Networking and 67 Expressed Degrees of Interest in Participation. a Sample

DOCUMENT RF:sumn ED 025 147 EM 000 326 By- McKenzie. Betty. Ed; And Others 17-21. 1960). Live Radio Networking for EducationalStations. NAEB Seminar (University of Wisconsin. July National Association of Educational Broadcasters,Washington, D.C. Pub Date [601 Note- 114p. Available from- The National Association of EducationalBroadcasters. Urbana. Ill. ($2.00). EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC-$5.80 Descriptors-Broadcast Industry. Conference Reports.*Educational Radio.*Feasibility Studies. Financial Needs, Intercommunication, National Organizations.*Networks, News Media Programing,*Radio. Radio Technology, Regional Planning Identifiers- NAEB, *National Association Of EducationalBroadcasters A National Association of EducationalBroadcasters (NAEB) seminarreviewed the development of regional live educationalnetworking and the prospectof a national network to broadcast programs of educational,cultural, and informationalinterest. Of the 137 operating NAEB radio stations,contributing to the insufficient news communication resources of the nation,73 responded to a questionnaire onlive networking and 67 expressed degreesof interestinparticipation. A sample broadcasting schedule was based on the assumptionsof an eight hour broadcast day, a general listening audience, andlive transmission. Some ofthe advantages of such a network, programed on a mutualbasis with plans for a modifiedround-robin service, would be improvededucational programing, widespreadavailability, and reduction of station operating costs. Using13 NAEB stations as a round-robinbasic network, the remaining 39 could be fed on a one-wayline at a minimum wireline cost of $8569 per month; the equivalent costfor the complete network wouldbe $17,585. As the national network develops throughinterconnection of regionalnetworks and additionof long-haultelephonecircuits,anationalheadquartersshould be established. The report covers discussiongenerated by each planningdivision in addition to regional group reports fromeducational radio stations. (TI) LIVE

radio networking

ED025147

NAEB Seminar al& University of Wisconsin July 17-21,1960

- WELFARE U.S. DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH, EDUCAIION & OFFICE OF EDUCATION

EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMDIE THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRODUCED POINTS OF VIEW OROPIMONS PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGINATING IT. OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION STATED DO NOTNECESSARILY REPRESENT POSITION OR POLICY.

LIVE radionetworking foreducational stations

the nationalassociation ofeducationalbroadcasters urbana, illinois

ED025147 N9 price.. $2 l' M edited by 0 planning committee 0 the seminar 0 and/ betty mckenzie NAEB Administrative Vice President Harold E.Hill, chairman of the seminar, welcomed the group on behalf of the NAEBandstated the purpose of the seminar: to set up a concrete plan or blueprint for anational live educational radio network. Dr. Fred Harrington, vice president of academicaffairs, University of Wiscon- sin, welcomed the group on behalf of the university. preface

been a grow- Starting with the Wisconsinstate network several yearsago, there has first, of regional liveeducational radio networks ing movementtoward the establishment, recent months to es- and, ultimately, anational network. Severalsteps have been taken in state of Michigan,and the Big Ten area. tablish networks in theNew England area, the planning to be However, due to severalfactors, it has beenimpossible for any realistic Those taking the lead innetwork organizationrealized that, bedone on a national basis. be necessary to bringtogether educational fore any concrete stepscould be taken, it would de- broadcasters from all overthe country to consider necessary,and possible, steps to velop live educationalnetworking. factors, the NAEBProfessional Developmentcommittee decided In view of the above W. K. Kellogg to plan, and partiallyunderwrite financially(with funds provided by the of NAEB Headquarters), aseminar to be devotedto discussion Foundation for the operation This seminar washeld of present networkingendeavors and considerationof future steps. at the University ofWisconsin, July 17-21,1960. the seminar envisions a new, As a result of discussionsthere, the group attending radio broadcasting serviceto the people of theentire country which unique, noncommercial features of a natureand will provide educational,cultural, informational,and entertainment that has ever beenavailable.By taking advantageof the re- quality far above anything of many years ofexperience sources of theinstitutions of memberstations, and as a result educational radio stations,this appears now to beeminently possible. in broadcasting by the role which The proposed network maywell enable educationalradio broadcasting to fill has been envisioned forit since its inception.

seminar planningcommittee

Larry Frymire, WKAR,Michigan State University,East Lansing. Hartford N. Gunn, Jr.,WGBH-FM, Boston. Carl H. Menzer, WSUI,KSUI, State Universityof Iowa, Iowa City. Richard F. Vogl, WOI, IowaState University of Scienceand Technology, Ames.

Seminar Chairman:Harold E. Hill, NAEBadministrative vice president. conclusions of the seminar

1. The ultimate goal is a national live radio networkfor educational stations, providing service to the people of the entire country. 2. With that in mind, the NAEB should continue to work NOWtoward establishing regional and state networks. 3. The main values of such a network are: a. To distribute program materials of atimely naturenews, commentary, and analysis which are not now readily available to American audiences. b. The psychological factor of national live broadcasts versus delayedbroadcasts will stimulate participation by faculty and staff of member institutions, and byother authorities. c. To serve as a coordinating anddistributing agency for the cultural and intellectual resources of the nation. 4. A permanent committee should be appointed to study and work towardestablishment of the live network.Membership on the committee should consist of a representative from each NAEB region, plus members of the ad hoc committee which planned theseminar. 5. The NAEB should seek funds for the study of legal and engineering problemsrelated to various types of interconnection in radio broadcasting. 6. At this time it is impossible to establish accurate estimates of staff and budgetaryneeds of a national network headquarters.Seminar estimates of personnel requirements ranged from six to over thirty. Budget estimates varied from $60,000 to $250,000 per year. 7. The NAEB should seek funds to hold regional meetings throughout the U.S. inorder to bring together representatives of all existing or potential network stations.Such meetings will serve to stimulate development of the various regional and statenetworks which ultimately can be interconnected to form a true nationwide educational radioservice. 8. Nonbroadcast uses of a live network would help in financing thenetwork.These uses may be most important in the stimulation of networkdevelopment by administrators. 9. Network service should span an eight-hour period or more, which will include service for daytime and nighttime programing in most U.S. time zones. 10. A tape program service with air express or other fast handling and deliverycapabilities should be established to supplement the present NAEB network service to interconnect the various state or regional networks during the development stages of thenational network.This tape service may be continued along with the live network to transmit high fidelity music program features. 11. Regional network headquarters should be set up at a central city in eachregion.As the national network develops through interconnection of regional networks, a national network headquarters should be established at a location which will best serve theneeds of the network. contents

page

Keynote Address - TheNeed for a New CommunicationsSystem 1 Hartford N. Gunn, Jr.

5 Discussion 8 The Council of Tenand the University of Chicago Frank E. Schooley 9 Albany Medical CollegeTwo-Way Radio MedicalConferences Albert F. Fredette

11 Radio Network Programing Richard F. Vogl 17 Discussion

23 Radio Network Planning Carl H. Menzer 29 Discussion Telephone Company Charges 34 E. L. Novak

39 Radio Network Financing Larry Frymire 57 Discussion 58 A Systems Problem C. M. Jansky, Jr. page

Group Reports

Group A 63

Group B 71

Group C 76

Group D 79

Discussion 82 Savings in Line Charges, Using Off-the-Air orMultiplex Transmission .... 82 Richard Este 11

Participants 85

Appendix NAEB Radio Stations, January, 1960 87 Channels for Program Transmission 92 Educational Radio Network, A Status Report onInterconnection 96

days, we are constantlyreminded that we are in thegreat Wherever we turn these for the democratic process of selectingthe man who will bePresident of the United States interesting to note how often we arereminded that next four years.It will be particularly country but of we are actuallyin the process of selectingthe leader not only of our own next four years.Not many Americans maybe aware of thisfact, the free world for the have noted the but certainly peopleof other countries are;for example, some of you may complained bitterly about ournational political conventions,stating, London newspaper which tomfoolery, in effect, that whileAmericans might be willing toinvolve themselves in such disturbed at this apparentlyhaphazard system of choosing people in other countries are of candidates, one of whom maybecome president and, in turn, asthe major determinant free world policy and action,the spokesman for theircountries. Regardless of whether theBritish paper was correctabout the nature of ourpolitical conventions, it does emphasizethe new role of the Americanpresidency.In the final analysis, it is not just a newrole for the Americanpresidency, but also for theAmerican to select a leader not onlyfor himself but for asubstantial citizen, who is now called upon made nonethe- part of the world.Clearly, this places upon thecitizen an enormous burden less so by his possible unawarenessof its existence.In view of this greatresponsibility, it seems only fitting that weask ourselves some of thequestions that others areasking about us. How well prepared is theAmerican citizen to make crucialdecisions?Does he have Does he have enough accurateinformation?Does he have access to sufficient education? wisely and to act the analysis and interpretationof specialists?Is he prepared to choose decisively? Fortunately, or unfortunately,most high school and collegegraduates depend upon in- major communications mediasuch as radio, television, newspapers, formation supplied by our share of attention. and magazines.Of these, radio and televisionhave commanded the major How effective havethese media been in informing andeducating the citizen? Let us look at severalrecent events and areas ofinterest.If reporting is merely the coverage of events,then the American radio andtelevision networks haveperformed some brilliant jobsof reporting.During Mr. Khrushchev's visit tothe United States, plane-by-plane, band-by-band,cocktail-by-cocktail description Americans were treated to a Despite the tre- of one of the most interestingand entertairing state visits ofthe century. devoted to the trip, interpretationand analysis were almost mendous amount of air time this visit as completely lacking.A great opportunity was totallylostan opportnnity to use a springboard toplace in perspective not just theRussian dictator but the Russian govern- its achievements and itsfailures, the Russian people, and ment, its method of operation, what a the country itself.With the attention of so manyAmericans focused on this event, shame that no one capitalized onit to provide for American citizens astudy in depth of the Soviet system. Let us look at anotherareaif there are two cities in theworld demanding the most accurate and complete interpretivereporting, they are Washington andMoscow.Granting the limited accessibility ofMoscow for such reporting,certainly there can be no excuse for the type of daily reportingwhich emanates from our ownnational capital, Washington, "I don't think D.C.On the program "The Pressand the People," Eric Sevareidsaid: 1 that the normal daily fifteen-minute network television news programs are successful in terms of content or in giving people understanding.I don't think they ever can be.You'd be better off from fifteen minutes of radio, listening to somebody really giving it to you " At this point NBC news commentator Martin Agronsky added:"Let's be specific about it. CBS carries a fifteen-minute show, and ABC carries a fifteen-minute show.Now, in that fifteen minutes, actually how much does Washington get?At the outside, Washington gets two or three minutes.I defy anyone to cover Washington in two or three minutes." Outside of the United States we find other examples of the lack of broad coverage and interpretationthe booming, bristling continent of Africa, where a new country seems to be born almost every month; yet no American radio or television network maintains a regular correspondent who is heard daily from that continent.Not long ago, a major American network was enterprising enough to broadcast a BBC correspondent's report from the Congo Republic.He was given thirty seconds to explain what was happening.Latin America, too, is slighted in terms of coverage.While events pile up in Cuba, there is virtually no reporting from any of the other Latin-American capitals either on the actions of Cuba and their reactions to them, or on their own national affairs. These are just a few examples (I am sure that you could suggest many more), but they do indicate the inadequacy of our present system.Clearly, then, we need a communications system that will and can educate our adults to world leadership. Equally important with national and international understanding in the concept of a new communications system are the areas of job knowledge and cultural enrichment.In almost every phase of American livelihood, particularly among the professionsmedicine, law, business, politics, educationthe ever-increasing tempo of change is apparent, as is the resultant need to keep abreast of the latest information not only in one's own field of endeavor but in other fields as well.There is also a necessity to help the citizen to a richer life through greater access to culturemusic, art, drama, literatureof our own and of other countries. Another argument in favor of a new communications system has only recently begun to emerge, and that is the need to speed communication within and among the faculties of our educational institutions.As with other professional people, it is important in these times that educators and specialists constantly update and increase their knowledge in their own fields.It seems strange that often we must wait six months to a year for the publi- cation of a scientific paper when an entire conference could be made immediately available to faculty members and experts throughout entire regions by means of a radio network.Ed- ucational communication also should be brought to bear on the split between scientists and humanists. Among others, then, the goals for a new communications system should be:to educate the United States citizen to world leadership, to increase the knowledge and effectiveness of the citizen in his job, to enrich his life, and to perform a special service for education itself.

