited: oduction reached one million ton per tonmillion onereached oduction building (now GPK), the Chinese Chinese the GPK), (now building Goedang Ransoem

Several ecological ecological Several Batang Ombilin Batang Mbah Suro Mbah ) to name , the , .

Nakhara ��� Nakhara 112 written in the 2001 Master Plan, improvements improvements Plan, Master 2001 the in written As city. Sawahlunto of development principal the Tourism Mining-based Acultural City.) Berbudaya yang Tambang Wisata Kota menjadi 2020 tahun Fourth, was solelydependentonminingactivities. Sawahlunto of dynamic urban the that reveals and mining years. workers and five the company last staff of PT the BA-UPO One to population of the reasons a is the partial resettlement comparison is of coal in this decrease Sawahlunto; in registered people 50,688 were there census, national 2000 the to According hamlets. small and communities the tiny of proliferation a conditions, to led extension Sawahlunto geographical its to Due people. 55,000 approximately was Sawahlunto new the population of the census, population national 1995 population by the on Based 2b) Figure followed and 2a (Figure was increase. which 1990, in ha 27,344 to ha 779 from boundary city administrative the expanding by undertaken were resources new been the case after the mine closure. Efforts to gain Dr.-Ing. Ir. Widjaja Martokusumo . Rencana Kota Wisata Tambang Sawahlunto, concerns. 2001. and facts several on based is Stubbs, 2009). The choice by Sawahlunto authorities West Sumatera, (Tiesdell of region the in particularly authorities urban many for by taken attraction been has approach an town, Sawahlunto socio-cultural main the as chosen been have artifacts related mining of conservation previously As MINING-BASED TOURISM CITY 4 trail andculturaltourism. part of the main development strategy for a heritage still intact. The critical re-use of such extent, buildingssome to will are, be housing, staff and worker the Societet kitchen public former the museum), a into turned (presently Sawahlunto of building station railway the as such facilities, Other buildings. colonial historic railway of number a and silos, station plant, processing coal the as such have retained the Indo-European architectural style, Sawahlunto have altered important buildings, others Although in visitors. objects important of interventions physical some to interest and its increase attractiveness to significant are sufficiently which considered sites, and of buildings locus historic a as important serves town old The Sawahlunto. of quarters urban historic the on focus initially will . SAWAHLUNTO: THECULTURAL Building, the PT BA-UPO office building, office BA-UPO PT the Building, the urban vision of the city city the of vision urban the

(English translation: Sawahlunto 2020: Sawahlunto translation: (English mentioned, tourism and the the and tourism mentioned, et al. Goedang Ransoem Goedang , 1996; Logan, 2002 &

