Stetson Law Review

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Stetson Law Review STETSON LAW REVIEW VOLUME 47 FALL 2017 NUMBER 1 ARTICLES Executive Order 13769 and America’s Longstanding Practice of Institutionalized Racial Discrimination Towards Refugees and Asylum Seekers Kaila C. Randolph 1 One of the paradoxes of international human rights law is the international community’s inability to curb xenophobic attitudes resulting in discriminatory regulations that exclude refugees. The United States has an established history of excluding immigrants, particularly refugees, based on national or ethnic origin, masked under national security. After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, lawmakers sought to control the ethnic composition of the country, by prohibiting the entry of certain ethnic groups. The practice was implemented through racially discriminatory legislation until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Nonetheless, the federal government continued to exercise racial discrimination through the adjudication of asylum claims. The United States exemplified its present‐day practice of racial exclusion with Executive Order 13769 “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States,” which prohibits the admission of Syrian nationals indefinitely and suspends the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program for a minimum of 120 days. Such immigration policies and regulations are a form of institutionalized racial discrimination that violate a refugee’s equal protection and due process rights under the Fifth Amendment and international human rights norms and customs. Although the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal unanimously stayed the injunction, the appellate court did not review the merits of the case. This Article traces the enduring practice of institutionalized racial discrimination towards refugees in the United States and the illegality of Executive Order 13769 under federal and international law. Finally, the United States has both constitutional and international obligations to denounce xenophobia and racially discriminatory laws. Post‐Conviction Review: Questions of Innocence, Independence, and Necessity Fiona Leverick, Kathryn Campbell & Isla Callander 45 Alongside a growing recognition of the existence of miscarriages of justice, there has been a parallel development of schemes to address wrongful convictions after the normal appeals process has been exhausted. This Article addresses the question of what constitutes the proper role for such schemes, drawing on a comparative examination of the respective schemes in Canada, Scotland, and North Carolina. It puts forward four arguments. First, it argues that there is a clear need for post‐ conviction review schemes to operate outside of the courts, supported by investigative resources and the power to compel the production of evidence, and for them to be independent from government. Second, it argues that such schemes should not restrict their remit to cases in which fresh evidence emerges, but should be empowered to refer cases back to the court of appeal where there has been a procedural impropriety that casts doubt on guilt. They should not, however, be permitted to refer cases back to the court where there is overwhelming evidence of guilt, despite the seriousness of the procedural breach concerned. While there is a good argument that a court should overturn a conviction where a serious breach of procedure calls into question its moral authority to adjudicate, this argument does not extend to a post‐conviction review body, which sits one step removed from the conviction process and is likely to lose public confidence if it refers cases where there is overwhelming evidence that the convicted person is factually guilty. Third, it argues that while there is no reason in principle to restrict review to serious cases or to cases where the convicted person is living, these are not unreasonable restrictions to place on a scheme if limited resources exist. Finally, it argues that post‐conviction review bodies concerned primarily with the review of individual applications are not ideal for playing a wider role in systemic reform, which would be a more effective undertaking by an affiliated body with a broader based membership. Lessons of Law & Legal Studies Through Literature: The Psychology of a Criminal Versus the Psychology of a Police Investigator as Seen Through the Lenses of Crime and Punishment: Porfiry v. Raskolnikov James Beckman 85 This Article will explore several themes. Primarily, this Article analyzes the psychologies of both an accused and the police as both interact with and battle each other psychologically over the possibility of a confession. The above analysis occurs through the prism of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s famous 1866 work Crime and Punishment. Specifically, a literary analysis of two key characters appearing in Dostoevsky’s book will be utilized in this Article. The actions of the two key characters analyzed involve “Raskolnikov,” an individual suspected of committing a double‐homicide, and “Porfiry,” the