FAIL TO PERFORM I don't think it is necessary to labor the point about the failure of our existing systems to perform these services.There simply is not enough being done in enough areas to be satisfactory in the world of today.Further, neither the goals nor the methods of these systems are designed to meet this demand.It is clear that these functions should be performed by some sort of broadcasting system whose primary function is education, in both the broad and narrow sense of the word. One of the first suggestions might be to make use of educational television and, in- deed, educational television can and should perform a substantial service in the attainment

2 of these goals.It is well to remember, however,that educational television is usually more difficult and more expensive to usethan educational radio.Briefly, then, let us compare the two media. As we all know, ETV is extremelycostly to produce, is often cumbersomeand generally lacking in flexibility.Educational radio is relatively inexpensiveand has easier and perhaps more frequent access toeducational and informational sources.There are relatively few ETV stations as compared witheducational radio stations, which are easierto build and with- to operatesMany of the available televisionchannels are UHF and cannot be received out adapters; thus, they haverather small audicnccs.P'^- ..:irmpla; whilP betterthan 50 Der cent of the homes in Washington,D.C., the nation's capital, have FMreceivers, there are not more than a handful of UHFreceivers that might pick up a futureETV station in Wash- stationswhich is the ington.And in comparing radio andtelevision, the interconnection of heart of an adequate communicationssystemis extremely difficult and costlyin ETV. These comparisons make clearthe many advantages of radio as thebroadcasting system with which it might bepossible to provide the newcommunications system which modern Americademands.However, the individual educationalstation cannot effect this task alone, for it cannot furnish indepth the educational talent and resourcesrequired.It is necessary to havediverse views, to hear from not one butseveral facultes, from a number of regions and countries,and to hear from not only academiciansbut also iv_umnon-academic people such as governmentofficials in Washington, businessleaders in New York or Chicago, industrialists in Detroit or Columbus,and diplomats in the United Nations. All of these talents and resources must becombined and integrated to form the programstructure we seek.In brief, we must combine andintegrate individual educational radiostations.Thus we come to thepossibility of the live, interconnectededucational radio network as the most effective means of satisfying theneeds for a new communications systemwithin the United States. But why should the network belive rather than on tape? As oneFord Foundation official asked me the other day, "Isn'tmost of your material in educationalbroadcasting timeless?"I had to admit that, yes, a largepart of it is timeless, not alwaysby desire but frequently by necessity oftape network distribution.Slow distribution has made it almost impossible to dealadequately with the increasing tempo of nationaland world events, thereby crippling educational broadcastingin one of the areas where it is mostneeded. But, the live, interconnected networkhas other values besides its ability todeal with the timely, the immediate, andthe urgent.It could and should provide more programs than a tape distribution system can.It should, in fact, provide a completeschedule of eighteen hours every day whichmember stations can accept or reject.And, because it can provide so many programs with ease,flexibility, and relative economy, thenetwork should enable stations to reduce their local programproduction and to concentrate on afew outstanding programsbetter programsnot only for the network, but forindividual local needs as well.As a by-product of the full networkschedule, there may be encouraged thedevelopment of new stations by thoseinstitutions which previously have beenfrightened by the prospect of providing a complete programschedule by themselves.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT IMPORTANT There is another reason for a live,interconnected radio network.It is the psychological effect.This effect, I think, can be shown bythe greater interest of the audience. It may be due to better programing, ordue to publicity which becomes possiblefor the first time with simultaneous distribution, orpossibly due to an intangible sense that programs are being heard simultaneouslythroughout a region or throughout the country.I know that this effect can be felt by our educationalinstitutions and faculties.Again, there is that intangible difference to faculty membersbetween the preparationof a program to be heard immediately by a great number of people and colleagues throughout a wide areaversus being heard sometime during the next six moliths to a year on one station at a time.In- deed, it is unsettling, particularly to a political scientistfor that matter to any sciegtist to realize that his words via slow tape distribution may confront him in some large me- tropolis six to nine months from now.There is no question in my mind that a liva network creates excitement, anticipation, and greater interest for the audience, and for our faculties and institutions. But I can't help thinking that the greatest effect of all may be upon ourselves, the station managers in such a network.The network will force us to do cooperative thinking and planning concerning the presentation of programs and the use of talent and facilities. This new interaction, coupled with some of the same excitement which our faculty and institutions feel, may result in our coming up with new and better programing and it may in- deed result in our thinking and planning in a far greater dimension than we do today. Let me come back for a moment to the audience, or more correctly, audiences, of such a live educational radio networkfor in the final analysis, they are the reason for the existence of such a communications system.We have long known that the audience for our individual educational stations has consisted to a very great extent of the leaders in almost every area of endeavor.Research has proven to many of us that one of the most important things distinguishing our audience from that of any other media is the unusually high propor- tion of community leaders, scholars, professionals, etc.Let us capitalize on this fact in the development of our live educational radio network.Let us frankly cater to this audience, for it has, in fact, the greatest immediate influence in the world today, both nationally and inter- nationally.It is an audience almost totally unserved by other mass media.This network should provide a unique service in depth, with emphasis on analysis and interpretation of background information, with creative cultural programing, and with specific programs for businessmen, lawyers, doctors, educators.This audience of leaders in every field is the audience which we are best equipped to serve and which needs most the service that we alone can provide. Well, how far along are we in our iieiwork thinking? There are two parallel movements in the direction of live, interconnected educational radio networks.One is along the eastern seacoast stretching from Montreal to Chapel Hill, North Carolinaan area with a potential audience of over 45 million people.It is expected that the central New England segment will be fully completed this fall.Progress is already under way to establish new stations to interconnect this northeasterngroup with existing stations in New York; Philadelphia; Richmond, Norfolk, Virginia; and Chapel Hill, North Carolina, as well as with the Canadians through Montreal.The other network under consideration is the midwestern round-robin system designed by Carl Menzer, and utilizing many fine existing stations, to serve Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and eventually virtually the entire midwestern U.S. These two proposed network systems are not far apart from each other.If these two regional networks can be successfully established, there is no question of the possibility of interconnecting within a few years a network stretching from Canada to North Carolina, and from the east coast to beyond the Mississippi.One can only speculate that if such a network were created, it might well be possible to stimulate interest in and a desire for a national coast-to-coast and border-to-border educational radio network. The need for such a system has been clearly demonstrated.It remains to be seen, however, whether we have the imagination and the capacity to devise the mechanism and to create the programing by which the needs of modern America shall be met.

4 DISCUSSION

objectives listed.Would you repeat those? BROWNE: Hartford, you had four United States citizen toworld leadership. GUNN: 1. To educate the 2. To increase theknowledge and effectivenessof the citizen in his job. 3. To enrich his life. 4. To perform a specialservice for educationitself. Now I think all of youcould come up with anotherset of goals, but as I thoughtthis over these were thethings that struck meabout what this network mightdo; these seem to beworthy of considera- but these tion.You could certainlyadd or subtract as you wish, are four serviceswhich should be performedtoday. New England network now, asof this date? FRYMIRE: What is the status of the Albany Medical College inAlbany, New York, GUNN: For two years the and we ourselves havebeen exchanging programs150 miles across completed the central Mas- Massachusetts.This fall we will have sachusetts station.These three stations alonewill cover almost all of southern NewEngland.We're going up from 15kw to 50 kw. The station in the centralpart of the state will bealso high-powered, located 750 feet above averageterrain.The station on MountGrey- lock of Albany MedicalCollege is about 2,600 feetabove average terrain.There's a favorable report oneducational broadcasting going to the trustees ofWesleyan University whichwould put a station into southern Connecticutwhich would serve all ofLong Island and the area from southernConnecticut to New YorkCity.This will complete the connection withNew York.There are already atleast three or four NAEB stationsin New York so this isthe New York- Boston link, finishedhopefullyby the spring. Then we have existingstations in Philadelphia.There are several ways we can getfrom New York to Phi lly.They're under explora- There tion.We may use anintermediate station or we maynot. are only eightymiles separating the twocities.It's just a problem of getting interference-freesignals in and out of the twocities. There we stop. We need stations inBaltimore and in Washingtonand we've been working with people in bothof those cities.We've had a series of meetings at JohnsHopkins, with the Baltimorepeople including, Baltimore Junior College,the University of Maryland,Goucher, and a number ofother institutions in that area.They have shown interest, but they have taken nopositive action.The Washington group looks asif it will center aroundAmerican Universitywhich has very extensivestudio facilities.They have everything they 5 need except the transmitter and auxiliary equipment, and we're seeing what we can do to provide them with transmitting facilities. If that happens and we're into Washington we can then feed on to Bob Kirkpatrick's station in Richmond, Virginia.There's no problem in getting from Richmond to Norfolk, where there is an existing station at William and Mary. We have had a conversation with the people at Charlottesville, at the University of Virginia.They have a ten watter.If they take it up to 30 or 40 kw and put it up in the Blue Ridge Mountain area, they'll interconnect with Richmond and carry the signal to within one station of Earl Wynn in Chapel Hill.And Earl Wynn thinks he will be able to make the connection into North Carolina. Then there are two other needed developments: 1. To try to persuade the University of Vermont to put facilities in northern Vermont which would make the hop from Albany to Montreal.That would complete the interconnection with CBC and, as many of you may Imow, CBC now has its own FM network which does not duplicate the CBC Trans-Canada network.They're very interested in our system and might take some programs from us and also be willing to feed some programs to us. 2. Then the other question is how do we proceed across to the west.Penn State University is receiving programs from WNYC in New York via one educational station and one commercial station, and we think it may be possible to get from Penn State in central Pennsylvania into Duquesne at Pittsburghwhich would bring us to the Ohio state border. Or we can come at it another way. We can come out of WAMC in Albany and through one new transmitter at Utica or through one or two relays into Syracuse.From Syracuse it's a short hop to Rochester, and from Rochester a short hop to Buffalo.If we were into Buffalo, we would need only one relay stationat Cleveland. From Cleveland we're into what we hope will be the Ohio state network, and I think the Midwesterners can carry it on from there. So we're not too far away; we feel that we're better than 50 per cent down the road to making this thing work and making it possible to interconnect with the Westmaybe almost simultaneously with the completion of the link to the South.

PAULU: It seems to me that programing is the thing we should consider before we get too far into technical and financial considerations. As I see it, there are two facts which should affect our delibera- tions:the change in commercial radio as a result of TV, and the coming of TVboth educational and commercialresulting in the eclipse of educational radio.It is encouraging that Hartford Gunn happens to manage both educational TV and educational radio. And without precipitating an argument as to which is better, I would like for Hartford to explore how each is best used.On the basis of the two points I mentioned and on the basis of the audience to be served, what do you see as the primary programing possibilities of the network?

6 area.I am sure that you will agree GUNN: Let me concentrate on one that TV has destroyed newscommentary, interpretationand analysis. This is a matter of concernnot only to us, but tothe leading com- Murrow, Sevareid, andAgronsky.This mercial news men such as able is an area whicheducational broadcastingcertainly should be to fill and fill betterthan was possible inthe days of old radio network service.News coverage as weknew it prior toTVthat networksis practicallynonexistent today, atleast is service by all most in- in our area.And the substitute whichTV has provided is adequate.This is an area where weshould be able to perform a and unique service. For example, incurrent very special The events, an educationalnetwork could provideneeded service. correspondents in Africa, but ournational networks BBC maintains together a do not.The BBC people havesaid that if we will put dimensions, they will giveserious considera- network of significant hour, on the tion to purchasingregular time, a half-hour or an cable to feed regular programsfrom London.This would give us access to all theBBC correspondentsaround the world.The same is true of CBC, whichhas one of the finestinternational news services available. Other sources wouldinclude voluntarycorrespondents in such areas as Ghana, andfaculty members of our owninstitutions who are experts on foreign affairsand who are frequentlyin other parts of the world where theycould serve as correspondents.We might be able to use the BBCpermanent lines andshort-wave radio to get these programs back. Another area would beprograming aimed atincreasing the knowledge and effectiveness of citizens.Among our memberinstitutions, scientific knowledge which isimportant and which mustbe disseminated the network, either on abroadcast or closed- could be sent out over life, is circuit basis.Another area, that ofenriching the citizen's one we haveall been covering for manyyears.But we have been doing it primarily with ourlocal resources or by usingthe tape network.This can be greatlyexpanded on the livenetwork. Finally, performing aspecial service foreducation itself could be handled through multiplexing,while the regular programscontinued to be broadcast to thegeneral public.Examples might be bringing together via radiooutstanding scientists whomight prefer this method to journeying to aconference. A two-channelmultiplex two-way communication.Similarly we might system would result in possi- use teletype,facsimile, slow-scan TV,and a number of other bilities to assist in thetransmission of this professionaldata, and administrative communicationschannel among in- also to provide an be stitutions.This is an entirely new areaand perhaps should not called "broadcasting, " but a new"communication system."This is a total system.It is no longer simplybroadcasting to the general public. thinking in terms of spot newsor HARRISON: When you speak of news, are you general background? In terms of Africa andLatin GUNN: I am thinking interms of both. 7 -

America, you are not even getting spot news really.Things have to fall apart before you get it.Even more important is interpretation and analysis which could come from our ownfaculty, but because of their close association everyday their views tend to coin- cide.The answer to this problem is live network broadcasting. With a network it is possible to put together a 30-minute or45- minute commentary on world events, switching to anumber of people talking on a single topic or on several topics on whichthey are authorities. This network would require tremendous coordination betweenthese schools and would include a file of the faculty and thefields in which they were experts.

DREYFUS: How and why does live network broadcasting increasecultural enrichment?

GUNN: It doesn't necessarily.- This is not inherent.There are many things which are better on tape, such as BBC musicbroadcasts. But many things are available from Canada and Britainonly on a live basis.A lot less material is available from Canada and Britain than would be available if it could be done on a livebasis because of recording and transcription fees.

FRYMIRE: What are some of the other advantages of a livenetwork?

GUNN: It would require joint effort and cooperative programplanning would stimulate our own thinking in the United States.There is also the psychological point:If you go to some top man and try to persuade him to come on the radio with a taped programwhich will go across the country, he will not be overly interested because the program will not reach many areas for along timebut if you can tell him that at this moment he will talk to people in fifty cities, that makes a difference.

