DOCSLIB.ORG

Policy Measures Taken Against the Spread and Impact of the Coronavirus – 16 November 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Policy Measures Taken Against the Spread and Impact of the Coronavirus – 16 November 2020 EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE GENERAL ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS Policy measures taken against the spread and impact of the coronavirus – 16 November 2020 The table provides a comprehensive overview of measures announced or taken in the Member States so far. The measures (which are not exhaustive) outlined here are happening in a fast changing environment and are subject to being changed and updated/amended. As high uncertainty continues to surround the outcome of the crisis, the final outturns in terms of costings may differ. The policy measures are classified in the table below according to the following categories: (i) expenditure measures, (ii) tax measures, (iii) measures related to public guarantees, (iv) other measures than fiscal providing liquidity support. The recording does not prejudge decisions to be taken by national statistical authorities and Eurostat on the statistical recording of measures taken in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Regular updates of this table will be available here: https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirus-response/jobs-and-economy- during-coronavirus-pandemic_en Austria Finland Lithuania Slovenia Belgium France Luxembourg Spain Bulgaria Germany Malta Sweden Croatia Greece The Netherlands Cyprus Hungary Poland Czechia Ireland Portugal Denmark Italy Romania Estonia Latvia Slovakia Member Type of measure State (very briefly describe the measures taken and their estimated budgetary impact) BE MEASURES WITH IMPACT IN 2020 Expenditure measures - Federal: the temporary unemployment scheme provides compensation for employees who cannot continue working because a decreased workload (economic reasons) or the social distancing measures imposed by the government (force majeure). This scheme existed before the COVID-19 pandemic, but following the COVID-19 outbreak the procedure to apply for it was largely eased. The allowance was also increased from 65% to 70% of the daily average wage (capped at EUR 2.754,76 gross per month). In addition, a daily premium of EUR 5,36 has been introduced. The scheme was extended until August for all firms. Starting from August until December, firms still affected by restrictions or having 1 at least 20% of the staff in temporary unemployment in Q2 can still benefit from the extension. Other companies should follow a normal pre-crisis administrative procedure, but the time period of the allowance stays extended. - Federal: Replacement income (so-called droit passerelle) is eased in case of activity discontinuity due to the COVID-10 outbreak for self-employed individuals, partial self-employed, retired self-employed, and self-employed already benefiting from another replacement income. An interruption of 7 days is enough to claim the full monthly benefit amounting to EUR 1.291 (without family burden) EUR 1.614 (with family burden). The eased allowance applies until end-August to all self-employed. Starting from June 2020 until December 2020, a so-called “relaunch replacement income” targets self-employed who restarted their activity but still face turnover reduction compared to 2019. Those self-employed who could not reopen yet can still benefit from the allowance but have to prove that the activity cannot be restarted due to COVID-19 restrictions. Some sectoral rules are also introduced. - Federal: The federal government took measures related to social benefits. First, degressivity of unemployment benefits was frozen until August. Second, the 'switching-on' allowance for young unemployed was extended with three months until August. Finally, possibility of cumulating of temporary unemployment with side-activity and preservation of rights of unemployed that want to become self- employed were introduced. - Federal: The COVID-19 parental leave was a special parental leave, which does not affect the right to the regular parental leave and allows parents to take leave in order to provide additional care of their children between May and September 2020 with a higher allowance than under regular parental leave. - Federal: EUR 3 bn provision was devoted to cover corona-related expenditure (healthcare, repatriation of Belgian citizens, top-up of minimum social benefits, support to local social services, loans to companies, free train tickets). - Federal: One-off consumption cheque of € 300 for care personnel in federal health care institutions was paid. - Federal: Structural increase in the budget for mental health care was decided. - Flanders: For companies and self-employed forced to completely or partially close due to security measures a premium of EUR 4.000 (in case of complete closure) and EUR 2.000 (in case of partial) were paid. - Flanders: Compensation premium of EUR 3.000 for companies and self-employed not forced to close their activity due to COVID-19 but with a turnover reduction of more than 60% between 15 March and 30 April compared to the same period last year is paid. Additional conditions for self-employed. - Flanders: All temporary unemployed in Flanders will automatically receive EUR 203 to support their water