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How Far Do Their Roles and Responsibilities Stretch?

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How Far Do Their Roles and Responsibilities Stretch? View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: HOW FAR DO THEIR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES STRETCH? ADEYEYE ADEFOLAKE OYEWANDE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2008 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: HOW FAR DO THEIR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES STRETCH? ADEYEYE ADEFOLAKE OYEWANDE (LL.B.(Hons.) Buckingham; LL.M Cantab) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF LAW NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2008 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and Foremost, I thank God for the opportunity to undertake this doctoral study. During the course of the study, I have found God’s grace to be more than sufficient. I am grateful for guidance, provision and sustenance. The completion of this thesis also leaves me indebted to a large number of people. I am grateful to the National University of Singapore for the award of a research scholarship and the President Graduate Fellowship award. My sincere gratitude goes to my Ph.D supervisor, Professor Sornarajah for his unflinching support and encouragement. Professor Sornarajah is a mentor and a friend. I am grateful for his constructive criticisms and availability at different stages of the thesis writing. I could not have written the thesis without his support. I would also like to thank Dr. Femi Elias and Dr. Chin Leng Lim for their support and encouragement. Both were instrumental in my decision to undertake the doctoral studies. To Normah, Zana, Chin Yee and Sock Khim in the Faculty of Law, graduate office, thank you all for your support. To A/Profs Alan Tan, Victor Ramraj, Joel Lee and Prof. Teo Keang Sood, thank you for the support and encouragement. To Prof. Thio Li Ann, thank you for the advice and insights into the approach useful for doctoral studies. To the CJ Koh law library staff, thank you for always going the extra mile. To Wunmi and Adebiyi, Alex and Mel, Sadas and Deena, the Eletu-odibos, Kunle and Yinka, Debbie and Moog, Hayley and Shu Chuen, Jody and Lap, Donna, Lin Lin, Adodo, Hands of Grace Group and several others too many to mention, thank you for your friendship, prayers and support. Finally to my parents, siblings and family, thank you for the love and support. To my darling husband Kunle, thank you so much for being you and for being there. Your understanding and sacrifices are much appreciated. I agree wholeheartedly with you “rest is sweet after labour”. To Fope and Oba, thank you for giving mummy so much of your precious time. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Summary viii Table of International Agreements, Charters, Conventions, Declarations and Treaties x Table of Statues and Ordinances xi Table of Cases xii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Chapter Outline 1. Introduction 1 1.1 General Statement 1 1.2 Scope and Justification of Research 6 1.3 Methodology and Arrangement of Research 15 2. Corporate Social Responsibility 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Definition and Scope of CSR 22 2.2.1 Whether Corporations have Broad Responsibilities? 23 2.2.2 Whether CSR is Beyond Rules, Subject to Voluntary or Mandatory Rules? 26 ii 2.2.3 Whether Universal Standards of CSR are Evolving? 27 2.2.3.1 Evolution and Implementation of Universal Standards 29 2.3 Global Changes to CSR 34 2.3.1 Legal Awareness of the Need for CSR 34 2.3.2 The ‘Spotlight Effect’ 44 2.3.3 International Legal Action 48 2.3.3.1 United States Cases 48 2.3.3.2 United Kingdom Cases 54 2.3.4 Corporate Awareness of the Importance of CSR 61 2.4 Conclusion 68 3. Anti-corruption as a CSR Standard 70 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 What is Corruption? 72 3.3 MNCs and International Corruption 76 3.3.1 Examples of International Corruption 76 3.3.2 Accountability 84 3.3.2.1 Selected Voluntary Rules 84 3.3.2.1.1 Transparency International’s Business Principles for Countering Corruption 85 3.3.2.1.2 World Economic Forum Partnering Against Corruption Principles for Countering Bribery 86 3.3.2.1.3 International Chamber of Commerce Rules of iii Conduct and Recommendations for Combating Extortion and Bribery 90 3.3.2.2 Selected Mandatory Rules 93 3.3.2.2.1 United Kingdom 95 3.3.2.2.2 United States 104 3.3.2.2.3 Singapore 108 3.3.2.2.4 Nigeria 115 3.3.2.3 Usefulness of Extraterritorial Laws for Transnational Bribery 122 3.4 Conclusion 125 4. International Law, Anti-corruption and CSR 128 4.1 Introduction 128 4.2 The Curb of International Corruption 130 4.2.1 Regional Laws 133 4.2.1.1 The Organization of American States Inter-American Convention against Corruption (Inter-American Convention) 133 4.2.1.2 Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention 137 4.2.1.3 African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AU Convention) 140 iv 4.2.2 Multi-Regional Laws 144 4.2.2.1 The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (OECD Anti-Bribery Convention) 144 4.2.2.2 The UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) 157 4.3 Direct Corporate Responsibility under International Law 161 4.3.1 Model of International Corporate Responsibility 169 4.3.2 Unintended Consequences of International Corporate Responsibility 177 4.3.3 Summary 185 4.4 Conclusion 186 5. Civil Remedies, Anti-corruption and CSR 188 5.1 Introduction 188 5.2 Corruption and the Enforceabilty of International Contracts 189 5.2.1 Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Tainted with Bribery 190 5.2.2 International Commercial Arbitration and the Validity of International Contracts tainted with Bribery 197 5.3 Private Rights of Action for Damages by Victims of Corruption 209 5.3.1 Private Actions against Corrupt Competitors in International Commerce 211 v 5.4 Conclusion 214 6. Corporate Governance and CSR 217 6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 What is Corporate Governance? 218 6.3 Corporate Governance as it Relates to CSR 219 6.3.1 International Corruption and the Use of Shareholder Derivative Suits 230 6.3.1.1 Derivative Suits in the US 231 6.3.1.1.1 Business Judgment Rule 232 6.3.1.1.2 Net Loss Rule 240 6.3.1.1.3 No Duty to Disclose Rule 243 6.3.1.2 Derivative Suits in the UK 246 6.4 Conclusion 250 7. Global Governance and CSR 252 7.1 Introduction 252 7.2 What is Global Governance? 254 7.3 Global Governance and Corruption 258 7.3.1 Reform and Strengthening of Institutions for the Curb of Corruption 259 7.3.2 Co-ordination of Anti-corruption Collaborative Efforts 266 7.4 Regulation and Control of Global Governance through the vi Use of Global Administrative Law 277 7.5 Impact of Global Administrative Law on Developing Countries 286 7.5.1 Development, Human Rights and Administrative Law 292 7.6 Impact of MNCs on Developing Countries 297 7.7 Conclusion 303 8. Observations and Conclusions 306 Select Bibliography 318 vii SUMMARY The study focuses on anti-corruption as a CSR issue. Corruption is not typically associated with CSR. This may be because corruption is seen as an issue primarily addressed by hard laws and regulations, while CSR is seen as a voluntary corporate led initiative to promote self-regulation. It may also be because discussions on corruption typically address public corruption with the spotlight centered on public officials and governments. However, bribery which is a form of corruption often involves international business and raises CSR issues. Therefore, there is the need for a study on corruption focused on the supply side of corruption which international business is guilty of. There is also the need to address how international business can be held accountable for the bribery of foreign corrupt officials which in most cases adversely affect the economic, social and political aspects of society. The study merges the two areas of corruption and CSR by examining voluntary and mandatory rules applicable to business for curbing corruption, particularly transnational bribery. A central argument in the study is that CSR involves voluntary and binding rules which corporations should conform to in a bid to be socially responsible. Through the examination of the voluntary and mandatory laws applicable to transnational bribery, the study posits a model framework for CSR and provides a fresh outlook on avenues for eliminating corruption, especially in developing countries. Corruption must be fought on multi-levels. Many countries have domestic laws including extra-territorial laws prohibiting the bribery of domestic and foreign public viii officials. The domestic laws of four selected countries are examined. The examination shows that not all countries have overseas bribery laws applicable to corporations. Even for countries which have such laws, lack of political will and costs of investigations are factors which prevent corporate liability. There are also many principles, guidelines and initiatives geared towards the specific goal of curbing corruption. However, these non- binding rules are by themselves inadequate to ensure corporate responsibility for corrupt practices. There is therefore the need to consider other means by which corporations can be held accountable for corrupt practices. The study considers the implications of international law, civil law remedies, corporate governance and global governance for corruption and CSR. ix TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, CHARTERS, CONVENTIONS, DECLARATIONS AND TREATIES African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, 1981 African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, 2003 Agreement on Trade
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