H. HILL: Frank, would you explain the Big Ten network thinking?

SCHOOLEY: There is an organization called "The Council of Ten and the Uni- versity of Chicago."This is a cooperative venture comparable to the Southern Region Education Board or the similar organization in the Rocky Mountains, both of which by their very nature are tied in with political units of government.Big Ten schools and Chicago decided to do something regionally on a cooperative basis without tying themselves into political organizations, and so they formed this organization. It exists for the purposes of cooperation and is financed by a Carnegie grant.It has a committee which is made up of the vice presidents or provosts of the 11 institutions.There is also a director and an assistant director. In thinking about a radio regional network those of us in the organization have transmitted to this cooperative committee of the Big Ten and Chicago a proposal to make a more formalized study of the potential and the operation of a Midwestern network.We have elected to use the machinery which exists but we are not closing

- than the door to expansionto a Midwesternnetwork including more What we have tried todo is to pick up these eleven institutions. tie to, from a kind ofmachinery which existsand which we might which we would alsoget support for theoperation of this network. When the time comesthis may be expanded.The University of Chicago is presentlyconsidering getting a stationof its own. We We are thinking atthe moment of alive, line-linked network. thinking of holding back onehour for nonbroadcast pur- are also semi- poses andperhaps to set up aninter-institutional specialized nar. have any target date? KIRKPATRICK: Do you even vaguely date of January 1, forthe Big Ten andChicago. SCHOOLEY: A tentative target This can be operatedat $1,000 per month perinstitution. round-robin basis? HARRISON: Is this to operate on a

SCHOOLEY: Yes. tell us about thetwo-way radio medical H. HILL: Al Fredette is going to conferences at Albany. the Under the auspices ofthe Albany MedicalCollege and through FREDETTE: Frank Woolsey, theassociate dean there, we direct efforts of Dr. Since it have developed a uniqueidea in educationalbroadcasting. is so difficult toget busy medical mento come to themedical postgraduate education, wedecided to try college for much-needed services of to bring the medicalcollege to them.We secured the nine radio amateursand one transmitter atthe med- some eight or members ical school.At the medical school wehad two faculty talk on a given subjectand at each of the seven oreight hospital locations where the amateurtransmitters and receiverswere lo- would address questionsdirectly to the faculty cated, the doctors received a grant of members.Following this experiment, we $90,000 from the RockefellerFoundation, and with thesefunds, purchased remote broadcastpickup units and built aneducational Greylock operating at90.7 mc.Our thirty- FM station atop Mount at 153.11 mc using two remote broadcastpickup units are operating beamed antennas.These are aimed at the90.7 mc FM transmitter Consequently, anything comingfrom location on Mount Greylock. link or the Albany MedicalCollege via a 941 mcstudio transmitter from any of ourthirty-two remote transmitterlocations, goes to Mount Greylock, whereit is rebroadcast on our90.7 mc FM transmitter.Now you have ineffect two-way radiocommunication. We have expanded sothat we now have remotestudios in Boston, Massachusetts, in New Haven,Connecticut, and inBurlington, Ver- present mont.Any one of the medicalcolleges in these cities can 20-minute dissertation fromits own campus,and a 15-minute or physi- allow the remainingportion of the hour tobe used so that the cians in the participatinghospitals can ask questionsand receive live, on-the-spot answers.We do this threedays a week. hospitals per Up to now theparticipation has beenlimited to eight 9 day.This year we are going upto ten hospitals per dayfor each of three days.The doctors participate inthis program during their lunch time; this system savesthe participating doctorsboth time and money. We feel thatmedicine should not monopolizethis system, and we would liketo see this developed inthe other arts and sciences. We can't afford TV,but we do use visual aids.We send these on in advance and they aredistributed just before theconference. This is much cheaper thanTV.

We are expanding.We hope to add theUniversity of Syracuse, the University of Rochester,and Pennsylvania Hospital tothe six present collaborating faculty groups. Another instance of thepsychological drawing power oflive, two- way radio is the casewhere our Suburban ScholasticCouncil, a group of eightprogressive high schoolsasked the lieutenant gover- 15-minute talk on the 1960legislative session just nor to give a at completed.He almost surely would nothave consented to speak any one of theseschools, but where we couldtell him that he would be speaking to anywherefrom 6,000 to 8,000 students,he gladly his consented.There were panels set up ateach school, and when talk was completed the studentsasked questions and receivedim- mediate answers.This system is even moreeffective for a limited group.For instance, consider theidea of having Robert Frostdo some readings forEnglish classes, followed by aquestion-and- answer period. be done on a regional basis,it can VOGL: I suppose that since this can be done on a national basis?

JANSKY: Yes.

10 radio networkprograming by Richard F. Vogl Last September [ 1959] inWashington, D.C., a three-dayconference was held to consider the feasibility and role ofstate and regional networks ineducational broadcasting. The proceedings of thatconference were subsequentlyprepared and published by the NAEB and were distributed to themembership.The book's 257 pages rresent aconcise and up- to-date picture of educationalnetworking, both radio and TV, inthe United States today. But one need read only to page28 to find a statement thatmight well be adopted as the text for our 1960 seminar onlive radio networking.The author is Dr. Louis M.Lyons of Harvard University, and aregular news commentator onWGBH-FM-TV in Boston.In his closing remarks he said: television planning because itis so We are compelled to putmost of our energies into our expensive, so elaborate, sodemanding, so all-consumingof money and talent and program what radio does.But let me just turn thataround materials.It costs roughly ten times times the and remind you thatradio costs only one-tenth asmuch, that you can have ten time on radio for the sameprice.Radio has been in eclipsein commercial broadcasting since the more dramaticdevelopment of television. there is time to talk...achance to tell the wholestory...to But it is on radio that the issue finish the lecture...togive everyone his say,...toexplore all sides...to go into and encourage and enjoygood talk...to forget thetyranny of the TV in depth...to present his own clock for long enoughintervals to get somethingsaid...to let a person choose pace and discussthe thing in his own way. It would almost seem thatthe station managers and programdirectors who indicated would in our recent questionnairethe kinds of programs theycould give and the kinds they take, should a live network beestablished, were students of theLyons school.With remarkable consistency theyoffered to provide programs thatpenetrate rather than survey, and indicated at the sametime a willingness to accept awide latitude in the lengthof the . take from the net.Furthermore, the great numberand variety of programs they would be programs volunteeredgive ample assurance that afull schedule of quality offerings can selected by the network programdirector.In short, from a programingpoint of view, a live network is definitelypossible.It is a case of "You get theplans because I've got the lumber! There is little need to dwell onthe advantages of increasedsharing of program tal- the past ten years and ent.The tape network subscribershave enjoyed these benefits for their stations have grownin stature and valuebecause of them.Our job at the moment is to determine whatadditional advantages live networking canoffer and to decide whether they will be worth theadded cost of operation. The program information onthe following pages isbased on the results of the above- mentioned questionnaires.They were sent to the 137NAEB Actives operating radio stations in the forty-eight contiguousstates.This report is based on the73 (53%) that were completed and returned by thedeadline.Six indicated, for various reasons,that they would be unable to participate in alive net; the remaining 67showed interest ranging all the way from skepticism todedication. , .and that's a mightylong way! These preliminary papers are merelyfor the purpose of presenting abasis for dis- certainly cussion.They must necessarily contain manyarbitrary conclusions; they most leave many questions unanswered.Their only aim is to stimulate yourthinking at the beginning of the seminar so that we canstart in high gear.

11 10 EST9 CST Classroom Lecture MONDAY Guest LectureTUESDAY Classroom LectureWEDNESDAY Guest Lecture THURSDAY Classroom Lecture FRIDAY Guest Lecture SATURDAY 1011 78 MSTPST Women's Program 1112 89 OpenChildren's Program ir..... > Today's Youth 1210 91 OpenCurrent Events Documentary (Variety) 1011 2 Curient Events Discussion --....> 1112 1 MinorLittle DramaConcert , ) Major Drama ) 12 231 Classroom Lecture Guest Lecture Classroom Lecture Guest Lecture Classroom Lecture 234 WallFarm Street Market TodayReview Major Concert 51 Youth sismonsmismram~ffligt 34 NewsU.N. TodayAnalysis and 4/ 2 Commentary Figure 1 ,...... ) The sample program schedule on this chart[ Figure 1] is based on the following assumptions: 1. The maximum initial operation will be eighthours a day, six days a week, twelve months a year. .The broadcast day will run from 10 A. M. to 6 P. M. EST 9 A. M. to 5 P.M. CST 8 A. M. to 4 P.M. MST 7 A. M. to 3 P.M. PST 2. Programs will be selected primarily for a "general audience."While some may be acceptable for in-school use, the obviousscheduling problems preclude this as a primary consideration. 3. Every effort will be made to exploit the timeadvantage offered by live programing. 4. Every effort will be made to exploit the special andunique talents each member station is able to present.(Geographic location, special production facilities, outstanding talent resources, etc.) In addition to your program suggestions, many of youvolunteered further comments about the proposal.A few typical ones are included here to help pinpoint thebasic considerations. I think the idea is very excitingatremendous opportunity for NAEB and a real service for its listeners.As fine as the tape network is, a live network oughtto go much closer toward giving educational radio its properplace in U. S. broadcasting. * * * Choose a pool of the best minds on our college campuses.Alert them to be ready. When a news event occurs pick the best man(or men) in the pool to comment on that particular event.Put him on live with a 15-minute analysis on theday the event occurs.

* * * In my view the best use of a live networkwould involve news in some form.All other uses are questionable (especially music,if for no other reason than the poor quality of network lines, assuming this is how it would behandled.)

* * * It strikes me that most of this, except the news,is material that really might be distributed just as well under the present tape system,which is also cheaper. A really good news commentator, though, such as ERN's LouisLyons, giving two broadcasts each evening, would be more suitable for live network Programing.

* * * We have been operating a live educational networkfor the past several months and the major usage has been in the reporting oflive news and special events. We are, obviously, tremendously interested in live networkingbut our view is that the emphasis should be on those programs which requireinstantaneous exposure and not programing which can be originated by an individual station or alibrary type of programing, which could best be handled via tape. * * * Herewith your program-source questionnaire,filled out with high hopes, some mis- givings, and considerable enthusiasm. * * *

13 We have several sources of good programing that we could furnish the network and our administration is very sympathetic toward our becoming members of a national network. * ** I don't want any live network material that could be handled better or as well by tape.

Now I would like to summarize the results of the survey conductedby theNAEB radio network committee in May.Of necessity many of the answers on the questionnaires were vague and conditional, but the over-allresults give a reasonably clear indication of the kinds of programs that are now available, or that can be made available,and the kinds most desired by prospective network members.

DRAMA Nineteen stations indicated ability to provide dramatic programs. A widevariety of lengths and subjects...from daily 15-minute "Student Workshop" productionsfor children to weekly half-hour dramatizations of great novels to occasional full-lengthproductions of adult plays. There is a real need for professional radio drama.Twenty-seven respondents asked for weekly 30-minute or 60-minute adult plays; seven specified weekly full-length plays lasting up to two hours or more (if necessary) and nine others need daily or weekly15- minute dramas.(The in-school people have a "fidget problem" which must be met by short-span programs.)

LIVEMUSIC There is lots of it available and much of it is certainly of high quality.There's everything from 15-minute weekly recitals by advanced students to annual local music festivals.Several stations in metropolitan centers can produce daily recitals by professional musicians (although there might be a union problem here).And some of the college and university members with strong music departments can provide weekly orchestra and choral concerts, and there are lots of salon and ensemble possibilities. Opinion varied widely regarding programing music on a live net.Some desire daily or weekly concerts of 30 to 60 minutes in length; two suggested two or morefull-length concerts (1 1/2 to 2 hours) per week; twenty-one indicated no interest in network music. Some recommended "specials" only...seasonal productions, music festivals, etc.There is a strong feeling that a good tape recording is more desirable thanwire-line transmission.

CURRENT EVENTSDISCUSSION This is a fert"e field!At least thirteen stations are now presenting such, or are in position to start onon a weekly half-hour basis; two are producing hour-long weekly discussions.In addit.,in there are a few youth discussions of varying length, plus the highly regarded interviews Louis Lyons conducts with a guest in the news three times (15 minutes) each week.The latter are carried by the northeast network and are available on a nationwide basis. Demand for good, lively, responsible public affairs discussion is high.Most needed are 30-minute weekly programs, while six stations would like at least three per week and one news-minded manager requests ten per week!Another suggested, "I have in mind a live discussion between participants at different stations using the net to make possible

14 meetings of minds at far-f1ungschools." An "open mike"round-robin type of discussion should be investigated.It could have exciting possibilities.

NEWS ANALYSIS AND COMMENTARY Again, another area of great interest.Seventeen stations are now in thebusiness. Most offer general news commentaries,while others concentrate onpolitics, the European scene, foreign press,regional affairs, U.S. editorials,and news magazines.Clearly there is some top-notch talentavailable.Most programs are 15 minuteslong, from one to five times weekly. Nearly everyone wants them, themajority suggesting 15 minutes aday.One member feels that news programs arethe only kind that could be justified on anational live net: "It strikes me that most ofthis [program types on thequestionnaire], except the news, is material that might be distributedjust as well under the presenttape system, which is also cheaper."