chief police detective charged with investigating the crime. Through an analysis of the actions of Raskolnikov and Porfiry, and how the two interact with each other, this Article raises and attempts to address important points regarding a defendant’s impulse to confess to his or her actions. This Article also analyzes the actions of a trained detective, Porfiry, and the strategies the detective employs to elicit a confession from the suspect, Raskolnikov. As a secondary theme, again through the prism of analyzing these two characters in Crime and Punishment, the author draws several conclusions about the importance of legal representation in order to protect defendants and help avoid damaging confessions elicited by savvy police tactics. As described by Dostoevsky in the book itself, there is a particular "psychology of a criminal before and after the crime" and the police "have a psychology of their own" in dealing with those suspected of crimes. These psychologies are analyzed in this article. This Article falls within the Law & Literature genre—that is articles which utilize classical works of literature to illustrate various principles of law and the legal profession. Striking Down the Impervious Shields: Why Caveat Emptor Must Be Abandoned In Commercial Real Property Sales and Leases Gregory L. Pierson 111 The Florida Supreme Court’s failure to abandon the caveat emptor doctrine and impose a duty to disclose on the sellers and lessors in commercial real property sales and leases is harmful to prospective purchasers and lessees. Holding property purchasers and lessees to a different standard depending on the land use categorization of the property harms these parties by affording them less protection, and doing so is not grounded in any legitimate justification. First, this Article examines two principal cases that established the status quo for caveat emptor and the disclosure duty in real property transactions: Johnson v. Davis and Futura Realty v. Lone Star Building Centers, Inc. Second, this Article discusses Haskell Co. v. Lane Co.—highlighting the problems that the inconsistent standard poses—and analyzes Agrobin, Inc. v. Botanica Development Associates, Inc.—a case which further muddied the waters because the court’s holding was divorced from Johnson and Futura precedents. Finally, this Article proposes a solution by examining the Johnson nondisclosure action and arguing that the Florida Legislature should provide a broad definition for nondisclosure, and apply this standard to both residential and commercial real estate leases and sales. Alternatively, it argues that if the Florida ii Legislature does not eradicate the caveat emptor doctrine in commercial property sales and leases, lawmakers should at least establish a bright line rule for distinguishing between residential real property and commercial property. In Harm’s Way: The Desperate Need to Update America’s Free Speech Model Qasim Rashid 143 America’s current free speech model is archaic. This Article argues that unprecedented advances in communications technology, while beneficial for countless purposes, have created an imbalance in America’s free speech model. This imbalance leaves innocent third parties dangerously exposed to harm. Despite its countless benefits, the Internet is an excellent example, as it affords its users the ability to make incendiary mass public statements that may incite violence. Under the current model, an instigator has zero accountability for remotely inducing harms that are a physically proximate result of his actions. This Article proposes a practical model to remedy the current imbalance that technological advances have caused. This revised model would protect innocent third parties from harm while ensuring free speech is not unjustly chilled. STUDENT WORK Dazed and Confused:* The Need for Clarity in Dodd‐Frank’s Abusive Standard Albert Evan Dix 185 Since the inception of the Dodd‐Frank Act and the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (hereinafter “CFPB”), there has been much debate on what constitutes an abusive act or practice. One of the most paramount abusive debt collection practices is using an intimidating means of communication with customers. Such abusive language is determined by the natural consequence of the debt collector’s actions. The repetition of phone calls is also another factor taken into consideration when determining abusive conduct. The creation of the Dodd‐Frank Act was responsible for adding abusiveness, which works in conjunction with the unfairness and deception established in
Recommended publications
  • Alumni Reserve Yiannopoulos Tickets, Leave Ha) F of Seats Empty in Protest