Sawahlunto Sawahlunto emphasizes

Laporan Laporan , the , interesting facilities, such as the road and railway and road the as supporting such facilities, interesting for used be still facilities in the can mining-based tourism activities. they Other objects, tourism as and installations, and facilities special Second, Minangkabau. of countryside colonial the in villages and urbanized hamlets traditional the an among nestled settlement became development early its in Sawahlunto that so city, industrial the in had been developed area after the the model of the of European workers mine of settlement 1892. The of beginning exploitation in labor hard of tragedy human of past sordid a reveals and Indies, Netherlands- colonial the in operation mining coal of social, cultural and political events. It is the oldest more than 100 years, comprising a very long history First, mainly with the efforts and innovations to enrich enrich to innovations and efforts the with mainly de tourism mining-based of vision the strategy, and unpopular. In the Sawahlunto 2020 development interested parties and in Indonesia is quite unknown which presently does not attract large audiences or knowledge, broadening and education Mining- on focuses visitors. of flow It characteristic. specific more a has tourism based large a attracting and tourism influenced and dominated by consumerism in Indonesia is a new activity; it is unlike recreational the present and future life. However, mining tourism process that will give meaning to the past and enrich mining artifacts are significant tools in the education of the past provides inspiration for the future. All the and reconstruct past mining activities; the imaginationMining-based tourism is an endeavor to investigate (Asoka Sawahlunto of importance the to contributes also heroes national these mining of origin the coal itself, operation the of history the from and Apart others. Soedjatmoko Adinegoro, M.Yamin, as such area, surrounding its and Sawahlunto from came in and place reformers took politicians in the prominent Indonesian independent also movement Several Sawahlunto. implications international Fourth, surrounding areasofSawahlunto. colonial buildings and historic sites within and in the can be implemented through re-utilization of existing training center for a coal establish mining to research and reasons exploration. the This of one be can Third, and developed fortourismactivities. re-used be to adapted be can infrastructure freshwater and hospital, station, railway network, The Ombilin coal mining operation survived for the long history of the coal mining operation mining coal the of history long the et al the former coal mining operation contains operation mining coal former the certain socio-historical events with with events socio-historical certain ., 2005). als iig ciiis n Sawahlunto. in activities mining and appreciate the uniqueness and particularities of activities coal tourism to mechanism a as conceived be can conservation introduce to Endeavors revitalization the into scheme tosupportmining-basedtourism: integrated be will city old important buildings and sites within the Sawahlunto the realm of tourism activities in Indonesia. Several d. c. b. a. f h hsoia dvlpet f Sawahlunto. of development historical the of context the within dynamics socio-political the of coal of by miners against the colonial power was also struggle a part political The archipelago. the of parts all from and/ came which workers labour, hard or mine coal the by developed and introduced Indies, Netherlands East the from in were traditions basically a mixed Certain of diverse cul-tural backgrounds company. mining coal colonial the of tastes and values Wwestern the style of the buildings were designed awith the fter and recognize, the settlement pattern constructions) and architectural physical and traditions in the form of of arts and crafts. As (building one can consists evidences products socio-cultural lodgings, labor ( facilities supporting such as tools, machineries, buildings and other unloading site. loading/ the and village, small nearby a to 2010). 28, (March http://m.kompasiana.com/?act=r&id=84953 Railroad”. Country and Coal “Sawahlunto, Bayur Teluk Seaport. Cf. Zed, presently 2001, pp. 56ff and see also Haven, Emma to Sawahlunto from system connecting main Anai in cities 3 Valley the , and Panjang, passing through Padang , Padang of network railroad long 155.5km a built station Dutch tunnel. railway railway 835m an Sawahlunto, historic the as such coal wasselecte parks for future supporting recreational recreational activities inthelongterm. supporting future for parks landscape mining or lakes artificial as either designed be will shafts, and tunnels old the surface coal mining or (mostly pit around Sawahlunto), Open improved. been has installation tunnel mining underground surface and underground mining. The former Socio-cultural products of mining activities, mining of products Socio-cultural transportation, coal for infrastructure The previously where plant processing coal The / pit open the including sites, mining Coal (Lembah Anai) d, washedandprocessed. Societet connecting Sawahlunto Sawahlunto connecting . This railroad was the was railroad This . odn Ransoem Goedang ulig etc. building

In general, every every general, In including

The The ), to self-organizeisimperative. goals in Sawahlunto, empowering local institutional a institutional development. still and In order is to reach “tradition” tourism there development administrative that of situation lack reveals current Indonesia the urban in However, and self-organization self-authority. of ability the to refers and “tradition” called popularly is This self-organized. been has that everything values, and civilization, aspects, norms, regulatory includes human In “environment” term the patterns. particular or reveal will structures environment natural their contested and people and between relations ritual The overtime. intertwined was which cultures, the interplay and relationship between local reveal and foreign should history urban that emphasized natural man-made. or characteristics, specific its reveals town to limited finances. The local municipality has given re the into integrated been mining activities (Figure 3). However, they have coal not the of heyday the of examples - few a name to tunnels mining plant, power plant, sizing the as such installations, industrial and mining including style. architectural unique have which employee, dutch rank higher the for houses and housing, workers’ which the minaret, mosque a into electrich), transformed been had (centraal house power the former of chimney old 70m of the museum Ransoem, the Goedang Sawahlunto), of centre (cultural architectural and ensembles. assets urban significant Most sufficient or neither is buildings know-how nor concern there for area-based conservation. However, individual as and structures. well buildings as of groups ensembles into classified be can Sawahlunto in sites and buildings Historic 2005). Kotdes Wilayah Barat, Departemen Kimpraswil, July report on Revitalisasi Kota Lama Sawahlunto, Ditjen (see 2006 and 2005 Programme Revitalization on Technicali.e. Advices revitalization on programme year- 2 a Jakarta, in Works Public of Ministry the in 2002. The local municipality was also granted by inventory of significant buildings was accomplished structures. focused remained on preserving certain has individual buildings or conservation current yet situation, old town was undeniably defined by its geographical The typo-morphological structure of the Sawahlunto Sites 5.1 ConservationofBuildingsand Notions onRevitalization,ConservationandUrbanDevelopment