SPORTS At least eighteen college stations arein position to feed football andbasketball play- by-play to the net.Also, a number of quarter-hoursports roundups are available. It would appear that NAEBstations are more interested inmental gymnastics than Fifty-seven of the respondents showed noapparent interest in a sports net- physical ones. daily or work.Four, however, suggested a "gameof the week" in season; four also a weekly sports roundup on theround robin.

DOCUMENTARY There are a few in-depth reportingexamples using the documentary techniqueavailable immediately; others could be produced onassignment by several of the larger,well-staffed current news topic is stations.It appears that a weeklyhalf-hour documentary report on a well within the realm of possibility. There is strong support for this typeof program. A weekly half-hour appearsto be most popular, with sixteen "votes."Six others suggested a quarter-hour perweek; six more would settle for30 to 60 minutes a week; whileanother six felt that documentaries of 30, 60, or 90 minutes' durationwould be welcome whenever available.Clearly this is another area that should be investigated.

WOMEN'S PROGRAMS Most of the land-grant colleges areproducing daily or weekly programsfor homemakers which could be adapted fornational use if needed.In addition, KUOM suggestedthe possibility of developing a new seriesthrough the facilities of the MinnesotaPlan for Con- tinuing Education for Women. At the same time, there was littleinterest in such among potentialnetwork members. Only thirteen indicated they would programthem; a weekly 15-minute or30-minute program would be satisfactory.This may be something bestproduced on a local basis.Then again, perhaps a well-conceived seriesintended for national reception could bedeveloped.

CHILDREN'S A wide variety is available for thepre-schoolers, elementary-age, and sub-teens. There is ample material for at least adaily quarter-hour, assumingsatisfactory production quality. 15 Two dozen members would carry network programs forchildren.As a compromise to meet the varying needs of the stations, a dailyhalf-hour program which could be scheduled locally as a single program or as two quarter-hourshows is suggested.

FARM Only a few are being produced now...by theland-grant colleges.As presently conceived, they appear to be regional in character.Perhaps one weekly composite half-hour program could be arranged withkey stations in the various agricultural areas of the country.A daily market review, covering farm commodities(grains, livestock, and produce) and the Wall Street exchanges, and designed for service to the"small time" investor, would be useful. Under present conditions there is little demand for farm and market programsfrom the net.

CLASSROOM LECTURE Again, there is a great abundance of presumably excellent material.By means of an extensive screening process, itwould be possible to establish a catalog of subject-matter specialists known to be accomplished lecturers.Most schools could produce at least one, the larger schools severalallwith national reputations.It is questionable whether courses for credit could be handled on anational basis, however. There would apparently be wide acceptance of one to twolecture courses a day. In general the stations operated by scientific schools need programs in thehumanities, and liberal arts schools request lectures in the physical sciences.In addition there is a general need for programs in political science and social studies.

MISCELLANEOUS TALK PROGRAMS Some interesting things are being done currently that merit nationaldistribution. Typical areas include semantics, physical and mental health, poetry reading(in addition to no end of "chapter a day" readings), careerguidance, and speech making.(Does anyone work with the local Toastmasters Club?) There are many unfilled needs that bear consideration.It appears there are enough special guest lectures on our various campuses to provide one outstandingspeaker a week while his words were still fresh and timely.Daily coverage of the U.N. and Congress is possible and would fill a real need.Inter-school discussions and conference calls to sites of news stories are also suggested.At least one program a week for teen-agers (music, news, career guidance, manners and grooming,etc.) and a weekly program for the "golden agers" are needed. These suggestions give a general picture of the program needs and resourcesof NAEB stations.

16 DISCUSSION

sample VOGL: Using the informationreceived from the questionnaire, a network schedule [Figure1] has been offered for yourconsidera- tion.I want you all to feelfree to suggest any changesthat would improve it. I have a few comments toadd to my prepared paper, toget the discussion started. Are the commercial networksdoing an adequate job on news analysis and commentary?Are they doing more than wecould ever do? Or arethere things which we coulddo which they cannot? Do any commercialnetworks reflect the views offoreign commentators? Members have shown considerableinterest in documentaries. NAEB has already done several.Most of these are timeless,and we use them againand again.But there are many problemswhich are timely and which canbe produced in documentaryform very quickly, used once? and forgotten. Women's programs are now being handledlargely by land-grant schools and college stations, but wecould certainly present book reviews, play reviews, and musicaldiscussions directed primarily toward an audience of women. I have suggested a children's programfor a half-hour every day, split into 15-minute segments; also onehour every day for youth programs.This has up to now not been explored verymuch. There are some items on the chart[Figure 1] which are placed at specific times for specific reasons.For instance, at 4 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, I have placed areport from Wall Street. Since the Market closes at 3 p.m., I am sure wecould get some report by 4 p.m.

GUNN: Such a thing already exists.WNYC does such a program daily from 3:30 to 4:00. Late in VOGL: Also I have listed a farm marketreview at 3:15 CST. the afternoon there might be a U.N.report and news commentaries. We should also be able to presentformal, educational classroom lectures.What are some of you doing now in thisfield?

R. HILL: At Syracuse, Russian by radio.

PRESS: There is almost nothing that can't bedone, once it is agreed upon that this is desirable.

17 we are tryingto edu- FREDETTE: We have tremendous materialavailable, but cate the educator to eliminate thecrutch ofvisuals. Whathave some of you done VOGL: Let's move on to the guest lecturer. with lecturers or seminars?

BROWNE: We had Harry Truman last year. Canadian-American Seminar, which FRYMIRE: Annual Asian Institute and bringinternational authorities to our campus. like Truman because hetravels NELSON: There is a problem with someone to many colleges.When we put him on the airit cuts him out of his lecture in all the others. traveling lecturer because there youdo VOGL: We are not speaking of the run into problems.I am speaking primarily ofthe academic seminar being conducted on a campus orin a community.You may run intoperformance-rights problems inbroadcasting musical programs.Burton Pau lu has secured therights for twenty Minne- apolis Symphony concerts.We woiild hope that we wouldbe able to secure rights to send that over ournational. educational network. The same is true of manydramatic presentations. and PAULU: Is it your idea that thesemusical and dramatic programs guest lecturers should be presented ontape or live? here to VOGL: It is not my thinking thatit be done either way. We are decide that very thing. be presented over the net- PAULU: What I mean is, should these programs work live or should they berecorded and then sent over the network? I think PRESS: In either case what we reallyneed is some new writing. we could get thisif we had a national network.Were the daytime hours selected arbitrarily? continuous sched- VOGL: Completely.Also, we have arbitrarily offered a ule.Perhaps we would do better to go onfor a couple of hours in the morning and a coupleof hours in the evening. this WRIGHT: Why have you chosen daylighthours? We do not consider our major audience.Is it because there are moredaylight hours on most of thesestations? from commercial radio and VOGL: Yes.Also there is more competition TV in the evening. certainly EBLEN: A timely program comingfrom New York at 10 a.m. EST would not be presented on the WestCoast immediately in a live form, since it would only be 7 a.m.out there.You would have to record this program and present it at a moresuitable time.

VOGL: Yes.This would be infinitely morevaluable.

18 stations are FM stations, we are QUAYLE: Since most of our NAEB member not too concerned aboutdaylight-only stations.These stations don't have to concentrate their programingin the daylight hours.There- fore, one of the great advantagesto those stations which are now able to operate only from 5 p.m.to midnight would be that, maybe with the addition of one engineerto throw in station breaks, they might be able to increase theirentire day by eight hours if this were carried on adaylight basis.This could be done at very little additional cost. Are you thinking in terms of this programstructure as a balanced program structure? reflecting only VOGL: No.Any station is going to have local programs its own broadcast area which itwill use to supplement thissched- ule. Another consideration is the greater coverageattained by the AM stations even though they are fewerin number.

DREYFUS: From the standpoint of programing,this represents a substantial increase compared to the programing we nowdistribute via the tape network.

VOGL: Correct. What DREYFUS: Apparently, there is not really much of achange in type. would the live-network technique do interms of type?What would it add?

VOGL: Some programs on this chart might bepresented as well, and perhaps even better, on tape.I am hoping that you all will be able to add to this schedule many newand original program types.

BROWNE: Is there some reason associated with economy orline costs which caused you to put together a schedule likethis rather than having a couple of hours in themorning, a couple in the afternoon,and a couple at night with dead areas between?

VOGL: I don't know off-hand how the line costswould vary in those instances.

H. HILL: There will be three AT&T men here thisafternoon and for the rest of the conference, and they will be able to answerthat question.

VOGL: In making this schedule we didn'tinclude such cost considerations at all.We considered a wire-line networkand also the possibility of a wireless, microwave relay, orairborne system.This would have a great effect on whether or not weinclude concert music. We can get a much better frequency responsefrom a good tape recording than we can over a wire today.But on wireless relay you can attain comparablequality to that which you get on a tape recording.

BROWNE: I raised this question because we have ourlargest audience at night and, therefore, we would be far moreinterested in this sort of thing at night.I believe the greatest value ofthis is going to

19 be in the timely category.The psychological factor worksboth ways.When the person speaking knows he is onlive,it does something to him psychologically.Also when the person listening knows that this is live and happening now,it also has a psychological effect on him. there VOGL: I would envision that prior togoing on the air each day would be a closed-circuit discussion,with the network headquarters giving any last-minute changes inthe schedule.And I would envision that there would be many changesand cancellations becauseof timely events of gTeat interest.Commercial networks are unable to make these instantaneouschanges.

PAULU: What would be the relationship betweenthis live network and the NAEB tape network and/or the BFA?

VOGL: Time will tell.I don't have the answer.I don't think that one necessarily precludes the other.

PAULU: I can see that in the case of a matterthat is very timely this live network can supply something that tapecannot.But in the realm of drama and certain kinds of talksand lectures, do we want to record Great Man X off the line in themorning and broadcast him at night, or do we want to take the thing ontape in the first place? We have to think this thing through sinceit may be a choice of putting the money in one place and notthe other.

VOGL: I don't think anyone has assumed thatthis would necessarily eliminate the tape network.

HARRISON: I think we should remember that it isfar more economical to have one man in Urbanaknocking out 176 or so tapes than it is tofeed it down the line and have 176 eagerengineers failing to record the first two minutes.

NELSON: What about youth programs which you havelisted on the chart?

VOGL: This is something which I haven't thoughtthrough.I was thinking of something other than youth discussion programs.I would welcome ideas on this.No one really seems to be doinganything in this area today.

NELSON: I think we have to be careful not to letthe schedule get too heavy. I want to relate this to athletics.I think the commercial networks are carrying plenty offootball games, but on our campus Gene Wettsall does a remarkable job with gymnastics.We have the Finnish group there.This serves two purposes:(1) the matter of better international relations and(2) the matter of physical fit- ness for everyone.A good jazz program might also be useful. We should lighten the schedule in order toattract more listeners.

VOGL: This is a good point.We haven't begun to explore all the possibilities.We should try to expose the kids to more thanjust the rock and roll they get on the jukebox.The schedules will vary from area to area according to the regional culture.

20 ELLIS: Should the program schedule be a totalservice to which the audience should, theoretically,listen throughout the day? Or should it be a service to which they are attractedby individual programs, programs which they listen toand then go elsewhere for entertainment?

VOGL: No one can program your station for you.Every station must do its own programing and "trim its sails tosuit the wind.1,Only you know what your audienceneeds and wants.

H. HILL: The same thing applies here thatapplies to the tape network. There are many things that some of youmight not want to take because you can do it better on your own campus.The wealthy or strong assist the weak.There are many things here which you would want.There are several educational stations acrossthe country which do not have on their facultiesthe people you're talking about.For that reason, we now program on thetape network certain things which we know you can dobetter than we can give you.We would do likewise on a live network toprovide the programing backlog for those persons unable to provideit for themselves, at the same time providing those little gemswhich you cannot get any other way.

VOGL: To answer the question about administrativeproblems, obviously we would have to have a Supermanat headquarters who has all the answers and two or threesatellite Supermen who go around the country seeking out programs that a given stationmight be in a position to produce, but for one reason oranother is not producing.

FRYMIRE: This may help to stimulate campus activity.People will ask, "Why did you carry that fellow and not us?"

GUNN: It is better to have a few persons mad than to havethem say, "We just don't care."

HARRISON: I notice that you feel that six days man hathlabored and done all his work. Do you know just how many stations operate onSunday?

H. HILL: Almost all of them.

HARRISON: How many stations operate after localsunset?

H. HILL: All but two or three.

VOGL: There is no doubt that a national live network wouldadd tremendous prestige to educationalbroadcasting.

HARRISON: Someone suggested that this might open up opportunitiesto institutions which are not now broadcastingto put in apackage which would be turned on in the morning and turned off inthe evening, with the network going all day.Someone should be exploring what a package deal of this kindwould cost.

