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Active Tectonics of the Corinth Gulf, Greece, the Fastest Growing Rift on Planet Earth

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Active Tectonics of the Corinth Gulf, Greece, the Fastest Growing Rift on Planet Earth Active tectonics of the Corinth Gulf, Greece, the fastest growing rift on planet Earth (Dr. Athanassios Ganas) Abstract: Since the beginning of the instrumental seismology in Greece, the most intense seismic activity has been recorded within the Corinth rift and its vicinity such as the central Ionian Sea. This rift is the most active continental seismic region of the Mediterranean and one of the fastest opening continental rifts in the world. Its seismic history since the nineteenth century has exhibited more than 10 shallow events with M>6.0. A dense GPS velocity field is used to model the present-day deformation by means of a continuous strain and rotation rate field. The geodetic results quantify and refine previous findings as well as yield new insights for the present-day deformation pattern in the Gulf of Corinth rift. The consistency of the contemporary deformation field with earthquake activity is also evaluated by the calculation of geodetic moment rates and comparison with moment rates determined from earthquake catalogs. In this café, Dr. Athanassios Ganas presented briefly why Corinth Gulf is known as the fastest growing rift on planet earth by the support of his recent research results. Host: Good evening ladies and gentlemen. This is English GeoScience Café session 18. It’s a great pleasure for me to introduce our speaker tonight, who is going to talk to us about “Active tectonics of the Corinth Gulf, Greece, the fastest growing rift on planet Earth”. We are honored and delighted to have Dr. Athanassios Ganas with us today. Dr. Athanassios Ganas completed his PhD in Geological Remote Sensing from the University of Reading, UK. His expertise is in Active Tectonics and Geophysical Earth Observation including Fault Interaction, Tectonic Geomorphology and GPS networks. He has published 66 papers in major international journals and has 1019 citations on the Science Citation Index. He serves as member of the Greek National Committee for seismic hazard Assessment and was elected member of the Executive Board of the Geological Society of Greece (Vice-president since 2016). He is a regular member at the Board of Directors of the EPPO (Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Greece). This whole session is divided into two parts. The speaker will give his valuable talk in the first part followed by a question and answer session. Please be calm and keep your mobile phone in silent mode. Ladies and gentlemen, please join me to welcome our honorable speaker, Dr. Athanassios Ganas. Dr. Athanassios Ganas: Good afternoon everybody. Thank you for coming to my talk today. If anyone has any question, please feel free to ask me. Right, is it possible to turn off the light, please? Only those lights above the projector so that you can see better slide color. I remember when I did my Master’s degree in Canada 30 years ago, there was no Power Point, no computers; people were used to slides. So, we had talks by these great geologists, going to the Great Slave lake in the north-west territory upon the North Pole or North America or Europe, wherever they went, so we had really good slide projectors and that’s why we didn`t need any light in the room, as that prevented natural color to show on the slides. Fig. 1 Dr. Athanassios Ganas in EGSC Session 18 (photo by Suo Yingbo) Today I am going to talk about the Corinth gulf in Greece, which is the fastest growing rift on this planet. I will present some evidence for that, basically coming from three different geo- sciences (Geology, Seismology, and Geodesy). The primary objective of my research is to know the way earth deformation generates faults. Then, I need to map faults if I want to prove this is true. Different kinds of faults, the rate of faulting, big structures, small structures, massive structures and so on. 1. What is a Fault? Α fault is a discontinuity inside the upper part of the lithosphere. When the faults grow they generate earthquakes. Actually, a fault locality is the basic parameter to estimate in a deterministic way the effects of large earthquakes on the built environment. So, if you want to study about an earthquake in a certain place, you need to have a very clear concept about the faults in this area, (especially how many, where, what size and how often). So, that's why we need fault models. This is the prime reason why I do my research. 2. Why fault models are necessary? First, you need spatial information. This is necessary for all sort of studies. You need to have a location, dimensions, geometry and seismic potential of each fault. Second, you need to estimate the slip-rate of faults. How fast the fault slips? Actually, we geologists, estimate it in mm per year. Third, you need to estimate the ground motion using a Shake-Map. Fourth, you need to know where the faults are. If you are able to know where a fault is, then you can predict the damage it will cause. There are some relationships to calculate ground motion. This methodology is true for every part of the world. All you need is good field data and precise scientific data to support the model. In the end, this fault can be imported to a digital database for open access by citizens. Fault maps are very important for risk assessment in a hazardous area. Today you can create fault maps in GIS. For that you need to export the file in .kmz, .kml or .shp file. This file can be exported into either commercial or open access database like SQL or any like that. Look at figure 2. This represents Greece, situated on the south-east of Europe. To the south of Greece, the African-Mediterranean plate is situated and this plate is moving towards north. Using GPS measurements, it is estimated that the motion of African plate is 5-7 mm per year. What do we see there? The Hellenic Arc which is the most seismically active part of Europe, but little is known about its mechanics. We modeled deformation along the arc using a finite element model. The model was intended to capture the large-scale 3-D structure of Nubian block subducting beneath the Aegean block and its deformational consequences. We found that the Nubian block is moving 4.9 mm/year in the north-west direction and the Aegean block is moving 33 mm per year at south-west direction. Fig. 2 The two blocks of the finite element model showing the 3-D shape of the subducting Nubian slab and the applied displacement vectors. Deformation of the upper plate is shown exaggerated 100 times. Color shading is differential stress in the upper plate. 3. Neotectonic configuration of central Greece What do we get out of these pictures? That the African-Mediterranean plate is moving beneath the Eurasian plate and the Eurasian plate is moving over the African plate. This deformation generates the faults, both in central Greece and in the Gulf of Corinth (Figure 3). The red lines are the big faults here and these faults bound four blocks over the whole crust. So, what actually happens in-terms of earthquake size? Along the boundary of each block, the big faults generate big earthquakes (Up to Magnitude 7). There is also some inter-block deformation. Inter-block deformation is the cause of middle size faults and these faults generate earthquakes of magnitude 6 (see figures 6 and 7). So, sometimes we can predict the size of an earthquake and not the time of it, because we know how big the faults are! Therefore, this is the neotectonic configuration of central Greece. Fig. 3 Neotectonic configuration of central Greece, orientation of section is north-south 4. Shape of African-Mediterranean Plate Again, we have already figured out what`s happening in the down going African- Mediterranean plate with the help of seismic reflection data. On figure 4, all these red points are seismic stations aligned to the NE-SW direction. We also have one cross-section here (see lower left of Fig. 4) representing the top of African-East Mediterranean slab (thick grey line). According to these results, the depth of the slab varies between 40 and 100 km. These results come from passive sources (distant large earthquakes). Not from active sources. We have also used big earthquakes in this region to map the shape of this subducting plate. Then, with this information, figure 4 shows how the seismicity of this subducting plate is organized. So, what is the outcome of this study? When the African plate moves beneath Eurasia, it is not any more remaining as one body but it is rather broken like slices or panels. So, generally speaking, there is no chance to generate big earthquakes like those in Japan or Chili. This is another tool we have in geology, that is to use seismology to estimate deformation of subducting slabs. Fig. 4 The African Mediterranean Plate`s panel shape 5. So, what`s happening on the crust? Fig. 5 The important faults of the fast-growing rift of the Gulf of Corinth There is a 130 km rift on the Gulf of Corinth (Fig. 5). In this area, lots of sediments have been stored during 5 million years. Since the last 1 million years, the storage rate became faster than before. So, this 130 km rift is very young and growing very fast. Some of you may want to know why it`s growing so fast? What`s the mechanism? To understand the reason, we collected all these data from geology, seismology, and geodesy.
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