In Sawahlunto can still be experienced today,

In the course of conservation efforts, an efforts, conservation of course the In

Among them are the Societeit building Societeit the are them Among The Ex-CoalMiningCityofSawahluntoRevisited:

Askew and Logan (Logan, 2002) 2002) (Logan, Logan and Askew vitalization scheme due scheme vitalization

Nakhara ��� Nakhara 114 pala Divisi Pelestarian Dinas Pariwisata Pemkot Sawahlunto), August 2007; and interview cf. Tokohcf. interview Bidang and 2007 Sawahlunto), 2007; Seni Pemkot August Pariwisata Dinas Pelestarian Divisi pala 2 (Source: Martokusumo, August-December 2007) The workersettlement(left)andtheoldminingtunnelMbahSuro(right) Figure 3: Arsitektur, “MenghidupkanNegeriOrang Rantai”in TEMPO 31December-6 January2008. As previously mentioned, the river the mentioned, previously As placed, but blocking the view to the river (Figure 4). erected partly above the river-bed, not only unfittingly consideration for urban context. Shop houses were new The houses. shop facilities were erected without and ecological concern or building, market a town were constructed, such as the a new bus in terminal, improvements physical and facilities public new Several improved. were facilities mining the significant changes in the beginning of 1980s when place. The old town quarter of Sawahlunto underwent and maintains and enhances the uniquecoherence strong a has setting urban characterThe policies. of a conservation area-based of idea the to relevant is discussion This destruction. of danger in often are development- inappropriate to -due Those sites. or new by caused and/ buildings to refers development “uncontrolled” damages on issue related The conservation activities. further in interest and awareness public encourage Dr.-Ing. Ir. Widjaja Martokusumo Sawahlunto old town. In the past, the river was used the in elements urban important most the of one is facades, building on work rehabilitation for support financial

Interview with the Head of Conservation Division, Conservation of Head of the Agency Tourismwith Interview (Ke Sawahlunto of Municipality Development, 2 a respectable start. To some extent, it could Batang Ombilin Batang