and energy costs for a month. - Flanders: Action plan to mitigate mental health consequences was decided. - Flanders: Increased education expenditure to manage the crisis was decided (ICT- investments, permanence, organisation of summer schools for children with difficulties etc.). - Flanders: Extension of the existing support scheme for part time work to companies in difficulties due to COVID-19 outbreak. - Flanders: Youth and social tourism industry are subsidised further. Subsidised sectors (e.g. culture, sports, youth) and other specific sectors (e.g. horticulture, tourism, mobility) will also be able to recover losses through the emergency fund of EUR 200 million. A higher wage premium of 4% to employees in sheltered workshops. In local services sectors, a one-off protection premium of EUR 50 or EUR 100 per employee is paid. 2 - Flanders: Childcare and education sectors are compensated for income losses. In particular, creches are compensated with EUR 27 per a non-attending child, per day. Outside school childcare and family support are supported. Cancelled individual professional training are also compensated. - Flanders: Support to care sector (residential and day care, home help, handicapped care sector, vulnerable young persons and children) is provided. Income losses are compensated. In the case of residential care, temporary hiring of additional nurses is supported. Financial support to projects and organisations taking care of vulnerable youth is provided. - Flanders: The subsidy to service voucher companies who remain active increases. The services vouchers expiring between March and June are extended to July. - Flanders: Advance payments to event organisers for the preparation of new events in the fall of 2020 were granted. They have to be reimbursed if an event can happen. - Flanders: Flanders Investment and Trade (FIT) and the Agency for Support of the Agricultural and Fishery sector (VLAM) prepared a corona-exit plan for companies supporting existing and mature exporters through a one-off premia. - Flanders: Small support measures for the private and social rental market. - Flanders: Additional health-related spending concern procurement of extra masks, other care material, contact tracers and a communication campaign on COVID-19. - Flanders: Subsidies to research projects related to Covid-19 were decided. - Flanders: Support to public transport company De Lijn was granted. - Wallonia: A one-off allowance for small companies from a number of sectors (restaurants, hotels, travel, events, retail stores, culture) forced to completely or partially close due to security measures is paid. The premium amounts to EUR 5000 in case of a complete closure and to EUR 2500 if the closure is partial. A new lump sum allowance of EUR 2500 is introduced for self-employed and companies with substantially reduced activity in March and April. The measure also concerns self-employed benefiting from full bridging right in March or April. - Wallonia: Enterprises in the care sector with decreasing revenues (e.g. family help, creches, mental health services, service voucher, adapted work enterprises) can benefit from a one-off premium of EUR 5000 covering a period of three months. - Wallonia: Sports and culture sectors can benefit from additional support. - Wallonia: Households can benefit from gas- and electricity bill supports (EUR 75 and 100 per household, respectively). For temporary unemployed a premium of EUR 40 per person for water expenditure is paid. Limitation of water supply during April and May is prohibited. Funding for social water services is increased. Additional facilities for self-employed and companies to pay water bills are introduced. - Wallonia: Additional spending on health-related concern purchase of masks, contact traders, medical equipment and support for hospitals, rest homes, homeless and vulnerable facilities. - Wallonia: Contact tracers have been purchased. - Wallonia: Grants to local social services are increased. Support to social housing sectors is also provided by deferring loans due by social housing companies without interests for the period of deferral. - Wallonia: Up to 80% of costs of industrial or experimental research projects related to Covid-19 are reimbursed. - Wallonia: A provision to relaunch the economy while supporting the transition towards a more circular and local oriented economy has been announced. It is 3 meant to finance first realisation of the Transition Plan. - Wallonia:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MARITIME Security &Defence M
    June MARITIME 2021 a7.50 Security D 14974 E &Defence MSD From the Sea and Beyond ISSN 1617-7983 • Key Developments in... • Amphibious Warfare www.maritime-security-defence.com • • Asia‘s Power Balance MITTLER • European Submarines June 2021 • Port Security REPORT NAVAL GROUP DESIGNS, BUILDS AND MAINTAINS SUBMARINES AND SURFACE SHIPS ALL AROUND THE WORLD. Leveraging this unique expertise and our proven track-record in international cooperation, we are ready to build and foster partnerships with navies, industry and knowledge partners. Sovereignty, Innovation, Operational excellence : our common future will be made of challenges, passion & engagement. POWER AT SEA WWW.NAVAL-GROUP.COM - Design : Seenk Naval Group - Crédit photo : ©Naval Group, ©Marine Nationale, © Ewan Lebourdais NAVAL_GROUP_AP_2020_dual-GB_210x297.indd 