21 radio networkplanning by Carl H. Menzer

c; The feasibility of a liveNAEB radio network hasbeen under consideration for a num- Although the present tape networkcontributes much, it is felt that alive net- ber of years. the work offers many advantages.It is true that television hastaken the spotlight during past few years but recent surveysindicate that radio broadcasting,instead of decreasing in popularity, is not only continuingto serve but is gaining inlisteners and number of receivers in use, in aremarkable fashion.Obviously there is a place foreach, and those places clearly defined each day.The result is a realizationthat radio can do are becoming more deal less expen- many things aswell as, or better than,televisionand certainly a great sively. It has been suggested that anynetwork should be programed on amutual basis and round-robin type of service socontributions could come from planning is for a modified available to all sta- any one of theaffiliated stations at any time.The service would be tions continuously, but if anystation had local commitments orpreferred its own program, it need only withdrawfrom the network feed. A few of the advantagesof such a network are: such 1. One of the majorproblems of educational stationsis programing. A network would not only allow anystation to discharge itslocal responsibilities but as is proposed There would offer the nation'soutstanding program servicethroughout the broadcast day. is little doubt but thatcontributions from institutionsrepresented by NAEB membership, presently available and withlittle added burden, couldprovide a network seryicewhich would easily challengeanything the commercial networkscould offer. 2. It would add stature andgive pystige to member stationsand to NAEB, as well relations.If service to members is animportant func- as strengthenthe station's public obligation in an tion of NAEB, such anetwork would help theorganization to discharge this outstanding fashion. 3. The line facilitieswould provide a closedcommunications channel betweenNAEB Headquarters and memberstations at other than broadcasthours.It would also provide a present tape network programsat other than broadcasthours when they means to transmit etc. could be recorded locally,thus reducing costs of tapes,dubbing, handling, mailing, 4. The element of competitionwould tend to upgradeproduction and it seems likely material from our variousinstitutions would be moreeasily available that much outstanding In addition, such if the contributor knewhis message would reach anationwide audience. would bring outstandingevents to listeners as theyhappen; it would provide a live network horizons. a wide varietyof programing not nowavailable; and it would broaden program station's normal programproduction budget might 5. By using network programs, a produc- be materially reduced,allowing increased efforts inother areas as well as in the tion of special networkpresentations. with a limited budget,which now programs only afew 6. The small school station listen- hours of in-schoolbroadcast material, could become acommunity station and supply ers in its area,at other hours, with thehighest class educationaland cultural service. Many other excitingadvantages will become apparentwith little thought. 23 Figure 2 shows the locationsof NAEB radio stations.It is obvious that the uneven distribution of stationsimmediately presents a problem.There is also the problem of a three-hour time differentialbetween extremes.This latter, however, would notbe as serious as might be expected, asit has been successfullysolved by the commercial net- national coverage. works.There are, of course, decidedadvantages to a network with full Actually the important item isthat of long-haul telephonecircuits over western areasnot now served byeducational stations.There might be advantages in theorganization of several regional networks whichcould be joined as the operationssettled.Certainly it is much easier to work outdetailed costs, programing, androutines of operation if only a regional network is involved. With the above in mind, a groupof midwestern stations wasarbitrarily selected and a preliminary survey wasmade.It must be understood that thisselection of stations was purely arbitrary and neither thenumber of stations nor the configurationof the regional network should be considered asthe best arrangement.It was necessary to use some definite starting point in order to securedata on costs and programing facilities,and this study should be considered only as apoint of departure. Based on network operation eighthours daily, seven days per weekwithfifteen minutes each day used forclosed-circuit network business, programcorrections, traffic orders, etc. 54 1/4 hours of programing,weekly, would be required. A surveyindicated that of the fifty-two stations involved, thirteenstations, along with other available sources,could supply approximately 170 hours of programhigof network calibre.Obviously some very critical selection could be made. Using the above-noted thirteenst,tions as a round-robin basic network(See Figure 3), the remaining thirty-nine could befedn a one-way basis.This does not mean that these th5rty-nine stations could not contribute programsto the network.Their programs could be carried on the network by linereversal whenever they had suitablematerial. Figure 4 is a map of 5tatL1 locationsand shows the configuration of thisregional network along with the area served. Figure 5 shows approximate monthlywireline costs.These are based on Schedule A service, the best the telephone companyhas to offer, and similar to that usedby commercial networks. Figure 6 indicates a possible linerouting of round-robin and one-wayfeeds with monthly wireline costs for each leg. When considering the financing of such aregional network there are variousalterna- tives.The ultimate goal should be thecomplete network where wireline costs are$17,585 per month.However, to start, minimum requirements forthe basic round-robin network are $8, 569 per month.With this amount, the network could go intooperation and one-way feeds could be added as desired. Another type of mutually programed regionalnetwork is that proposed for the northeastern states.(Refer to Figure 7.)In this plan it is proposed to use FMrelay stations instead of wireline connections.The use of a multiplex system is alsosuggested.A limited portion of this network is now in operationusing direct off-the-air pickup forrelaying purposes. If it is found desirable to organize regionalnetworks which could be joined toform a national network, Figure 8 suggests a pointof departure for discussion.To divide the nation into regional network areas willrequire tonsiderable study.Many things are involved

24 "Nr ,

Figure 2 NAEB Radio Stations

^44. 40, ^0" ROUND-ROBIN BASIC NETWORK 5 KV/ AM - 50 KW FM WILL Urbana, Ill. University of Illinois State University of Iowa 5 KW AM - 3 KW FM WSUI Iowa City, Iowa 5 KW AM - 3 KW FM WI Ames, Iowa Iowa State University University of Minnesota 5 KW AM KUOMMinneapolis, Minn. 5 KW AM - 3 KW FM WHA Madison, Wis. University of Wisconsin Chicago Board of Education 3 KW FM WBEZChicago, Ill. 5 KW AM - 3 KW FM WKAREast Lansing, Mich.Michigan State University Detroit Board of Education 2 KW FM WDTRDetroit, Mich. 7.6 KW FM WDETDetroit, Mich. Wayne State University University of Michigan 10 KW FM WUOMAnn Arbor, Mich. 5 KW AM - 3 KW FM WOSU Columbus, Ohio Ohio State University Bloomington, Ind. Indiana University 10 KW FM WFIU 5 KW AM WBAA La Fayette, Ind. Purdue University ABOVE STATIONS TOFEED FOLLOWING STATIONS(ONE-WAY) 3 KW FM WSRV Carbondale, Ill. Southern Illinois University St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis Board of Education 3 KW FM KSLH 3 KW FM Mac omb, Ill. Western Illinois University WWKS 1 KW FM KDPS Des Moines, Ia. Des Moines Public Schools Decorah, Ia. Luther College 250 Watt AM KWLC 10 KW AM V/CALNorthfield, Minn. St. Olaf College DeKalb, Ill. Northern Illinois University 10 Watt FM WNIC 10 Watt FM WEPS Elgin, IR Elgin Public Schools Evanston, 111. Northwestern University 10 Watt FM WNUR 10 Watt FM WGVE Gary, Ind. School City of Gary South Bend, Ind. School City of South Bend 250 Watt FM WETL 10 KW FM WMCRKalamazoo, Mich. Western Michigan University Flint, Mich. Flint Public Schools 1 KW FM WFBE 10 Watt FM WOAKRoyal Oak, Mich. School District of Royal Oak Highland Park, Mich.School District of Highland Park 10 Watt FM WHPR 250 Watt FM WTDS Toledo, Ohio Toledo Public Schools Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland Board of Education 9 KW FM WBOE 1 KW FM WAPS Akron, Ohio Akron Public Schools Kent State University 10 Watt FM WKSU Kent, Ohio 250 Watt AM - 10 Watt FM Athens, Ohio The Ohio University WOUI 9 KW FM WCBEColumbus, Ohio Board of Education City School District Delaware, Ohio Ohio Wesleyan University 10 Watt FM WSLN 10 Watt FM WYSO Yellow Springs, OhioAntioch College Oxford, Ohio Miami University 250 Watt FM WMUB 10 Watt FM WVSH Huntington, Thd. School City of Huntington Wabash, Ind. School City of Wabash 10 Watt FM WSKS 10 Watt FM WWHI Muncie, Md. Wilson Junior High School Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis Public Schools 250 Watt FM WIAN 10 Watt FM WGREGreencastle, Ind. De Pauw University Bowling Green, OhioBowling Green State University 10 Watt FM WBGU 3 KW FM WPSREvansville, Ind. Evansville School Corporation FOLLOWING WISCONSIN STATIONSTO BE FED FROM STATENETWORK 5 KW FM WLBLAuburndale, Wis. Wis. State Radio Council Brule, Wis. Same 10 KW FM WHSA 10 KW FM WHKWChilton, Wis. Same 10 KW FM WHWCColfax, Wis. Same Delafield, Wis. Same 10 KW FM WHAD 10 KW FM WHHI Highland, Wis. Same Rib Mountain, Wis.Same 10 KW FM WHRM 7 1/2 KW FM WHLAWest Salem, Wis. Same

Figure 3 ,,,.,0^4,0,W,,w4',mwr,m4MY.WIrer17,W,11,77717m7apa.iny.;Ny.,M NOR TH DAKOTA A joss% ymte WHISA Radio Network a 4 00**$ .04 KUOM WHWC WHRM 0 SOUTH DAKOTA a WCAL WHLA At Oellfft to WK AR WFBEVit WO E T a a KWLC WHH I WHA WHAD C R WUOM WOAK 0)..WO T R 'Owe ea. NEBR ASK A KOPS WO I WEPS 0 WBE Z w ETL WTDS iNi3GU Ol a WSUI WGVEWBAA WSK S WVSH WWH WYSO -NT...NW KA WS: :Us misaEll PENNSYLVANIA WWK S WILL W I A.N oinAUB 15 41111400lis WCBE :OS:: lit tAoUL3 VIRGINIA WEST KANSAS M I SSOUR I KiLH. sie lp KENTUCKY VIRGINIA 4P. 0 fAr WSR V. $41141111110- oos, Figure 4 APPROXIMATE MONTHLY WIRELINECHARGES

Wire line charges based onSchedule "A" Service, 8 hours daily. Interexchange Channels - $4.50 perairline mile per month Local Channels estimated - $5.00 Station Connections - $55.00

Basic Round Robin Network

Interexchange Channels $7,129.00 Local Channels - Receive (12) 60.00 - Transmit(12) 60.00 Station Connections - Receive(12) 660.00 -Transmit (12) 660.00 Total Basic Round Robin Network $ 8,569.00 $ 8,569.00

Receive Only Stations Interexchange Channels $7,156.00 Local Channels - Receive Only(31) 155.00 Station Connections - Receive Only(31) 1,705.00

Total Receive Only Stations $9,016.00 $ 9,016.00

Total Complete Network $17,585.00

Figure 5 KUOM WFBE 49 mi .. $221 .. WOAK 136 mi $1049233 mi WNUR wicAR 50 mi $225 WUR "5 mi8 mi $6s eCAL0162 %., 106 Mi WHA 122 mi 549 912 nil $54 $756 WICRY55168 mi ml $20345mi WUOM $162 6 mi $36 WDET ....WDTR WBOE 32 mi $924203 mi \ 6460 WNIC CelF5ftmi $117 WEI'S ...cr-6:7nWiBEZ i162 . 2imi eAWETL %.$306 68 mi Aoiwr1-20 DS mi i ....riof el° $45 /10 mi. bwicsu$144 MoI 110 mi $495 KW11 ale $86 , visit mi rr 490 $733163 mi WATS WSLN 130 mi 140 n)i $b30 WBAA WSKS- i6P0.40L ° 8 WoSu $108 mi KDPS :$135 WILL 75 mi $17639 mi WIAN WWHICr° 62it's \MBE $293 6) mi WKS "( $585130 mi $338 89$396 mi 9ST1E $16138 mi 196$872 mi WMUIff % 048 mi WOUT \ \ $616 128 mi /00 miNT;450 0 WFIU RoundOne Robinway service Basic Net KSLH b,Ib $366S1 mi Figure 6 CCWPSR Monthly line charges indicated ME.

/ e ribritreel 0Otkam

Figure 7

Proposed FM Radio Network for the northeastern United States beatimore

dwas6,ston Figure 8 NAEB Radio Stations

individual station such as present networkplans, economical methodsof relaying programs, facilities and budget,distance between stations,etc. regional Figure 9 shows the serviceareas of thesuggested eastern and midwestern all NAEB stations. networks.Figure 10 shows theestimated service area of Turning attention to networkoperations, the following outlineis suggested as material for discussion: station and/or programdirectors, or a programingcommittee, 1. Periodic meetings of outline to go over each station's programsas well as programsfrom other sources, and Also to discuss other networkbusiness.It may be found general schedule in advance. It may that after the operation getsunder way these meetings maybecome less frequent. be possible to conduct amajor portion of the business overthe closed-circuitchannel. 2. Employ a network managerwho works out detailed programschedule and sends copy to eachmember well in advance ofbroadcast. 3. Each day, before networkbroadcast, the network managerwill use the communication facility to advise allstations of any last-minutechanges or any network business. 4. In case of emergency,headquarters will transmit astandy-by program. will make frequency, distortion,and gain tests on the 5. Periodically headquarters networks, as entire network.Individual stations may checktheir own loops and equalizing well as their entire transmitter,from such tests. 6. Operations will be synchronizedby Western Union time, with programsto start "straight up" and end thirtyseconds before "straight up." 7. Ending cue (suggested):"This is the NAEB RadioNetwork." 8. Other uses of closed-circuitcommunications facility to bescheduled by network manager. 9. Investigation of all outside programsources and agreement ontheir use.Sched- uling by network manager. It seems obvious that anynetwork operation will requirethe services of a network following list of functions is managerand/or headquarters staff.Such being the case, the suggested for discussion: L Act as secretary forstation directors or committeemeetings. 2. Follow general programselection by station directors orcommittee and make out detailed program schedule. 3. Notify all stations of programschedule and originatingpoints. 4. Make any changes in dailyschedule, using communicationsfacility. 5. Suggest and arrange specialfeatures. 6. Keep emergency tapedand/or disc programs on hand. 7. Conduct periodic line tests. 25

- 8. Investigate other program sources,either live or recorded. 9.Investigate continuing support. 10. Act as clearing house andheadquarters for handling network business. 11. Keep records of programacceptances. 12. Schedule other uses for closed-circuitcommunications facility. 13. Keep network records. 14. Obtain clearances. 15. Handle network accounts. It would obviously be advantageousto locate the network headquartersat NAEB headquarters.It might be possible, however, toconsider a location at a memberstation's studios where much necessary equipmentis already available.Costs of office space and equipment may thereby be reduced.The following items and costs mustbe considered: 1.Office. 2. Secretarial help. 3. Office equipment. 4. Office supplies and telephone expenses. 5. Equipment for transmittingand receiving, including tape recordersand turntables as well as equipmentfor tests. 6. Travel expense. 7. Salaries (network manager andsecretarial). When considering the organizationof a network the following questions arepresented for discussion: I. Type of organization a. Integral part ofNAEB operations? b. Separate branch? c. Nonprofitcorporation? d. Other associations? e. Officers? II. Financing a. Individualcontributions? 1. Equal? 2. Pro-rated? 3. Other? b. Foundation support? 1. Through NAEB or independently? 2. Full support? 3. Full support to start and thenmade self-supporting? 4. Other?