development policy as a unique mining-based mining-based unique a tourism destinationinIndonesi as policy development Sawahlunto’s of interest the in be also must which be scheme, revitalization must broadened a into sites integrated and buildings of Moreover, conservation necessary. the are guidelines other and assessment, building control, conservation guidelines includingnewproductive uses, development impact more careful examination on development activities, fabric were put in danger of destruction (Figure 5). A disorder, in which the context and unity of the historic developmen inappropriate These context. environmental local to sensitive not was infill new the issues, local on position critical more a having of instead short, In spirit. architectural regional more a in constructed and designed superficially were buildings new The additions. informal from suffer and modified poorly strong influences of Furthermore, some historically valuable buildings with has excessively increased the water debit overtime. deforestation in the surrounding hills of Sawahlunto the mining industry. Environmental degradation and for electricity produce to and irrigation field rice for ts resulted in visual distraction and and distraction visual in resulted ts Indisch Architecture have been a. - path in the old city of Sawahlunto (cf. Rencana Kota Public space improvements, such as the pedestrian and of socio-cultural ecological significanceascultural landscapes. elements historical, of man-made are and Sawahlunto natural the Both a be Sawahlunto. to of inhabitants the of have interest common will protection landscape in action integrated and realistic more Avain. in been have landscape beautiful the protect to attempts control, development and understanding comprehensive of lack a to due however, Sawahlunto, specific of the character shaped has landscape which surrounding The hills, landslides. to steep vulnerable been have recently extremely by surrounded Sawahlunto is of town historic old the Additionally, caused many accidents have and environmental activities damage. Illegal landscape. surrounding the to threat serious a are which activities, mining coal illegal is problem settlements. striking new Another few decades due to deforestation and expansion of last the during decreased considerably has areas respective the of areas. In 30% Sawahlunto of the greenery in the requirement surrounding minimum the meet should areas urban in space open green ( National Regulation the to According years. recent in been raised has space open green of issue critical The Space 5.2 GreeneryandPublicOpen (Source: Martokusumo, August 2007) The shophousesabovetheriver Figure 4.: U aa un 26/2007 Ruang Tata UU ), the ideal ideal the ), Sawahlunto (Source:Martokusumo,July2009) Tourist informationoffice,kitscharchitecturein Figure 5: mining company (Source:Martokusumo, August 2007) the of office head former the of front in plaza urban The Figure :6 pedestrian the sidewalk However, does town. not meet old the requirements the in historic sites and major buildings connecting completed been have repairs sidewalk Some 6). (Figure weekends the during events public and gathering social for town the in place successful most the is this and space, BA-UPO has recently been transformedPT. intocompany a mining public the by owned formerly plaza are included in the Tourism and Plan Sawahlunto. An urban spaces urban lively creating for concern the address 2001.), TambangSawahlunto, Wisata Notions onRevitalization,ConservationandUrbanDevelopment The Ex-CoalMiningCityofSawahluntoRevisited:

Nakhara ��� Nakhara 116 and promoting tourism business will be based on based be will business tourism promoting and establishing in success the general, In landscape. socio-cultural natural sites, the of beauty the and activities, and associated buildings historical as locality, a the of uniqueness of the by determined be can place competitiveness tourism, In Sawahlunto. in management heritage comprehensive need more a a for indicated have tourism in trends Recent 5.3 Tourism DevelopmentStrate and address the quality of urban life of its inhabitants. undertakings in the public realm must be responsive are still based upon beautification from the heat of the sun. Overall, the improvements protection for shadow less produce trees new the without adequate concerns for tropical weather and of Achmad strip Yani commercial Street main were the replaced existing along by columnar trees The trees canopy comfortable. and safe, accessible, existing open spaces in the old town are sufficiently of barrier free universal design criteria. Not all of the Dr.-Ing. Ir. Widjaja Martokusumo promotional efforts are inter-connected. Better Better inter-connected. are efforts promotional tourism and improvements quality Basically,urban City”. “Sawahlunto 2020: A cultural Mining-based Tourism be to the major point of interest and object designated for the coming are charms and attractiveness its with together Sawahlunto urban of quality The surroundings. and Sawahlunto of quality urban the improve must policy development visitors. The and ready to receive domestic and international tourists inhabitants, so that in the near future its the for town amenities will urban be basic with provided first be must Sawahlunto attachment, place increase To , in families towns. small surrounding the in and Solok Padang, their with weekends the spend servants civil the the of most as idle left is weekends town on and days, working during only Another relevant fact is that people stay in Sawahlunto living environmentforSawahluntoinhabitants. tourism while accommodate meeting the requirements of a vibrant should development Urban town. the of distinctiveness the experience to visitors for must first be attractive to its Sawahlunto inhabitants, thenof offered Boom city The Kalaban. Water Muaro in the project as such tourism, consumption mass- in trend the of reconsideration critical a as tourism associated cultural of development the in background, has the possibility historical to take long a further its step and development socio-cultural unique its with Sawahlunto, attributes. associated the sensitive utilization of cultural products and their