1 28/05/2021 11:49 Editorial Hard Choices in the New Cold War Era The last decade has seen many of the foundations on which post-Cold War navies were constructed start to become eroded. The victory of the United States and its Western Allies in the unfought war with the Soviet Union heralded a new era in which navies could forsake many of the demands of Photo: author preparing for high intensity warfare. Helping to ensure the security of the maritime shipping networks that continue to dominate global trade and the vast resources of emerging EEZs from asymmetric challenges arguably became many navies’ primary raison d’être. Fleets became focused on collabora- tive global stabilisation far from home and structured their assets accordingly. Perhaps the most extreme example of this trend has been the German Navy’s F125 BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG class frig- ates – hugely sophisticated and expensive ships designed to prevail only in lower threat environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Südosteuropa 57 (2009), H . 2/3, S . 284-304 DEMOCRACY AND MARKET ECONOMY WIM VAN MEURS Romania: New Membership and Old Habits? Abstract. Political developments in Romania as well as the resulting deficits in transition management since EU accession raise a number of fundamental but difficult questions . Should Romania’s “old habits” be thought of as a Huntingtonian blend of the country’s pre-communist political institutions and political culture mixed with “Ceauşescuism”, that is, Romania’s exceptional type of state socialism, sometimes dubbed “sultanism”? Or should these “old habits” actually be explained in terms of an event as recent as Romania’s EU accession proc- ess – and thus be seen as a sort of “post-accession syndrome”? Or should at least some part of the supposed Romanian or Balkan exceptionalism, to which Romania’s “old habits” are often attributed, be viewed in comparison with recent trends in the political culture – that is, the democratic attitudes of the citizens and the informal rules of the political process – in West European polities? Questioning path-dependencies cannot alleviate the problems caused by the obvious flaws in Romania’s political process, but thinking through negative pan-European trends does imply rethinking stereotypes about the Balkans . Wim van Meurs is an Associate Professor at the History Department of Radboud University, Nijmegen . History and Characteristics of Transformation Historically, Romania has been characterized by a modernization gap be- tween its southern and eastern regions, which remained under Ottoman rule until 1878, and its more modern, urbanized western and northwestern regions, which were under Habsburg rule until 1918 .
    [Show full text]
  • Romania Assessment
    Romania, Country Information Page 1 of 52 ROMANIA October 2002 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III ECONOMY IV HISTORY V STATE STRUCTURE VIA. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VIB. HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VIC. HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATION ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE REFRENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. 2. GEOGRAPHY http://194.203.40.90/ppage.asp?section=189&title=Romania%2C%20Country%20Informat...i 11/25/2002 Romania, Country Information Page 2 of 52 2.1 Romania (formerly the Socialist Republic of Romania) lies in south-eastern Europe; much of the country forms the Balkan peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Download=True 36 Ibid., P
    National Backgrounders – European Foreign Policy Country Profile Romania Capital: Bucharest Geographical Size: 238 390.7 km2 Population: 19 942 642 (2014) Population as % of total EU population: 3.9% (2014) GDP: € 142.245 billion (2013) Defense Expenditure: € 1.847 million (2013) Official EU language(s): Romanian Political System: Semi-presidential republic EU member country since: 1 January 2007 Seats in European Parliament: 32 Currency: Romanian Leu (RON) Schengen area member? No Presidency of the Council: First time to be in 2019 Source: Europa.eu GGI National Backgrounders – European Foreign Policy 2015 GGI NBEFP The Global Governance Institute Peace & Security Section Pleinlaan 5, Brussels B-1050 Belgium © The Global Governance Institute (GGI) Email: [email protected] December 2015 Web: www.globalgovernance.eu Global Governance Institute – NBEFP – Country profile Romania – December 2015 a. Political System The political system of Romania takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government and the President of the Republic is the head of state. The government exercises the executive power. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament: the 412-seat Chamber of Deputies and the 176-seat Senate, which are elected for four years. Borrowing from its tragic past, the bicameral system in Romania is explained by the necessity to temper any possible authoritarian or extremist tendencies of a Chamber1. According to the Constitution, the Parliament of Romania grants the vote of confidence into the whole Cabinet and its political programme. Parliament also elects the magistrates composing the Superior Council of the Magistrature, and the two branches of Parliament are entitled to appoint three judges of the Constitutional Court each 2 .
