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The Virtual Simulation of Child Sexual Abuse: Online Gameworld Users’ Views, Understanding and Responses to Sexual Ageplay

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The Virtual Simulation of Child Sexual Abuse: Online Gameworld Users’ Views, Understanding and Responses to Sexual Ageplay Ethics and Information Technology (2018) 20:101–113 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9449-5 ORIGINAL PAPER The virtual simulation of child sexual abuse: online gameworld users’ views, understanding and responses to sexual ageplay Carla Reeves1 Published online: 25 January 2018 © The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication Abstract This paper explores cultural understandings of virtual sexual ageplay in the online world of Second Life. Online sexual ageplay is the virtual simulation of child abuse by consensual adults operating in-world with child computer characters (avatars). Second Life is primarily governed by Community Standards which rely on residents (the users of Second Life) to recognise sexual ageplay and report it, which requires an appreciation of how residents view, understand and construct sexual ageplay. The research presented drew on 12 months of resident blog posts referring to sexual ageplay: 263 total, with 91 residents. The analysis of this talk explores the cultural understandings of this banned behaviour and beliefs about the nature of Second Life which underpin residents’ likelihood to report sexual ageplay and so comply with the Community Standards. In considering these issues the paper is able to highlight issues regarding the unique cultural position of abuse against children and key concerns which underpin the reporting behaviour of residents. Key considerations relate to defining online sexual activity and child avatars; the moral status of ‘reporters’, and sexual ageplay as a form of edgeplay; belief in the harmfulness of sexual ageplay and its relationship to real world behaviours. Keywords Virtual child abuse · Sexual ageplay · Ageplay · Second Life · Moral Introduction itself, has no direct involvement with real life (RL) children and is only a simulation or pretence of child sexual abuse, it Sexual ageplay refers to adults engaging in sexual activity is considered as having indirect harms. This is particularly in when one or more are role-playing as a child. In real life, light of gathering international concern round the anonym- such behaviours between consenting adults may be con- ity and freedom of the online world which facilitates social sidered as unusual, a fetish, or even deviant, but they are networking and the sharing of real and digitally-created child not illegal because they are all consenting adults (Richards sexual abuse images, as well as the potential harms of view- 2015). However, although virtual sexual ageplay is essen- ing fantasy images of such abuse related to child sexualisa- tially the same behaviour but online, it is regarded as much tion as well as the normalisation of a sexual interest in chil- more problematic: as the simulated sexual abuse of children dren, which is argued to increase the likelihood of real world in online environments (Reeves 2013). Online sexual age- offending (c.f., Levy 2002; Kierkegaard 2008; Meek-Prieto play is, therefore, regarded as evidence of a sexual interest 2008; Wilson 2009; Luck 2009; Nair 2010; Reeves 2013). in children as the adult players of child computer characters Consequent to this view of virtual sexual ageplay, there (known as avatars) choose to use them to act out scenes of is increasing consideration of the legal status of this online child sexual abuse either between other adults playing as behaviour. Sexual ageplay can arguably be encompassed children, or adults playing as adults, or adults playing as under legislation on fantasy images of child abuse (Reeves other types of avatars. Thus, while online sexual ageplay, in 2013). Some jurisdictions, such as England and Wales though the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, have made * Carla Reeves [email protected] 1 Department of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Huddersfield, R3/07, Ramsden Building, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 102 C. Reeves possession of fantasy images1 illegal based upon arguments entails, views on the ‘wrongness’ of the behaviour, as well that relate such imagery to the normalisation of child sex- as on the efficacy of reporting procedures are fundamental uality, exploitation and abuse, as well as correlate it with to efforts to curb such online behaviours. other criminal activity, such as grooming of children and possession of real life child abuse images. Whilst the status of sexual ageplay as an ‘image’ that can be possessed is Virtual sexual ageplay in Second Life contestable, being more of a social interaction; the underly- ing principles for criminalisation (or non-criminalisation) Sexual ageplay has been of particular concern within mas- remain the same: the level of indirect harm to children sively-multiuser online games (MMOG) such as SL due to caused, the boundaries of criminal law, and the relationship the fluid and anonymous nature of these virtual social envi- of