Calcium with and Without Magnesium for Primary Dysmenorrhea
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doi 10.15296/ijwhr.2017.56 http://www.ijwhr.net doi 10.15296/ijwhr.2015.27 OpenOpen Access Original Review Article InternationalInternational Journal Journal of Women’s of Women’s Health Health and Reproduction and Reproduction Sciences Sciences Vol.Vol. 3, No.5, No. 3, July 4, October 2015, 126–131 2017, 332–338 ISSNISSN 2330- 4456 2330- 4456 CalciumWomen on With the Otherand Without Side of War Magnesium and Poverty: for PrimaryIts Effect Dysmenorrhea:on the Health of Reproduction A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo- ControlledAyse Cevirme1, Yasemin Trial Hamlaci2*, Kevser Ozdemir2 SakinehAbstract Mohammad-Alizadeh Charandabi1, Mojgan Mirghafourvand1, Salimeh Nezamivand-Chegini2*, YousefWar and Javadzadeh poverty are ‘extraordinary3 conditions created by human intervention’ and ‘preventable public health problems.’ War and poverty have many negative effects on human health, especially women’s health. Health problems arising due to war and poverty are being observed as sexual abuse and rape, all kinds of violence and subsequent gynecologic and obstetrics problems with physiological Abstractand psychological courses, and pregnancies as the result of undesired but forced or obliged marriages and even rapes. Certainly, Objectives:unjust treatment To assess such asthe being effect unable of co-administration to gain footing on ofthe calcium land it isand lived magnesium (asylum seeker, and calciumrefugee, etc.)alone and on being pain deprivedintensity of in primary dysmenorrhea.social security, citizenship rights and human rights brings about the deprivation of access to health services and of provision of Materialsservice intended and Methods:for gynecology In this and study,obstetrics. 63 Thestudents purpose with of thisprimary article dysmenorrheais to address effects were of warrandomly and poverty allocated on the into health 2 interventionof (receivingreproduction one of tablet women a day and combined to offer scientific 600 mg contribution calcium carbonate and solutions. and 300 mg magnesium stearate, or only 600 mg calcium carbonate fromKeywords: 15th dayPoverty, of cycle Reproductive until no painhealth, day War on the following cycle) and 1 placebo groups. The subjects filled in a diary including pain intensity (0-10 visual analog scale) and rest length for 2 cycles before intervention and 2 cycles under intervention. Univariate general linear model was used for data analysis. Results: One from each intervention groups were lost to follow up. Both combined calcium- magnesium and calcium alone groups Introductionhad better outcomes than the placebo group in pain intensity (adjustedthought thatdifference severe -1.9, military 95% CIconflicts -2.2 to in -1.7 Africa and -0.9,shorten -1.2 to -0.6, Throughoutrespectively), the rest history length of(-2.5 the hours, world, -3.2 the to ones-1.9 andwho -1.7, had -2.4 to the-1.1) expected and number lifetime of Ibuprofen for more taken than (-2.6, 2 years. -4.1 toIn -1.1general, and -1.5, -2.9 confrontedto -0.1). The the calcium-magnesium bitterest face of poverty group hadand significantlywar had al- betterWHO outcomes had thancalculated the calcium that 269 group thousand in pain people relief and had rest died length but waysnot in been the theIbuprofen women. group. As known No side poverty effect andwas reported.war affects in 1999 due to the effect of wars and that loss of 8.44 mil- humanConclusion: health Both either combined directly calcium-magnesium or indirectly, the effects and calcium of alonelion healthyare effective years in of relieving life had theoccurred pain and (2,3). decreasing the rest length thisdue condition to primary on dysmenorrhea, health and status but betterof women efficacy in the was so obtained- Wars from negatively combined affect calcium the and provision magnesium of health in comparison services. with its cietycounterpart. should not be ignored. This study intends to cast Health institutions such as hospitals, laboratories and lightKeywords: on the effectsCalcium, of warDysmenorrhea, and poverty Magnesium,on the reproductive Pain health centers are direct targets of war. Moreover, the wars health of women. For this purpose, the face of war affect- cause the migration of qualified health employees, and ing the women, the problem of immigration, inequalities thus the health services hitches. Assessments made indi- in distribution of income based on gender and the effects cate that the effect of destruction in the infrastructure of Introduction general aches and back pain have been shown in some of all these on the reproductive health of women will be health continues for 5-10 years even after the