    [Show full text]
  • Democratization Through European Integration: the Case of Minority Rights in the Czech Republic and Romania * Melanie H
    28 Studies in Comparative International Development / Summer 2003 Democratization through European Integration: The Case of Minority Rights in the Czech Republic and Romania * Melanie H. Ram While scholars have tended to focus on domestic factors as most critical to the consolidation of democracy, the post-communist European Union (EU) candidate states have exhibited a unique confluence of domestic and foreign policies, due to their objective of EU membership. This article assesses and compares the impact of the EU on policy making in two diverse candidate states in their first decade of transition, focusing on minority rights protection as a fundamental requirement of both EU membership and a stable democracy. I find that the EU has played a princi- pal role in the reform process and democratic consolidation of candidate states, even in the controversial field of minority rights. The degree and nature of the EU’s impact, however, has depended in part on the activism of the particular minority, EU interest and pressure, EU Member States’ own domestic policies, and the persis- tence of racism in society. n the post-communist transitions in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), few Iissues have been as contentious as minority relations in multiethnic states. With minority discontent a potential threat to stability and democracy across Europe, the European Union (EU) has given considerable attention to minor- ity rights in CEE over the past decade and has used membership as an incen- tive to enforce compliance with human rights norms and agreements. While international institutions can be neither blamed nor credited for many of the developments in this region, the EU candidate countries in CEE appear to have been more successful at peacefully resolving minority rights concerns Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania Acting Through the Ministry of Public Finance
    Notice to the N oteholders (as of 06 February 2012 ) ROMANIA ACTING THROUGH THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC FINANCE EUR 7 000 000 000 Global Medium Term Note Programme On 6 February 2012 Presid ent Traian Basescu took notice of Prime -Minister Emil Boc's r esignation and appointed Mr Catalin Marian Predoiu as interim Prime -Minister of the Government of Romania to carry out the functions of the prime -minister, until the formation of the new Governme nt. Also, consultations took place between president Basescu and the leaders of the parties and political formations represented in the Parliament of Romania, in accordance with the Romanian Constitution. Following such consultations, Mr Mihai -Razvan Ungureanu has been designated as the Prime Ministerial candidate a nd has been given the task of forming a new government. According to the Romanian Constitution, within 10 days of such appointment, Mr Mihai -Razvan Ungureanu must ask and obtain the Parliament's vote of confidence, with respect to the list of members of th e proposed new government and its governing agenda. Should such vote fail to be obtained, the President of Romania will propose another Prime Ministerial candidate, who will then propose a new list of members of the cabinet and governing agenda. If, within 60 days from 6 February 2012, the date when Mr Mihai -Razvan Ungureanu was originally appointed to form a new government, the Parliament has failed to grant a vote of confidence to a new government and on the condition that at least two proposals for a new government have been in such period rejected by Parliament, the President is entitled to dissolve the Parliament, after consultation with the presidents of the two chambers of Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM of GABRIEL RESOURCES LTD. FOR
    ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM of GABRIEL RESOURCES LTD. FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016 DATED AS OF MARCH 29, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PRELIMINARY NOTES 1 Cautionary Note regarding Core Focus of the Gabriel Group 1 Cautionary Note regarding Forward-Looking Statements 1 Cautionary Note to United States Investors 2 Currency and Exchange Rates 3 Metric Equivalents 4 Date of Information 4 PART I - CORPORATE STRUCTURE 5 Name, Address and Incorporation 5 Inter-Corporate Relationships 5 PART II - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS AND ITS DEVELOPMENT 6 Overview 6 Recent Activities 7 Overview of Mineral Properties 7 ICSID Arbitration 9 Financing Arrangements 12 Impairment of Project Assets 13 Long Lead-Time Equipment 14 Anticipated Activities for 2017 14 PART III- OVERVIEW OF ROMANIA 15 Introduction 15 Politics of Romania 15 Taxes and Mineral Ownership 16 PART IV - DESCRIPTION OF MINERAL PROPERTIES 19 Introduction 19 Technical Reports 19 The