    oo© © u d re v ie w T he R eview TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 2016 VOLUME 142, ISSUE 9 The University of Delaware's independent student newspaper since 1882 | udreview.com President Assanis talks “evolving” future of the university Homecoming and Halloween JOHN RYAN BARWICK role is to lead the charge, and set weekend kept & MICHAE l T. HENRETTY JR. the vision to move the university Executive Editor to the next level. I find this [to be] & Managing News Editor a great responsibility." university Previously the provost President Dennis Assanis' at Stony Brook University, morning begins around six, Assanis worked for 17 years with a cup of coffee and a at the University of Michigan, police busy review of the emails sent to him serving in several positions. overnight. Next, he exercises Assanis holds four degrees from before responding to his mail the Massachusetts Institute and preparing for his morning’s of Technology and one from meetings. He then heads to his SEASON COOPER Newcastle University in England. office, working until midnight. Senior Reporter Born in Greece, as evidenced With typically less than by his accent, Assanis was the 20 percent of his time spent This weekend, which first member of his family to in the office, most of Assanis’ included both Homecoming and attend college. His father was a day involves him moving from Halloween celebrations, saw an sea captain for 23 years, taking meeting to meeting, making increase in arrests for underage Assanis with him as a young boy announcements and policy consumption. Last year there for voyages stretching up to 23 proposals and attending were 11 reports of underage days at a time.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Code of Conduct Addendum
    Alfred State Student Code of Conduct Addendum COVID-19 Public Health Emergency On August 23, t he FDA granted full Additional Responsibilities & approval of the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid- 19 vaccine. In accordance with SUNY’s Requirements for Students mandatory vaccine policy, all students must submit proof of vaccination by (Fall 2021) Friday, September 24, or have been granted an exemption by the College. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in accordance with the College’s original reopening plan, an addendum was made to the Student Code of Conduct for the purpose of communicating and enforcing student responsibilities. Throughout the 2020-21 Academic Year, this addendum was modified several times to reflect SUNY policy and the evolving needs of the College. This policy has again been amended to reflect the College’s Fall 2021 COVID-19 Plan and will continue to be updated throughout the academic year as necessary. Returning students will note that some of the prior expectations have been eased for vaccinated individuals. In addition, the uniform sanctioning guidelines established by SUNY during the Fall 2021 Semester, and subsequently incorporated into the Code of Conduct, are no longer in effect. The expectations below shall take precedence over any contradictory language within the Code of Conduct. Section 3.5 d. Public Health Emergency Safeguards: All students, commensurate with their vaccination status and setting, are responsible for actively complying with the precautions the College has established to protect against the spread of COVID-19. Such mitigations may include the use of personal protective equipment (PPE); observing physical/social distancing; complying with all expectations concerning gatherings and hosting guests; quarantining or isolating as directed; and participating in testing and daily screenings.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Angel Radio Head Protocol
    Electric Angel Radio Head Protocol Ametabolic Cleland ring, his archimages buckrams zigzag tonnishly. Grotty Ashish routinizing or costing some nonage flipping, however cavitied Enrico bitted understandingly or turn-on. Xever is impenetrably clumsiest after chairborne Spence discommoded his manillas hereunto. Ai show eight participants will avoid delays at other. Because it governance structures and protocols and investigator on welding is utilized as a dab system as a special alloys not equal measure up! Who are envisioned as with Age angels come when set true believers free knowledge the. Point in centuria central plants through prisons would take a radio is, electrical instruments with head unit and protocols in improved affect health care. Up on radio models can see which makes of electric angel for award for. Ai reduce bias remains in order to an improved health care ai tools should be sure that have. Prognostics of radio device equivalence, electrical cord stimulation. Inexpensive data science methods. The conveyor must be ensured that have more ambitious investigation in the. Radiation Therapy and You National Cancer Institute. Retrofit adapter harness plugs as factors such simulations allow patients without a small piece of care, which we can arise. Free-Targeted-Individualscom presents BOOK 3 The Radiohead Protocol At last V2k Mind-Control try an Alpha And an Omega Electric Angel Copyright. Failure and radio wiring that some action is extinguished. Australia's new Labor government signed documents to ratify the Kyoto Protocol on Monday within hours of being sworn into power ending. Radio in one of extreme View's top scorers taunted Chaney and his mates.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 | 2013 2 | Volume Issue ISSN 2190-3387 Law