online fantasy behaviours to real world action. Because ronments; being flexible playing platforms in which users of the reliance on criminalising behaviours that have only (hereafter referred to by their preferred moniker of residents) indirect harm (with little current evidence base), other juris- can socially interact with other residents in real-time through dictions, including the US, have refrained from criminalising highly manipulatable avatars in ways not unlike in the real fantasy images to date because of the lack of direct harm world, but unfettered by social and physical boundaries to children (Herczeg 2014). The cultural status of fantasy (Zhou et al. 2011). Residents can have one or more avatars images has also impacted on the legal status. For instance, (known colloquially as an avi or ava) that are created to rep- in Japan erotic anime and manga2 are popular in mainstream resent anything or anyone they wish. This can be inanimate culture, and possession of images of child abuse was crimi- as well as animate objects, real or mythical, like the resident nalised only as recently as 2014 (although creation and dis- (or an aspect of themselves) or not. Residents can change tribution had been illegal since 1999), with possession of the appearance of avatars through changing the nature and fantasy images and pseudo-photographs exempted from this look of their features, size, shape, clothes, colour and so prohibition, despite global pressure (Takeuchi 2015). This on, so that each avatar is a highly constructed and often global uncertainty about the legal position of sexual ageplay artistic image. Thus, the capacity of residents to ‘play’ with has resulted in virtual gameworlds being required to prohibit and try out new realities and identities is vast and one of the behaviour to ensure their users’ compliance with relevant the attractions of SL type worlds. However, this very free- jurisdictional laws, as well as to maintain good social order dom or ‘creative empowerment’ (Stoup 2008) that residents and online behaviour. prize is what allows sexual ageplay. Thus, since initial police This paper will explore the online gameworld of Second attention on SL uncovered ‘paedophile’ and abuse imagery Life (SL) to exemplify how people using online games or distribution networks in 2005, simultaneously discovering environments understand, view and respond to sexual age- related sexual ageplay groups dubbed ‘virtual paedophile’ play. It is thus beyond the remit of this paper to engage in a or ‘virtual child prostitution’ rings, Linden Lab (the Califor- moral, research evidence or legal debate about the harmful- nian company that owns SL) has both denied the existence ness or wrongness of sexual ageplay. Exploring the cultural of sexual ageplay in SL but also, through the Community understandings of the issue from the users’ perspective is Standards, banned such virtual behaviours in any SL region particularly important given the reliance of such online envi- (known as a sim), as well as all child avatars from adult ronments on these users to identify and report such behav- only or ‘mature’ (M) SL sims. Thus M sims have widened iour which contravenes the rules of the environment. Their in definition from being for RL adult residents only to RL definitions and understanding of what sexual ageplay is and adult residents and non-child-like avatars.3 The governance of these Community Standards is com- plex as SL operates through allowing residents to buy and create their own sims on the SL grid and so use the virtual 1 Fantasy images are distinct from pseudo-photographs or digi- tal images which are criminalised in a wider range of jurisdictions space as they wish. Thus, SL is made up of a patchwork of (including, for example, the US) and were first criminalised in Eng- co-created, individually owned and operated sims under the land and Wales through the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act umbrella of Linden Lab, but within which each sim owner 1994 which amended the Protection of Children Act 1978 to extend can set their own rules and accessibility (Stoup 2008). A the definition of indecent images of children to include digitally created images. These images are normally required to be virtually resident who does not own or operate a sim can, thus, access indistinguishable from a real photograph of abuse. Often legisla- tion prohibiting such images was primarily argued on the grounds of investigative need: where photographs and pseudo-photographs were difficult to tell apart and were introducing reasonable doubt in pros- 3 Notably, it cannot be for RL adult residents and SL adult avatars ecutions (Akdeniz 2008). only as some avatar types cannot be referred to in age-terms easily, 2 This includes the manga subgenre of Lolicon (Lolita Complex) this includes ‘furries’ (animal/human hybrids), animals, mythical which sexually depicts children and adolescents. creatures and the like, but can also be objects. 1 3 The virtual simulation of child sexual abuse: online gameworld users’ views, understanding… 103 others as they wish, unless they are for private groups, so The study long as they abide by the individual sims’ ground rules.
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