Roșia Montană Project 20 PART V – DESCRIPTION OF THE PERMITTING PROCESS AND LEGAL CHALLENGES 31 Permitting Process for the Project 31 Legal Challenges relating to the Project 39 PART VI- RISK FACTORS 44 PART VII – CAPITAL STRUCTURE, DIVIDENDS, MARKET FOR SECURITIES AND PRIOR SALES 52 Description of Capital Structure 52 Dividends 55 Market for Securities 55 PART VIII - DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS 56 Name, Occupation and Security Holding 56 Cease Trade Orders, Bankruptcies, Penalties and Sanctions 61 Conflicts of Interest 62 PART IX - AUDIT COMMITTEE 63 Audit Committee Charter 63 Membership and Experience 63 Audit Committee Policies and Procedures 64 PART X – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 65 Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Actions 65 Interests of Management and Others in Material Transactions 65 Transfer Agents and Registrars 65 Material Contracts 65 Interests of Experts 65 Availability of Additional Information 66 PART XI - GLOSSARY OF MINING TERMS 67 SCHEDULE – AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER 71 PRELIMINARY NOTES In this Annual Information Form, the terms “Gabriel”, the “Company” and the “Gabriel Group” refer to Gabriel Resources Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Law Concerning the Support for Romanians Living Abroad
    Strasbourg, 4 June 2004 Restricted CDL(2004)053 Opinion N° 299 / 2004 Engl. only EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) DRAFT LAW CONCERNING THE SUPPORT FOR ROMANIANS LIVING ABROAD OF THE REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera pas distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. CDL(2004)053 - 2 - LAW CONCERNING THE SUPPORT FOR ROMANIANS LIVING ABROAD Pursuant to stipulations of article 7 of the Constitution of Romania, Having regard to the provisions of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities adopted by the Council of Europe on February 1, 1995, ratified by Romania by means of Law nr. 33/ 1995, Taking into account the guidelines stipulated by the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) in the “Report on the Preferential Treatment of National Minorities by their Kin-state” (Venice, 19 October 2001), Bearing in mind the Declaration “Sovereignty, Responsibility and National Minorities” of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (The Hague, 26 October 2001), The Parliament of Romania adopts the following Law: Article 1 The present Law sets forth: a) The rights of persons of Romanian ethnic origin, and those of persons sharing a common Romanian cultural identity, residing outside Romanian borders (hereinafter called “Romanians living abroad”), aiming to preserve, promote and develop their cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious identity. b) The attributions of Romanian competent authorities. Article 2 1. The Romanian authority competent to implement the provisions of this Law is the Department for Romanians Living Abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • The Checks and Balance of the State Branches in Romania
    LawThe checks Review and balancevol. VI, of special the state issue, branches December in Romania 2016, p. 197-206 197 THE CHECKS AND BALANCE OF THE STATE BRANCHES IN ROMANIA. AN ADMINISTRATIVE ASSESSMENT Associate professor Mihaela V. CĂRĂUȘAN* ABSTRACT This paper talks about the extent of public administration in connection to the separation and equilibrium of state’s power. This paper will try to address what the government of Romania has failed to address, which are the topics that must concentrate on enhancing its legal power as part of one state branch. This article focuses, also, on the links between the doctrine of the separation of powers and the concept of public administration in a cross-state branches perspective. Even if, the separations doctrine is at the root of the concept of public administration it remains unclear how administration relates to the other state powers. What is more, the doctrine proofs that public administration is an inner actor of the state’s branches and it can unbalanced or balance them. Keywords: administrative law, constitutional gridlock, regulatory power, independent authorities. 1. Introduction The principle of separation of powers is composed of several elements: separation of functions (among rule making, rule execution and rule adjudication), separation of agencies (constitutional court enforcing the constitution, and legislature, executive and judiciary operating in the post-constitutional stage), separation of persons and, most importantly, the structure of relations between the powers (pure separation, checks and balances on the decision level as in most presidential systems—or on the personal level as in most parliamentary systems).1 James Madison theory is that, the Constitution has to grant each branch its power, which serves the highest interests of the people, otherwise the quest to maintain the separation it becomes endless.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Decade for Social Changes