    2 | 2013 Volume 4 (2013) Issue 2 ISSN 2190-3387 Law and Electronic Commerce Information Technology, Intellectual Property, Journal of Articles Online Sexual Harassment: Issues & Solutions by Mohamed Chawki, Yassin el Shazly Breathing Space for Cloud-Based Business Models: Exploring the Matrix of Copyright Limitations, Safe Harbours and Injunctions by Martin Senftleben A Model Framework for publishing Grey Literature in Open Access by Matěj Myška, Jaromír Šavelka Injunctions against innocent Third Parties: The Case of Website Blocking by Martin Husovec Evaluation of the Role of Access Providers Discussion of Dutch Pirate Bay Case Law and Introducing Principles on Directness, Effectiveness, Costs, Relevance and Time by Arno R. Lodder, Nicole S. van der Meule Das Verhältnis zwischen Urheberrecht und Wissenschaft: Auf die Perspektive kommt es an! by Alexander Peukert Editors: Thomas Dreier Axel Metzger Gerald Spindler Lucie Guibault Miquel Peguera Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Table Of Contents Electronic Commerce Law Volume 4 Issue 2, August 2013 Articles www.jipitec.eu [email protected] Online Sexual Harassment: Issues & Solutions A joint publication of: by Mohamed Chawki, Yassin el Shazly 71 Prof. Dr. Thomas Dreier, M. C. J., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Vincenz-Prießnitz-Str. 3, Breathing Space for Cloud-Based Business Models: 76131 Karlsruhe Exploring the Matrix of Copyright Limitations, Safe Prof. Dr. Axel Metzger, LL. M., Harbours and Injunctions Exploring the Matrix of Institute for Legal Informatics,
    [Show full text]
  • The Alt-Right on Campus: What Students Need to Know
    THE ALT-RIGHT ON CAMPUS: WHAT STUDENTS NEED TO KNOW About the Southern Poverty Law Center The Southern Poverty Law Center is dedicated to fighting hate and bigotry and to seeking justice for the most vulnerable members of our society. Using litigation, education, and other forms of advocacy, the SPLC works toward the day when the ideals of equal justice and equal oportunity will become a reality. • • • For more information about the southern poverty law center or to obtain additional copies of this guidebook, contact [email protected] or visit www.splconcampus.org @splcenter facebook/SPLCenter facebook/SPLConcampus © 2017 Southern Poverty Law Center THE ALT-RIGHT ON CAMPUS: WHAT STUDENTS NEED TO KNOW RICHARD SPENCER IS A LEADING ALT-RIGHT SPEAKER. The Alt-Right and Extremism on Campus ocratic ideals. They claim that “white identity” is under attack by multicultural forces using “politi- An old and familiar poison is being spread on col- cal correctness” and “social justice” to undermine lege campuses these days: the idea that America white people and “their” civilization. Character- should be a country for white people. ized by heavy use of social media and memes, they Under the banner of the Alternative Right – or eschew establishment conservatism and promote “alt-right” – extremist speakers are touring colleges the goal of a white ethnostate, or homeland. and universities across the country to recruit stu- As student activists, you can counter this movement. dents to their brand of bigotry, often igniting pro- In this brochure, the Southern Poverty Law Cen- tests and making national headlines. Their appear- ances have inspired a fierce debate over free speech ter examines the alt-right, profiles its key figures and the direction of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Decision Will Come in March by JACK RONALD the Closing of That School (Pen - the Commercial Review Nville) in March,” Gulley Said
    Thursday, February 2, 2017 The Commercial Review Portland, Indiana 47371 www.thecr.com 75 cents Decision will come in March By JACK RONALD the closing of that school (Pen - The Commercial Review nville) in March,” Gulley said. A decision on the status of “In order to effect a closure by Weigh in Pennville Elementary School is the fall, March would be the likely to be made in March, Jay decision point.” Jay School Corporation is gathering Schools superintendent Jere - Meeting to discuss future He stressed that as the com - opinions on methods for dealing with my Gulley said this week. its financial challenges with an online of Pennville Elementary mittee reviews a 2015 study of survey. To answer the questions and Gulley, who is working with a the school system’s buildings provide comments, visit: newly-appointed budget con - is scheduled for Tuesday and facilities the focus will not trol committee to put the be limited to Pennville. www.jayschools.k12.in.us school corporation’s fiscal “It may feel that Pennville is and click on “Cost Reduction house in order, said a special alone,” he said. “But simultane - Input and Ideas Survey.” Jay School Board meeting has ously we will look at all the facil - Prior to taking the survey, Jay been set for 6 p.m. Tuesday at Pennville Town Council, Gulley is also seeking comment ities. … It’s not just the Pen - Schools superintendent Jeremy Gulley Pennville Elementary to hear which regularly meets on the from the public via a survey on nville school that’s being consid - recommends clicking on “Jay School the concerns of parents, teach - Budget and Finance Report” in order first Tuesday of each month, the school corporation’s website ered here.