(See Gunawan, 2004, pp. 15-16) such such 15-16) pp. 2004, Gunawan, (See per se . Hence, the gy heritage managemen the faces now Sawahlunto of and social rehabilitation. economic To on summarize, the municipality based strategy long-term a by followed be should and scheme revitalization a in short-term the strategy in Again, physical improvement lasting. is long only the be first step not self- would A 7). (Figure that projects than important more is space city sustaining beautiful a just than rather environment living vibrant more a create to good, lively and well-animated place; it is imperative are necessary. An interesting urban area is always a activities, such as programs, tourism destinationsof management and eventsquality high spots, with together recreational and restaurants home-stays, hotels, as such facilities business tourism standard necessity in developing a future functionality, future needs and economic into viability is a concerns aesthetics, on look critical more a Hence, account. ecological and context urban the still is city take must improvements physical the the and needed, of structure the of understanding facades. building sensitive of more beautification preserving A of the to pratice limited is structures and buildings individual on-going The been has criticized. scheme revitalization conservation the in the approach Nonetheless, activities mining Sawahlunto. coal in past the of particularities and uniqueness the interpret to mechanism the as conceived be could it approach; conservation a by supported are activities tourism introduce mining-associated to Endeavors revealed. are influences colonial foreign, of layers the of all that way a such in promoted be should history Urban Sawahlunto. of character distinct the shaped which events, and landscape urban elements and all socio-cultural local associated special traditions specific their and with installations artifacts colonial mining includes architecture, fabric urban of utilization The a coal mining-based Tourism City in . as Sawahlunto designated has policy development Industry Cement Padang - Netherlands-Indies the in factory cement first the and Bayur,Teluk now Haven, Emma seaport, the a railway of network development connecting the Padang-Sawahlunto to and contributions significant from the 19th century until the 2000s, Sawahlunto made explorations mining historical by long driven and background, development socio-cultural unique its With Sumatera. West in city coal-mining relation to the revitalization of Sawahlunto, a former This paper discussed the conservation approach in 6. CONCLUSION t. Indarung larger challenge of of challenge larger development policy. . The latest latest The . sfl die i mnn triooy ad int Amir Rionita and terminology, mining in advices useful for ITB Engineering Petroleum and Mining of Faculty the (Research Group Earth Resources and Exploration), from Widodo E. Lilik Dr.-Ing. (Research and Engineering) Wibowo Mining P.Group Aryo Dr.-Ing. colleagues, his to the author would like to express his sincere appreciations his field research. This article to is then dedicated to them. Also, the gratitude during work co-operative his and help express their for students to like would author The A between peo relationship the also but fabric, urban the only not conserving by future and present the for civilization human conscious more a enrich should meanings, as cultural embedded made its with architecture, Thus, well. be must Sawahlunto of inhabitants the for home a visitors, for favorable and a comfortable create to order in vibrant environment. In addition to space creating a place, urban of quality the Furthermore, improvement activities should increase (Source: The conceptualdevelopmentforthecolonialcoalminingtownSawahlunto Figure 7: Indra MDEforEnglish proofreading/editing. CKNOWLEDGEMENT Redrawn afterSawahlunto2020(Kuswartojo,2001)) ple andtheir living environment. Pariwisata Indonesia Bangsa. Membangun Pariwisata (2005) M.P. Gunawan, Forum 39) Groβstadt (1996) G.-S. Eichstaedt, Third WorldPlanningReview city. the in change the and Conservation (1990) G. Dix, alter Industriegebiete. Zukunt die für Werkstatt Emscher-Park, Bauausstellung (1993) Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landes des Verkehr und Wohnen Stadtentwicklung, für Minister Der Kota LamaSawahlunto (2005) Kimpraswil. Departemen Universitas Sawahlunto, SumateraBarat. Kota (PSH) Budaya dan Seni Humaniora Pariwisata, Kantor dan Andalas Studi Pusat Padang: Berbudaya yang Tambang Wisata Kota Menyongsong Asoka, A. REFERENCES Notions onRevitalization,ConservationandUrbanDevelopment Mnhi: ITshnuhelg (Meyers BI-Taschenbuchverlag Mannheim: . et al. et The Ex-CoalMiningCityofSawahluntoRevisited: (2005) 4,7-26 Düsseldorf. . Jakarta. Sawahlunto, Dulu, Kini dan Esok. dan Kini Dulu, Sawahlunto, tdöooi, Lebensraum Stadtökologie, 12(4), 385-406. aoa Revitalisasi Laporan Internationale .