    Vol. 19, 2021 A new decade for social changes ISSN 2668-7798 www.techniumscience.com 9 772668 779000 Technium Social Sciences Journal Vol. 19, 191-211, May, 2021 ISSN: 2668-7798 www.techniumscience.com Media communication strategies in the central public administration Dumitrela Florentina Cantor1, Mihaela Rus2, Tănase Tasențe3 1Independent Researcher, 2 3Ovidius University of Constanta, Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ovidius.ro Abstract. From year to year, the role of Social Media has become increasingly important. In this context, public institutions in Romania have started to use social networks more and more often, in order to increase the interest of citizens for interaction through social media. Usually, online communication channels do not replace other means of communication but offer the advantage of the large number of users who are increasingly active in these social networks. Also, public institutions maintain a close relationship with the media, given the fact that it can be a good channel of communication with citizens. Through this communication channel, they build a favorable image and make the activity of public administration transparent, which leads to an improvement in the relationship with citizens. Therefore, the relations of public institutions with the media are materialized through the organization of press conferences, through press releases or interviews with public administration leaders. Keywords. media communication strategies, public administration, social media 1. Central public administration. Theoretical approaches 1.1. General characteristics of the Central Public Administration The concept of "Administration" refers to the activity aimed at satisfying the general interest, in accordance with and by compliance with the law.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania, Country Information
    Romania, Country Information ROMANIA April 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III ECONOMY IV HISTORY V STATE STRUCTURE VIA. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VIB. HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VIC. HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATION ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE REFRENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. These sources have been checked for currency, and as far as can be ascertained, remained relevant and up to date at the time the document was issued. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 Romania (formerly the Socialist Republic of Romania) lies in south-eastern Europe; much of the country forms part of the Balkan peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conflict Between Basescu and Tariceanu. a Governmental System Viewpoint» the Conflict Between Basescu and Tariceanu
    The conflict between Basescu and Tariceanu. A Governmental System Viewpoint «The conflict between Basescu and Tariceanu. A Governmental System Viewpoint» by Sean Müller Source: The Sphere of Politics (Sfera Politicii), issue: 126­127 / 2007, pages: 50­61, on www.ceeol.com. The following ad supports maintaining our C.E.E.O.L. service | downloaded: 25.9.2021 https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.59772 source: Politicå internå The conflict between Basescu and Tariceanu A Governmental System Viewpoint SEAN MÜLLER Semi-Presidentialism In the politological debate on the char- acterisation of (democratic) govern- Semi-presidential systems of mental system, the stand of the „semi- democratic governance risk presidential” category is far from ending up in a stalemate when it secured. Some see it as a deviation à la is not clear which of the two française from the presidential system; „heads” – head of State or head for example, Shugart/Carey speak of of Government – shall take the „premier-presidential systems”.1 lead. The current political situation in Romania features Others tend to prioritize relational over some of the commonly observed dispositional features. This means that characteristics of such an denomination of a political system de- institutional blockade. However, pends also on the concrete powers the after addressing these formal president possesses in relation to other aspects of political Romania, the State institutions. Based on the assump- author argues for not forgetting tion that only „executive power” would to take into account the informal, allow the president to „enter a double actor-related factors. The nature authority structure with the prime min- of the Romanian political parties ister”, Sartori for example excludes Ire- and party system seems to hinder land, Austria, and Iceland form the the finding of a consensus semi-presidential group.2 needed to exit the self-imposed blockade.
    [Show full text]