    [Show full text]
  • Does 'Deplatforming' Work to Curb Hate Speech and Calls for Violence?
    Exercise Nº Professor´s Name Mark 1. Reading Comp. ………………… .…/20 2. Paraphrasing ………………… .…/30 Total Part I (Min. 26).…/50 Part Part I 3. Essay ………………… …/50 Re correction …………………… …/50 Essay Final Mark …………………… …/50 Part Part II (do NOT fill in) Total Part II (Min.26) …/50 CARRERA DE TRADUCTOR PÚBLICO - ENTRANCE EXAMINATION – FEBRERO 2021 NOMBRE y APELLIDO: …………………………………………………………………………… Nº de ORDEN: (NO es el DNI) ……………………………………………………………………. Please read the text carefully and then choose the best answer. Remember the questions do not follow the order of the reading passage (Paragraphs are numbered for the sake of correction) Does ‘deplatforming’ work to curb hate speech and calls for violence? 3 experts in online communications weigh in 1- In the wake of the assault on the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, Twitter permanently suspended Donald Trump’s personal account, and Google, Apple, and Amazon shunned Parler, which at least temporarily shut down the social media platform favored by the far right. 2- Dubbed “deplatforming,” these actions restrict the ability of individuals and communities to communicate with each other and the public. Deplatforming raises ethical and legal questions, but foremost is the question of whether it is an effective strategy to reduce hate speech and calls for violence on social media. 3- The Conversation U.S. asked three experts in online communications whether deplatforming works and what happens when technology companies attempt it. Jeremy Blackburn, assistant professor of computer science, Binghamton University 4-Does deplatforming work from a technical perspective? Gab was the first “major” platform subject to deplatforming efforts, first with removal from app stores and, after the Tree of Life shooting, the withdrawal of cloud infrastructure providers, domain name providers and other Web-related services.
    [Show full text]
  • ('Gang-Stalking'): a Content Analysis of Subjective Experiences
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article The Phenomenology of Group Stalking (‘Gang-Stalking’): A Content Analysis of Subjective Experiences Lorraine Sheridan 1,* , David V. James 2 and Jayden Roth 1 1 School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; [email protected] 2 Theseus Risk, Cavalier Court, Cheltenham SN14 6LH, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 March 2020; Accepted: 3 April 2020; Published: 6 April 2020 Abstract: Epidemiological data suggest that as many as 0.66% of adult women and 0.17% of adult men in the western world may suffer the subjective experience of being group-stalked (‘gang stalked’) at some point in their lives. Yet the gang stalking experience has been subject to little scientific study. This paper reports an attempt to elicit the core phenomena involved in gang-stalking by allowing them to emerge de novo through the qualitative analysis of accounts of individuals who describe being gang-stalked. Fifty descriptions of gang-stalking that satisfied study inclusion criteria were identified from the internet and subjected to content analysis. Twenty-four core phenomena were elicited, together with 11 principal sequelae of the experience of being gang-stalked. These were then divided into groups, producing a framework for the phenomena of the gang-stalking experience. The results were compared with frequencies of the same categories of experience then extracted from the original data of the only previous study on gang-stalking phenomena. Whilst the methodology of the current study was more rigorous, the core phenomena were similar in each.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Corner
    Legal Corner Dave Emmert General Counsel, Indiana School Boards Association Feel painted into the corner by certain legal issues? The paint may be dryer than you think if the terrain of the law is known. This column is intended to discuss appropriate considerations to resolve a certain problem, and should not be viewed as legal advice. What should be considered in revising student discipline handbooks to more effectively address violent behavior? 1. Elementary school handbooks are in the greatest need of review and upgrade. They are often deficient because of the failure to list a sufficient number of grounds for suspension and expulsion. Failure to include the types of conduct that may lead to suspension or expulsion means that a student may not be legally disciplined. It is advisable to use the comprehensive language of high school handbooks when listing the grounds for discipline at the elementary level. 2. Immediately following the list of specific grounds for suspension and expulsion, be sure to state the ground that is addressed at IC 20-8.1-5.1-9: In addition to the grounds specified above, a student may be suspended or expelled for engaging in unlawful activity on or off school grounds if (1) the unlawful activity may reasonably be considered to be an interference with school purposes or an educational function, or (2) the student’s removal is necessary to restore order or protect persons on school property, including an unlawful activity during weekends, holidays, other school breaks, and the summer period when a student may not be attending classes or other school functions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lived Experiences of Individuals Who Have Been
    THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE BEEN TECHNOLOGICALLY STALKED BY A PAST INTIMATE: A HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY THROUGH A COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANANGEMENT THEORY LENS ________________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri ________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ________________________________________________________________________ By ELAINE L. DAVIES Dr. Colin Hesse, Dissertation Supervisor Dr. Colleen Colaner, Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE BEEN TECHNOLOGICALLY STALKED BY A PAST INTIMATE: A HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY THROUGH A COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANANGEMENT THEORY LENS Presented by Elaine L. Davies A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Colin Hesse ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Colleen Colaner ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Rebecca Meisenbach ________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Christine Proulx I would like to dedicate this dissertation to
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Gang Stalking?
    Bridging The Gap By: GmB Bailey Cover design by GmB Bailey Book design by GmB Bailey All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review. GmB Bailey Printed in the United States of America First Printing: January 2009 ISBN is 1441448845 EAN-13 is 9781441448842 Bridging The Gap Copyright © 2009 By: GmB Bailey. Introduction Bridging The Gap is a disturbing, yet poignant look into modern day democratic surveillance societies. The book examines how this structure is used to discredit, disenfranchise, and destroy innocent citizens. Gang Stalking, The Buzzsaw, Cointelpro, what do these words mean and more importantly what do they have in common? They are names that have been used to describe the systemic apparatus that reaches out to destroy and discredit those declared enemy by the state. This book will open your eyes to how the informant system has taken over these democratic countries, and how they are being used to further create a surveillance society where no one will be out of reach, should they too become persona non grata by the system. This book is the culmination of two years of research and investigation. It's a very brief introduction to the subject matter of Gang Stalking. It's a factual account of what Gang Stalking is and the societal mechanisms that are in existence, which allow such a structure to exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis CONTENTS
    Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis CONTENTS Executive Summary ....................................................... 1 What Techniques Do Media Manipulators Use? ....... 33 Understanding Media Manipulation ............................ 2 Participatory Culture ........................................... 33 Who is Manipulating the Media? ................................. 4 Networks ............................................................. 34 Internet Trolls ......................................................... 4 Memes ................................................................. 35 Gamergaters .......................................................... 7 Bots ...................................................................... 36 Hate Groups and Ideologues ............................... 9 Strategic Amplification and Framing ................. 38 The Alt-Right ................................................... 9 Why is the Media Vulnerable? .................................... 40 The Manosphere .......................................... 13 Lack of Trust in Media ......................................... 40 Conspiracy Theorists ........................................... 17 Decline of Local News ........................................ 41 Influencers............................................................ 20 The Attention Economy ...................................... 42 Hyper-Partisan News Outlets ............................. 21 What are the Outcomes? ..........................................
    [Show full text]