26 c. Method of handling funds,billings, etc. d. Total costs 1. Telephone line rental 2. Salaries 3. Office and office supplies 4. Equipment 5. Travel 6. Telephone calls 7. Other III. Network headquarters a. Location 1. Convenience 2. Facilities available 3. Other b. Headquarters staff 1. Network managerselection, salary 2. Secretarialnumber, selection, salaries c. Duties (Seeabove) W. Programing policy V. Operations policy (See above) VI. Steps necessary to start network a. Detailed survey b. Agreement of all members(Items outlined above) c. Arrange financing d. Employ network manager and staff and arrangefor headquarters e. Order telephone lines f. Arrange program schedule g. Test run h. Starting date i.Other The above, it is hoped, presents a pictureof the proposed network and some of the problems involved in its organization and operation.

27 DISCUSSION

to the fact that the paper onnetwork MENZER: I'd like to call attention planning was prepared withthe idea of presentingmaterial for discussion.It probably presents anoptimistic report.Pm not naive enough to believe thatsuch a network is the answerto all educational radio problems, butI do believe it offers manyexciting possibilities.We're here to discuss thegood and the bad and to seeif there is a balance inthe positive directionwhat canbe done about it. Actually, there is no questionin my mind but what withthe combined resources of all theeducational institutionsrepresented in NAEB membershipaday-by-day program can bepresented which will provide a service farand above anything everdone by commercial networks.In my opinion it cando many things educational broadcasters have talked anddreamed about ever sinceeducational broadcasting started. As to operations andeconomics, the experiencegained by commercial operation presents apretty clear picture:How many commercial stations of stature canafford to make up the majorportion of their schedule from locallyoriginated programs?I have heard it expressed by educational stationdirectors that such a mutually programed network will add nothingto what they producelocally. This I question.As a matter of fact, good asI think my own station's programing is, be the first to state that it canbe im- provedand greatly improved. Of course, the minute one starts acomparison with commercial network operation, the problemof financing immediately arises. We do not have, and neverwill have, income from advertising. However, I do believe there areother ways, within our reach,of doing it.. . and we already have somesuggestions.Doubtless others will come out if we seriouslyput our minds to the problem. I'd like to suggest a positiveapproach.By that, I don't mean that the problems should be ignored.I mean that if a project has meritand this network proposal certainly seemsto have itwe should proceed with the idea offinding ways to solve these problems. One question which has beenraised is that of using anexchange of taped programs in place of a livenetwork, thus reducing wireline costs.We had several interestingobservations on this matter, along with candidates' applications forthis seminar.Briefly, let me say that the exchangeof taped programs will reducecosts.It will also allow a higher range ofaudio frequencies to be trans- c>lg/" PER CENT OF TOTAL TIME _Average Stations All Program F G H Classification A B C D E Stations 2.4 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.4 Religious 2.0 ------12.0 10.9 7.9 9.0 News 6.4 8.4 9.5 8.5 8.1 1.7 4.5 1.7 From Classroom --- 5.4 --- 1.9 ---

43.2 1 48.3 61.5 51.1 Music 51.6 55.0 47.7 44.0 56.9 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.3 Books 2.2 2.2 3.1 6.2 3.1 4.5 2.5 In-school Bcasts. 2.4 ------5.1 2.7 5.2 --- 6.6 Recorded Commer-8.2 9.4 10.5 5.1 3.3 8.0 6.2 2.1 tary 4.6 1.5 4.5 Live Commentary 2.2 5.4 6.4 6.4 5.9 3.9 1.6 2.4 3.7?* Sports 4.4 4.4 4.6 7.3 2.6 2.8 4.6 --- 3.7 Farm 4.0 --- 8.8 5.7 2.7 3.3 2.6 --- 2.0 Home-makers 3.3 --- 1.5 2.8 2.7 2.7 7.7 7.1 5.7 Variety 4.7 2.9 6.2 5.1 4.9 6.8 2.4 0.9 Talks - Lectures --- 1.5 1.0 --- 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.7 Dramatic --- 2.2 ------1.2 1.1 --- 2.1 --- 1.3 Markets 7.3 ------1.0 3.6 --- 1.8 Childrens 1.1 2.6 0.3 2.8 --- 3.7 0.3 Medical & Health 0.2 0.7 0.3 1.1 ------

Sports events none Reported 2 hrs2 hrs 3 hrs3 hrs 2 Ites 1 hr none 30 min5 min 15 min 45 min 6.0 6.3 NAEB Offerings 5.6 10.4 5.3 2.8 1.9 10.2 8.3 I and *The survey came at a timewhen some stations were carrying alot of live football and basketball others were carrying none.

Figure 11 mitted.On the other hand, Pd like to point out these facts: Several tape networks have been started and tried out by commercial stations.To my knowledge, most have been abandoned in favor of wireline networks.I believe the NAEB tape network to be the most successful venture of this type.With this in mind, I made a survey of eight prominent NAEB stations to determine the extent to which the NAEB tape network is used (Figure11).Why is the average percentage of total broadcast time occupiedby NAEB tape offerings only 6.3 per cent? Pm not sure I can answerthat. There is an intangible something which sets a live network apart from all networks using taped or recorded programs. As to quality of transmission, commercial networks haveused wirelines since they started, and I have yet to hear of serious complaintseven with the best symphony orchestras.Of course, if you put FM reception of a live program using a well-engineered receiver and high-quality loud-speaker alongside the average so- called "hi-fi" AM receiver, you'll notice a differenceprovided your ears are sensitive to high frequencies.But for day-by-day listening, wireline quality has been quite acceptable.Why not use FM relay?Fine, except there are vast areas where it just can't be done. This I believe to be true:If educational radio does not move for- ward, it will move backwardand fast.We need something to give us a lift, and this live networkproposal seems to be the answer. I dislike settling for something second-rate.

UNIOTOWN: What about microwave relays?

MENZ ER: In many areas there are projects now under way toorganize microwave relays for educational TV stations.There is no reason why an additional high-quality audio channel couldn't be added to such a microwave system allowing it to serve both radioand TV stations.Presently, until microwave systems develop, it looks like the wireline network is our best bet.

QUAYLE: How many hours of programing would we need for thenetwork?

MENZER: In 1959 I made a survey of thirteen midwestern stationsto find out what amount of programing might be available from those stations.I asked each manager to send me a program scheduleand to underline those things which, in his judgment, were suitablefor regional or national networking.I added to that the material which might be available from the present NAEB tape network service, plus material which might be available from otheroutside sources. We would need, roughly, 54 hours of programmaterial each week.I found that we had over 170 hours available.Obviously a program produced by one station mightbe duplicated by another, but even if we cut this figure in half, we still have 85 hoursand we need only 54.(See Figure 11 for the average percentage of total time devoted to various categories by eight stationssurveyed.)

QUAYLE: What about the use of Class C lines?

31 For MENZER: Class C lines are a great deal lowerin quality than Class A. speech only, a relatively limitedfrequency band is required, but for music, I don't think our organizationwill settle for anything less than the best available.My figures are based on the best available.

FREDETTE: We have been using Class D facilitiesfor strictly voice transmission. We have been very, very pleased with thesefacilities for voice-only programing.Are these facilities the same throughoutthe country, or do they vary indifferent areas?

RUSSLER: By and large, they should be the same all overthe country.The types of facilities are different all over the country,but the frequency characteristics are aboutthe same. A Class C line has a flat frequency characteristic between 200 and3400 cycles.A Class A (or Class B) line has a flat frequencycharacteristic be- tNeen 100 and 5000 cycles per second.

PRESS: What about piggybacking on the stratovisionexperiment?Would that offer any potential?Also how about investigating the possibility of using commercial network lines whenthey're not in use?

JANSKY: It seems to me that among the fundamentalconsiderations which need to be explored before you determine costsis just how you're going to do thiseither for regions or fornationwide networking. I also have a question:What are the technical capabilities of the various systems available for interconnection? 1. Wire circuits. 2. Microwave relays. 3. VHF relays. 4. Simple interconnection of FM broadcast stations. 5. Multiplex circuits on FM broadcast stations. 6. Possible other systems that might be used. And then, what are the costs involved in the use ofdifferent systems in specific cases?

MENZER: I have this information only from a limited area.(See Mr. Jansky's full presentation on page 58.)It was obtained from stations that were installed and operating.We found that it was impossible to ca-zry on off-the-air network operation with stationsin this midwestern area as they are now located.

VOGL: Would a wireline network using the equipment that you haveindi- cated here be sufficient for this type of program? Or would it be necessary to run double lines and other additionalequipment?

MENZER: The proposed system involves a basic round-robin network of stations which may transmit at any time.This basic network then feeds other stations on a one-way basis, and these stations may transmit by line reversal.

DUNN: This can be done and would not require any additional equipment if it were ordered that way.

32 VOGL: Would this require additionalequipment at the individual stations? facil- DUNN: It would require investigation to seeif you had the necessary ities.If you needed additional equipment,there would be a charge over the minimaloperating costs.

PETERSON: As I understand it, then, theproblem on a round-robin broadcast would be avoiding feedbackwhichis entirely possible by using proper isolation betweenthe speeches of the various personsin- volved.This can be done effectively by the useof earphones.

DREYFUS: The Class A line is a 5000-cycleline.I don't think that from a music standpoint this is worth twohoots.

MENZER: Well, all of the commercial networkbroadcasting has been done on Class A linesand I have neverheard of any serious complaints about the quality.It is, of course, a lower qualitythan 15 kc FM transmission, but commercial networkshave never used anything better.

DREYFUS: Don't you think that audiences have gottento the point where they expect university stations(particularly FM stations) to do a heck of a lot better cycle-wise than theAM commercial stations in terms of what they're putting outmusically?

PAULU: I think that we have a verygood point here.This is not an argument against a live, wire network,but if we decide to have a live network, the limitations on frequency rangewould have to be considered when programing music. Agood deal of the interest in FM particularly derives from the factthat it is high fidelity. We broad- MENZER: I would like to give you an examplewhich may help: cast stereo programs using ourAM and FM stations.As far as frequency response is concerned, wefind that the average listener uses an FM receiverwhich has much better quality than theAM receiver.There is obviously a considerabledifferencebut we have never had an indication fromlisteners that they notice this difference.The human ear is a rather poormeasuring device.

ELLIS: If there is concern over the qualityof music that could be trans- ported on the network, wouldn't it bewiser to leave the music off the live network and put music on atape network instead?If so, wouldn't it then be wiser to drop fromClass A to Class C and effect a saving on the lines?This could then be applied to operating a tape network with the high-qualitymusic which we seem to be seeking. What is the difference in line costsbetween Class A and Class C? Would the saving be enough to be applied to agood tape network? I'm going on the assumption that mostmusic is not timely and that most of it could be delayed as much assix months to a year.