finalization Primaryaddressed. dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain which occurs in of conflictsstudies (3). (7-9). Due Disruption to resource ofrequirements calcium regulation in the re- has been the absence of demonstrable pelvic disease and occurs in structuringproposed investments as an underling after war, factor the share for increasingallocated to incidence aboutWar and 50% Women’s of adult Health women and 90% of teens (1). It affects healthand has severity decreased of (1).menstrual pain (10,11). It may affect them women’sFamine, synonymousquality of life with and war in severeand poverty, cases canis clearer cause for weak - through controlling neuromuscular activities (12). nesswomen; and warinefficiency means deep (2). disadvantages such as full de- MortalitiesAlso, and there Morbidities are some possible pathways by which mag- struction,Although loss the of futureexact and cause uncertainty of primary for women. dysmenorrhea Wars The onesnesium who might are most influence affected dysmenorrhea. from wars are women It relaxes and the mus- isare unknown, conflicts thatbut destroythe accepted families, theory societies about and culturesits cause is children.cles andWhile is deathsinvolved depending in the activity on direct of violenceserotonin af -and other over-productionthat negatively affect of theuterine health prostaglandins of community and(3). cause Prosta - fect theneurotransmitters, male population, theas well indirect as in deaths vascular kill children,contraction , neu- glandinviolation inhibitors of human rights.are effective According in toits thetreatment data of World in about womenromuscular and elders functionmore. In Iraqand betweencell membrane 1990-1994, stability in- (13). 80%Health of casesOrganization but their (WHO) long-term and useWorld may Bank, cause in some 2002 side fant deathsSome studieshad shown show this that reality magnesium in its more has bare positive form effect on wars had been among the first ten reasons which killed with an increase of 600% (4). The war taking five years effects like nausea, stomach irritation, ulcers, renal papil- reducing premenstrual syndrome symptoms (14-16), and the most and caused disabilities. Civil losses are at the rate increases the child deaths under age of 5 by 13%. Also 47% laryof 90% necrosis within and all losses decrease (1). in renal blood flow (4,5). Thus of all severitythe refugees of primary in the world dysmenorrhea and 50% of asylum(17,18). seekers The research- nowadays,War has many most negative consumers effects onare human looking health. for Onealternative of and displaceders reported people evidence are women of reduced and girls levels and 44%of prostaglandin ref- painthese relievers is its effect with of minimal shortening or nothe adverseaverage effectshuman (6). life. ugeesF2α, and aasylum hormone-like seekers are substance children involvedunder the inage pain of and in- AccordingThere is tosome the dataevidence of WHO, supporting the average the humanrole of lifesome is di- 18 (5).flammation (19). Also, it may affect them by decreasing etary68.1 years supplements, for males andincluding 72.7 years Omega-3 for females. fatty It isacids, being such As theprostaglandins result of wars (20-22), and armed by activating conflicts, Bwomen vitamins, are especial- as fish oil, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin D, vitamin E, ly vitamin B6 and/or affecting muscle relaxation by con- magnesium and vitamin B6, on menstrual pain relieve. trolling the effect of calcium on muscle contraction (23). Received 12 December 2014, Accepted 25 April 2015, Available online 1 July 2015 Calcium may also help reduce menstrual pain but there is To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study 1Department of Nursing, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey. 2Department of Midwifery, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey. no*Corresponding clear evidence author: in Yasemin this regard Hamlaci, (6).Department of Midwifery, Sakarya University,aimed Sakarya, to Turkey.determine Tel: +905556080628, the effect of combined administration Email:Benefits [email protected] of calcium supplements on reducing the sever- of calcium and magnesium and calcium alone on the pain ity of menstrual symptoms including abdominal cramps, intensity and rest length due to dysmenorrhea (primary Received 7 January 2017, Accepted 13 April 2017, Available online 28 April 2017 1Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2Students’ Research Committee, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. *Corresponding Author: Salimeh Nezamivand-Chegini, Tel: +989111356476, Email: [email protected] Mohammad-Alizadeh Charandabi et al outcome) and number of analgesics taken