Nakhara ��� Nakhara 118 php h Sawahlunto”. “Situs zine Sumatera. Inside in lunto Siregar, T. R. (2009, March), Under the old Silo of Sawah Railroad”. Country andkompasiana.com/?act=r&id=84953 Coal “Sawahlunto, Jawa Barat-Departemen Arsitektur ITB. (2003) Y. Saliya, Policies of Planning. Theory, Content and Best Practice for Design (1997) M. Carmona, & J. Punter, Kota semesterI2007/2008,Bandung. Tugas mata kuliah RK7112 (2008) Topik Khusus dalam Rancang Sawahlunto ITB. di TambangTulisanKota Revitalisasi Kegiatan SAPPK Sawahlunto. Tambang Kota Jejak Menapak Rancang Studi Program Consensus (2009) J. Pendlebury, (2005) Wisata Tambang Sawahlunto. yangBerbudaya Kota Pemda Padang: Andalas UniversityPress. Rakyat. Ekonomi ke Kapitalis Ekonomi dari Sawahlunto, Tua. Kota Jakarta’s of case the at look brief A Management. Heritage and Conservation on Notions Critical Project”: Martokusumo, W. (2008) Urban Heritage and “The Modern ITB Berkelanjutan. Kota Kawasan Penataan Konsep dan Catatan Beberapa Kota: Rancang dan Revitalisasi W.(2006) Martokusumo, Berbudaya. yang Bandung: PemerintahKotaSawahlunto-LPMITB. Tambang Wisata Kota (2001) mewujudkan T. Kuswartojo, (2001) Sawahlunto. Kota Pemerintah Rencana KotaWisata Tambang Sawahlunto. dan ITB LPM Globalizing a World in Heritage Urban Asia’s Protecting City: W.S. Logan, die Rolle des Denkmalschutzes. Kassel: Univ.Gh. Kassel. Projekte I der Stand zum Gelsenkirchen. Katalog Emscher-Park, (1993) Emscher-Park. IBA Dr.-Ing. Ir. Widjaja Martokusumo io A (d) (2006) (ed.). A. Miko, Oxford: Elsevier. (2005) C. Moughtin, psen, D. (1998) Die Modernisierung der Gesellschaft und , 17,31-45. (28March,2010) , 50,12-24. Journal ofSoutheast Asian Architecture, 11 . Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress. , New York: E&FNSpon. . London:Routledge. et.al. unl eecna Wlyh a Kota dan Wilayah Perencanaan Jurnal ejlnn aa Hari Malam Perjalanan (ed.). (2002) (ed.). ra Dsg, re Dimensions Green Design, Urban ttp://www.sawahlunto.go.id/index. osrain n h ae of age the in Conservation Tourism and Travelling Maga Travelling and Tourism aalno 00 Agenda 2020, Sawahlunto Internationale Bauausstellung Internationale iaia oa Tambang Kota Dinamika The disappearing “Asia” disappearing The . Sawahlunto. The Design Dimension Design The (March28,2010) aalno Kota Sawahlunto, Bnug IAI Bandung: . . Bandung. Kumpulan , 51-62. http://m. - - . .

Semen Indonesia M. Zed, oleh Press. Ombilin Batubara TambangKolonial Belanda 1891-1927 Buruh Eksploitasi (2006) Z. Zubir, 180. conservation. heritage urban and dominance political upon Reflections Cultural Tunbridge, J.E. (1984) Whose heritage to conserve Cross Quarters S. Tiesdell, Sons Inc. Conservation. Architectural (2009) J.H. Stubbs, Rantai. Orang Negeri Menghidupkan 2007: Arsitektur dan Seni TokohJanuari) 6 Desember- 31 ______.(2008, Tempo et al. et . Oxford: Architectural Press. t al. et (2001) . Jakarta:PustakaSinarHarapan. etmua nn a Knug Usai, Kunjung tak nan Pertempuran (1996) ie oord A lbl iw of View global A Honoured. Time Indarung Tonggak Sejarah Industri Sejarah Tonggak Indarung aain Geographer Canadian e Jre: on ie & Wiley John Jersey: New . Padang: Andalas University eiaiig itrc Urban Historic Revitalizing 2, 171- 28, ,