MENZER: '.2o use Class C lines would certainlylimit network operations. I'm not sure that it would be worthit.And when you go down to Class D or E, there is a decideddifference in speech transmission; transmission of music is very poor. 33 Interexchange Channels

Schedule "AAA" (50-15000CPS) Monthly Charge per ALM 8 consecutive hours perday $7.50

ii/tit. .,,(50-8000 CPS) 8 hours 6.00

"A" (50-5000 CPS) 8 hours 4.50 9 hours 4.75 10 hours 5.00 11 hours 5.25 12 hours 5.40 13 hours 5.55 14 hours 5.70 15 hours 5.85 16 hours 6.00

Schedule "B" occasional service

(50-5000 CPS) per ALMper hour $.15 Each additional 1/4 hour .0375

Schedule "C" (200-3400 CPS) Less than 24 hourscontract period (12 noon - 9PM) 1st hour or fraction $1.50 each additional consecutivehour .25 Period between 9 PM and 9 AM 1st hour or fraction .75 Each additional consecutivehour .20

24 hours 4.00

Schedule "D" occasional(200-3400)1st hour .10 Each consecutive 15 minutes .025

Figure 12

PAULU: Where do the Class B lines comein? characteristics and is rented for a cer- MENZER: A Class A line has certain tain period of time.A Class B line has the samecharacteristics, but it is rented on a one-timebasis.Class C lines and Class D lines have similar characteristics,and a Class E line is about the same as that usedfor telephone conversations. PAULU: What's the difference in costbetween A and C? air- NOVAK: There would be a saving ofapproximately $.50 per month per line mile for an eight-hour day onthe round-robin proposition.The networks are not set up on thatbasis. We also have two other gradesof line, AA and AAA, but these are quite expensive.(See Figures 12 and 13.) 34 Program Charges FCC 198

Station Connections Schedule A $55.00 8 consecutive hours orfraction per month 3.00 1st 3 additional hours 2.00 12th consecutive hour on

Schedule B 20.00 Fixed monthly charge 1.75 Each hour or fractionof use

Bridging Connections

Schedule C 15.00 Less than 24 hours perday contract per month 1.50 Each additional consecutivehour to contract 20.00 Maximum charge(for 24 hour contractservice)

10.00 Schedule D per month 10.00 (16 occasions) Schedule E Minimum charge permonth Each occasion over 16 .625 Maximum charge 17.50 Local Channels those listed on pg 33A Schedule F all Bell exchanges except FCC 198 others (NWB) per ownfiled tariff charges

Figure 13

there is a solid block ofeight hours or if it VOGL: Does the rate vary if is broken up into four2-hour broadcasts? higher if it were segmented. NOVAK: The rate would be frequency response go upwhen you reach AA FREDETTE: How does the high and AAA? 8000 cycles, and an AAAline is flat to DUNN: An AA line is flat to 15000 cycles. possible to break it downto an eight-hourday UNKNOWN: On Class C, is it and get a reduction incost? hours out of the day and DUNN: You might be ableto pick some certain 35 come up with alower figure.However, you would be safer to stay with the $4 permile than to branch off. during the day and then fourhours PAULU: Suppose I broadcast four hours from 7 p.m. to 11 p.m.in the evening, on ClassA.How much difference in cost would therebe between that and if Ibroadcast eight consecutive hours? spread of fourteen hours, with a gap,your DUNN: If you're talking about a base rate will still go toeight hoursand you'll payfor sixteen- hour service.

PAULU: In other words, it wouldbe doubled. consecutively, you will payabout DUNN: No, if you go to sixteen hours $6.50 per mile.It would be less costly to youto charge you through these blank periodsthan to start over withanother eight- hour cost, which wouldtake you automatically to$9. whether the service is ClassA or FREDETTE: Is the physical wire the same Class C?In other words, if I werereceiving Class C service and I wanted AAA servicefor two hours on a certainday, could you give methis service? The physical characteristics are RUSSLER: No, it wouldn't be that easy. entirely different.

JACK STIEHL, WHA: Do youmake any minimum noiseand distortion guarantees? which we use and which havealways been RUSSLER: We have our own limits satisfactory. frequency response of the linethat's most im- DeCAMP: It isn't always the portant.It's frequently thesignal-to-noise ratio. carried on the lines of a smallindependent FRYMIRE: If a program is being telephone company at the pointof origin, while at the pointof reception it is being carried onthe lines of a largemetropolitan telephone company, what willbe the effect on the qualityof the broadcast? If necessary, RUSSLER: In general the qualityshould be about the same. there might even be specialconstruction to build up thatplant of the independent companybecauseif a service is orderedfrom us and if it is made up offacilities gathered from variouscompanies, one of which haslow-grade facilities, then thewhole layout may be affected.To solve this, you couldeither degrade the whole network to match the low-gradefacility and put up with the loss youwould get from the low-grade areaor youcould raise the low-grade area to match the high-grade one. regardless of how KAGER: Is there a minimumcharge per month per mile much permanent line isused per day?I am thinking in terms of one hour perday, perhaps three times aweek. $.15 a mile for A facilities or$.45 a DUNN: One hour a day costs you 36 mile per week, which would be about$1.80 for thirteen hours of broadcasting.

BROWNE: We have not yet received a satisfactory answerto the question comparing lines, microwavesystems, VHF transmission systems, etc.All our emphasis is on lines.Do we already know that they are the only thingthat will work?

MENZER: I can give you a partial answer.I have investigated the possibility of using a microwave relay system,whose use is envisioned for both radio and TV.The nearest answer I could get wasthat, for the midwestern area previously used as anexample, it would cost in the area of $100,000 to make a surveyto determine what facilities were necessary.The closest estimate anyone wouldmake of the cost of the microwave equipmentfor radio and TV was $2,000,000.

FRYMIRE. The best figures for both radio and TVmicrowave costs are con- tained in the NAEB Washingtou seminar report,The Feasibility and Role of State and Regional Networks inEducational Broadcasting.

UNKNOWN: You could buy a microwave transmitterfor $4500 for radio only.

UNKNOWN: Did you say that you had looked into theoff-the-air pickup and that it is impossible?

MENZER: It is in some midwestern areas becausethe hops are too long.

GUNN: Have you considered that the top half(Detroit through Michigan and Wisconsin to Minneapolis) of the network might beby air relay and the bottom half (Iowa to Ohio) by wire?

MENZER: That is a possibility, but it needs to beinvestigated.

R. HILL: That TV microwave setup which is presented inthe Washington report is likely to be a reality, and there's no reasonwhy we couldn't piggyback on it.

PRESS: If it is feasible to use stratovision to transmitradio network programs to the Midwestand ifthe people in the Midwest Program on Airborne TelevisionInstruction could tell us more about their planswe might experiment with it at very low cost,since they are going to do it anyway.

HARRISON: Does the figure of $17,500 in your paper, Carl,include all the local channels and interconnections?

MENZER: Yes, it does.

37 `1` Here are some possibilitiesI think we should consider whenthinking about financing a live radio network: 1. Self-support.Pro-rated participation fee based upontransmitter power, multiple transmitters (AM-FM combinations),and population in local coverageareanot on mileage separation between network points. 2. Self-support.Pro-rated participation fee based uponnumber of hours or minutes of programs provided for the networkby participating stations. 3. Regional support.Each network region payingparticipating fee as pro-rated upon number of stations within given region.Example:Present NAEB Region III members would pay 1/41 of network costswithin the region, provided allmembers joined the network.Fees would be proportionatelyhigher with fewerrmembers. 4. Foundation support. Year 1 - 100% Year 2 -75% (members contributing 25%) Year 3 - 50%(members contributing 50%) Year 4 -25%(members contributing 75%) Year 5 - 0% (members contributing 100%) Or any one of several variationsof the above. 5. Federal support.Possible sources:National Defense Education Act; special legislation to provide a special budgetfor U.S. Office of Education. 6. State support.Enlist the aid of state groups to fosterlegislation to provide financing within the individual statefor network participation. 7. Long-run budget saving.After the initial fee has been paid, thetotal station production and engineering costs could bereduced.For example, fifty program hours per week supplied by the network could mean many morethan fifty hours per week released from engineering and production costs. 8. Income possibilities provided byclosed-circuit service of network.Example: Medical school seminars.Each participant would pay the localmember station for the use Of this facility.This income could be applied to the totalfee. Following are excerpts from several sections ofthe Washington seminar report on networking, which was mentioned before.

39 REGIONAL OVERVIEW THEMIDWEST:RADIO1 thirty-seven educationalbroadcasters throughout ...In the spring of1959 a survey of some the country revealedthe following information: Alabama Nothing that resembles aradio network. production centersat Arizona No educational radiostations on the air, merely two Arizona State University,Tempe, and the Universityof Arizona, Flagstaff. No exchange of programswith other educational institutions. materials among sta- California No formal arrangementfor the sharing of educational tions in the area.KPFA, Berkeley, "informally"exchanges programs via tape with several broadcastersin and beyond California.KPFK, Los Angeles, sister station to KPFA,will eventually be tied in to amid-state actual "networking, " perhapswithin the next relay station, which will permit and year.Local networks are feasible inCalifornia since both the number proximity of transmitters coulddevelop true network-typeoperations, given sufficient funds. of the state. Colorado No coordinated activityexists in any of the institutions of programs. Florida Discussion has taken placetoward implementing interchange Nothing tangible to report asyet.Only occasional exchangesof programs between the University of Florida,Florida State University, andMiami Public School facilities. tape with WBAA, Illinois WILL, University of Illinois,has exchanged programs via Purdue University.Also WILL has rebroadcast theWBAA signal for baseball broadcasts.

.,, The University BroadcastingAssociation, Chicago, has arrangedfor the cooperative production of ETV programsand has worked in the areaof sharing time on commercial stationsand in some cases has arrangedfor personnel commercial station.Illinois Institute , in "Viewpoint, " a radio series over a of Technology operates aproduction center which has distributedtape programs to midwesternuniversity and college stations.The University of Chicago, exclusive of the NAEBnetwork, sends tapes of some ofits programs all over thecountry.No formal arrangements havebeen established in the state to arrange forextensive sharing of programseither via tape or by live networking.

Indiana WFIU, Indiana University, is thekey station for all varsity football games and feeds this material to almostall of Indiana's commercial FMstations air-to-air.AM. stations also pick up the nearest FMsignals and extend the "network" to nearly every area of thestate."Indiana School of the Sky" taped radio series are used bytwenty educational and commercialstations. The many school-owned low-powerFM stations do not participatein any sharing of programing.WBAA, Purdue University, maintains atape program service to all other school stationsin the state.A newly developed FM station at Purdue will soon beavailable for live FM air-to-airprograming relay within NAEB Region III.

1Lawrence Frymire, "Regional OverviewThe Midwest:Radio," in The Feasibility and Roleof State and Regional Networks inEducational Broadcasting (Washington, D.C.,1959), pages 163-168.

40 network as such in the state.In the past the Iowa There has been no educational State University of Iowa, IowaState College, and Iowa StateTeachers College have cooperated in theproduction of two weekly broadcastsin the general area of childdevelopment.This activity ended in 1953.WOI, Iowa State College, carries daily half-hourin-school programs originatedand tape recorded at Iowa State TeachersCollege, as well as a weeklymusical series. Drake University, GrinnellCollege, and Central College alsosupply regular taped series for WOI.Public school stations do notexchange pr^grams but do serve local commercialstations. educational out- Kansas No programing exchange occursother than that supplied by lets for local commercialstation rebroadcast on tape. broadcasters, though WBKY,University of Kentucky No exchange between educational Kentucky, does serve commercialbroadcasters with farm and home programs. Michigan is now active inproviding an Michigan Along with the northeastern states, educational network service tolisteners.As long ago as 1949, Michigan State University and the Universityof Michigan radio facilitiesjoined with those in Wisconsin in the experimentalextension of programs viadirect air- to-air FM relay.However, within the last year a programservice on a regular basis has been established.While this is a limited effort atpresent, the activity has served to provethe possibility of "networking"and, from all indications, the activity will beenlarged in the near future. There is now a weekly half-hournews-in-depth feature being carriedby WKAR-FM, Michigan State University;WUOM, University of Michigan;WDET, Wayne State University; and WMCR,Western Michigan University.WKAR- AM also carries the program.FM air-to-air relay is employed,with all four stations originating a segmentof the program each week.A convenient geographical pattern enables WDETand WMCR to monitor WUOMand WKAR- FM respectively.WUOM and WKAR-FM handle theswitching arrangements by means of special FM receivers.For eight weeks this summer,WKAR- FM served as the originatingstation for three hour-long liveconcerts from the National Music Camp at Interlochen,Michigan.WUOM, WMCR, and WDET all carried all or partof the concerts, as their schedulespermitted. The National Music Camp providesthe line to WKAR-FM and thereis the possibility that another year may bringextension of this Interlochennetwork by means of leased lines to othermidwestern radio stations.This could develop into a combination FM relayand land-line network serviceto a five- state arca.Details are being worked out. WKAR, Michigan State University, andWUOM, University of Michigan, provide program series as well asspecial features to manymidwestern university stations on a regularbasis.This is by tape recording.Also these stations exchange some programsvia tape with the other Michiganeduca- tional stations.Wayne State University, WesternMichigan University, and the University of Detroit providetaped series upon request.An unusually large and comprehensive service isprovided for the public schoolsof the state as well as the commercialbroadcastersagain by tape recording. facilities available Minnesota KUOM, University of Minnesota,has occasionally made its for both live and tape programingfrom Macalester College in St.Paul. Special affairs at the university arerecorded and supplied to midwestern university and college stations. Public Missouri No formal or regular exchangeof programs exists in the state. school broadcasters do supply programsto commercial stationsand for NAEB distribution nationally.

Nebraska There is no exchange of programmaterial in the state. 41 Taped series are provided New Mexico No exchange of programmaterial in the state. for KANW, AlbuquerquePublic Schoois, by severaleducational university stations.This is taped materialfor in-school use only. network of nineteen com- . the Empire state FMSchool of the Air is a New York thirty-minute in-school program.The pro- mercial stations using a daily .. posed Educational FM RadioNetwork for the NortheastUriited States . represents a major breakthroughtoward true "networking" amongeducational broadcasters in the region. Dakota, reports North Dakota No program exchange exists.KFJM, University of North keen desire for the developmentof "networking" in the future. the FM station operatedby the Ohio . .WOSU, Ohio State University, and Toledo Public Schools are activeparticipants in plans for possibleNAEB Region III live FM relay.The extensive Ohio stateuniversity system operates several FM stations inaddition to the one at Ohio StateUniversity. exchange between Oklahoma No program exchange exists.There has been some tape the University of Oklahomaand Oklahoma State University.Possibility exists of two-way sharing offacilities between WNAD, Upiversityof Okla- homa, and KOKH-FM, OklahomaCity public schools. Dakota, is South Dakota No program exchange exists.KUSD, State University of South the only educational radio operationin the state. offers service Tennessee No program exchange exists.WUOT, University of Tennessee, to commercial broadcasters.

Texas University of Texas production unit hassupplied several series of programs, via tape, to educational stationsthroughout the country.No program exchange exists between Texas educationalbroadcasters other than special series provided for the in-schoolstations within the state.Also taped series are supplied to schools forclosed-circuit distribution as they may exist. KUHF, University of Houston, hasparticipated in an exchange of tape program materials with otherstate production centers.

Washington No program exchange exists otherthan taped programs provided on an occasional basis for exchange betweenthe Portland Public School station,the University of Washington, and the StateCollege of Washington.

Most of the preceding informationhas referred to regular or systematic programexchange. It is abundantly clear that there is verylittle program exchange among educationalradio broadcasters. This should not be misinterpreted aslack of ability to produce high-quality programs ora lack of interest among educational radio operatorsto participate in such an exchange.The highly successful NAEB tape network has served to take over amajor portion of exchangeable material. Also, there seems to prevail across the country apolicy of serving local commercial broadcasters.Again, this should not be misinterpreted asindicating a preference to serve our commercial brethren, but here again, the NAEB tapenetwork service has been depended uponby individual educational broadcasters as the means ofobtaining program materials from othereducational broadcasters.Also, it should be pointed out that a great numberof educational radio operations have come into being since World WarII and especially within the lastdecade, but for a considerable number of years prior to the origination of thesestations, the educational institutions of thiscountry were servicing commercialbroadcasters.This "habit" of serving local commercialbroadcasters has given educational broadcasters a strongvoice in many communities.It has also, I believe, been one reason why we have not shared our resources moreamong ourselves. However, as educational radio gains a greateridentity, its desire will grow to cooperatewith other educational broadcasters.Increased program staffs, enlarged operations, even moreinstitu- 42 these will result inproducing a more significantbody of pro- tions operating broadcastoutlets... and regions of our country and will make possiblethe joining together of many areas gram material promotion and development, atruly na- into "networks" of manykinds.Perhaps, with the proper being....Various areas of the country arenow tional educational radionetwork might come into these activities being served, or soon will beserved, by educational networks.It seems evident that will become enlarged in the nearfuture and gradually will spreadtheir way across the nation. financial and A hopeful but modest beginninghas occurred.There remain the physical and from one state to another.More gequipment, more stations, more legal problems of getting programs large sum of money, will berequired people in educational broadcasting,and certainly a significantly to make educational live"networks" possible. contain The northeastern United Statesand those states surrounding orclose to the Great Lakes of both stations and personnel, aswell as program and financial resources. the heaviest concentration exploitation. I suggest that there issufficient interest in these regions nowto warrant immediate live network service to educationalradio stations.Most obvi- There are many advantages to a only some of the ous is the extensionto other areas of the servicesof great teachers available in First-class basic educational programsat both the in-school andadult levels areas at present. Local could be brought to a massaudience at important moments in oursocial and economic life. production staffs could spend moretime in developing quality programsfor local as well as network freed from maintaining large programtime segments locally.Program services use, if they were Such an expansion of pro- could be greatly enlargedif local stations could use networkservices. in the long run become possibleat only a fraction of the costof producing an gram services could universal charac- equivalent number of programs inindividual studios.Certainly the immediacy and teristics of radio could be exploitedto a greater degree, givennetwork service. in Many persons and groups areactively interested in thedevelopment of "network" service educational radio.Information gathered by the engineeringcommittee and various regional com- committee of the NAEB, serves topoint up the fact that "network- mittees, as well as the research United ing" is possible, desirable,and sought for by edv-:ationalradio broadcasters throughout the States.

CLOSE-UP: WISCONSINRADIO2 From the time of radio's earliestbeginnings, the state of Wisconsin has seenin this instru- and public service.Since 1919, when experimentalstation 9XM ment great potentials for education has used radio as a began regularly scheduled telephonicbroadcasting, ihe University of Wisconsin means of extending itsservice to the state.In 1922 the call letters WHA wereassigned. In its more than forty years ofoperation, WHA has evolved into aforcc which gives the uni- state their most constant, frequent,and immediate contact with the versity and other divisions of the extended citizens of Wisconsin.But it was not until the constructionof the state FM network, which WHA programs to every county in thestate, that such a force came intobeing.

History and Development Actually, the FM network was preceded by anAM network of sorts.WHA, in Madison, was linked by line to Station WLBL, StevensPoint, in the north central partof the state.This station, which has been operated since 1922 bythe state department of agriculture,rebroadcast the "School of the Air" programs originated in Madisonand the 'Daily Homemakers" and"Farm" programs. The combined coverage of both AMstations, however, failed to providefor many areas of the state.

2William G. Harley, "Close-up: Wisconsin Radio, " in TheFeasibility and Role of State and Re- gional Networks in Educational Broadcasting(Washington, D.C., 1959), pages 187-192. 43 daytime-only stations, they wereunable to serve thethousands of citizens Moreover, since both were unable to listen duringdaylight hours. who, because of work orother commitments, were expand power and hoursproved futile.Then Efforts to secure betterchannel assignments to providing a solutionfor its static-free,high-fidelity qualities,and possibilities of came FM with and limited hours. Wisconsin's frustrationin radiolimited coverage Wiscon- FCC to set aside aportion of the FMspectrum for education gave The decision of the educational use.Based on these of eight channelsreserved for noncommercial, sin an assignment for a network of FMstations connected byoff-the-air assignments, engineers cameup with a plan plan and weigh- service over the entirestate.Administrators, studying the relay that would provide for radio developmentinto ing all the factors,made the consideredjudgment to put Wisconsin eggs the FM basket.They began a campaignto activate the plan. legislature took action on aproposal creating the StateRadio Comcil, a pub- In 1945 the state purpose was to"plan, lic body representing awide range of interestsand public services, whose state system of radiobroadcasting for the presentationof educational, infor- conduct, and develop a FM stations. mational, and public serviceprograms," andappropriating funds for two

The initial station, INTTA-FM, went on the air March30, 1947. stations each bienniumuntil in 1952 the last Successive legislaturesprovided for two additional This gave Wis- constructed and the networkof eight FM stations wascompleted. two stations were noncommercial radio network. consin the nation's first(and only to date) state-wide

Facilities broadcasting service Combined with the two AMstations, the FM networkprovides a state-wide of ten stations: 3 kw Madison WHA-FM Delafield WHAD 10 kw 10 kw Chilton WHKW Rib Mountain WHRM 10 kw 10 kw Colfax WAWC West Salem WHWC 7 1/2 kw 10 kw Highland WHHI Brule WHSA 10 kw 5 kw Madison WHA(AM) Stevens Point WLBL(AM) 5 kw height above surroundingterrain and the possibilityof using Transmitter sites were based on state parks. existing state-owned land.In three instances,transmitters were located in programed from Madison,with the broadcasts The entire network(with minor exceptions) is the key station with originating in Radio Hall onthe campus of theuniversity. WHA-FM serves as to the next via off-the-airpickup, and rebroadcast. the programs beingtransmitted from one station reversed or various cross In case of failure of alink in the chain, thedirection of pickup can be connections utilized. failures, each station is equippedwith an emergencygasoline-driven To take care of power stand-by transmitter which power generator.WHA-FM, as the originatingstation, has a duplicate can be put intoservice within forty seconds. thought that studio facilitiesmight be needed at someof the Although in the beginning it was with the flexibility it state colleges, this didnot turn out to be necessary.The advent of audiotape, from all over the stateand shipping them toMadison for insertion provided of obtaining programs obtaining program main the schedule, provedto offer a more practicaland satisfactory means of terials from around thestate.

44 Program Service network has truly implementedthe university's By extending the voiceof the university, the Fm.ther, the radio network slogan "The boundariesof the campus are theboundaries of the state." force in bringing the stategovernment closer to the peopleand the people has proved a cohesive the borders were beingdrawn away from closer to their government.Whereas before, the people on radio programs emanatingfrom Minneapolis, Dubuque, the university by theattraction of listening to state has availability of the WisconsinState Broadcasting Servicein all parts of the and Chicago, the citizens into an even moreintimate relationship tended to cement stateloyalty and draw Wisconsin with their state anduniversity. currently on the air from7:15 a.m. to 10:30 p.m.,Monday through Friday, The FM network is The schedule is a diversified one and ten hours on Sunday,for a total each week of83 3/4 hours. providing offerings to meet avariety of needs andinterests. The network seeks to serveagriculture, by furnishingvocational and market information; information on care and conductof the home; schools, bysupplementing households, by furnishing and cultural oppor- the instruction withspecialized teaching talent;adults, by furnishing educational available; public agencies, byproviding means for extendingtheir services di- tunities not otherwise questions of public policy. rectly to the people;informed public opinion,through discussion of attempt to serve all of thepeople all of the timebutrather some of The network does not service, built especiallyfor the people especiallywell all of the time.The result is a unique minority audiences which arenot otherwise wellserved by radio. designed especially for thepeople of Wisconsin.The network has The program structure is from other educational no regularnational wire network connection,though outstanding programs institutions are availablefrom the NAEB tape network. (supplementary pro- Prominent in the programschedule are the "WisconsinSchool of the Air" teaching), the "WisconsinCollege of the Air"(university grams forelementary school classroom (market and farm infor- classroom lectures andspecially planned studiocourses), "Farm Program" Program" (a daily broadcastfor women of news, commentary,and information), mation), "Homemakers wide variety of otherfeatures a generousportion of good music infour daily concerts, and a emanating through stateorganizations and agencies aswell as national sources. Impact of Network Feature simultaneous Four types of programactivity indicate the importanceof the network featurethe state-wide transmissiontothe program service. Politics and Government- network is the long-standing programof political education.All quali- A unique service of the allowed free time tostate fied candidates for stateand elective office in theprimary elections are all candidates, regardlessof their financial resources,to speak to the their casesthus permitting allocated to the partiesand citizens of the state.In the regular electionforum, time is equitably independent candidates. legislators are given anopportunity to Every weekday during sessionsof the state legislature, back hcme via broadcastsdirect from a specialstudio in the state capi- report to their constituents legislative hearings so thatradio enables tol.In addition, frequent actualityreports are made of citizens to listen in on animportant part of the legislativeprocess. do if elected; and if Thus the network giveslegislators an opportunityto tell what they will elected, to report on whatthey are doing. The Wisconsin School of theAir- 1959] the "WisconsinSchool of the Air" willbegin its twenty-ninth year Next week [ September, grades of schools all overWisconsin.Based on last of supplementing instructionin the elementary 45 and one-half year's figures, nearly300,000 youngsters will listen eachweek to an average of two their schoolrooms by the neareststation of the state radionetwork.Ten programs brought into history to programs will beoffered in subjects ranging fromexperimental science and American art.In the "Let's Sing" program,for example, 100,000 youngsters foreign languages and creative Madison. will raise their voices together asthey follow the professor'sdirection from the studio in Weather and Highway Information Such Service reports dealingwith road, weather, and emergencysituations are provided daily. information, official andup-to-the-minute, is used by farmers,fruit growers, travelers, truckers, flyers, and others whose activities areaffected by the weather. reports and the regular U.S. WeatherBureau direct reports Besides the AAA road-condition utilizing from Truax Field in Madison,the network presents a uniqueweather roundup twice daily state-station operators to reportcurrent conditions at theirrespective transmitter sites.These reports are followed by a summaryand interpretation by a U.S.meteorologist. Sports Broadcasts and SpecialEvents Through arrangements with theuniversity athletic department, broadcasts areoriginated by WHA for all football andbasketball games both at home and away.Not only are these programs available from the state network, but manycommercial stations in Wisconsin andsurrounding states carry the game reports.By means of off-the-air pickupfrom the nearest state FMtransmitter, stations in remote areas ofWisconsin have available to them programsthey could not afford if In this way programs from thecampusincluding "School of obliged to pay broadcast line charges. special events such the Air," farm and homemakers' programs,weather and market information, and generally available throughout the as U. W. commencement,convocations, and special concertsare state. The Wisconsin College of theAir This title covers the organized coursesand series of programs constitutingthe systematic instructional programs for adults.Included are regular university coursesoriginating from campus classrooms and specially preparedseries presented from the studiosof Radio Hall. Such courses provide adultsthe opportunity of going to college athome.Together with the broadcasts of concerts by the ProArte Quartet, in residence on the campus,and many other musical groups, there are presentationsof special lectures and convocations,interviews with foreign visitors and national figures, andfrequent discussions and interpretationsof current issues by faculty scholars and experts.Through these, the people of thewhole state share by radio in the many resources available to theuniversity community.

Administration The State Radio Council consistsof nine members:the governor or his representative,the president of the University of Wisconsin orhis representative, the superintendentof public instruction, the secretary of the Boardof Regents of State Colleges, the directorof the State Board of Vo- cational and Adult Education, andthree citizen members appointed by the governor.Thus the council represents the entire educationalestablishment of the state, plus the generalpublic. The responsibility of the stateradio program service is shared by thecouncil and the univer- The council, which oper- sity.The university provides programsfor its daytime AM station, WHA. ates eight full-time FM stationsplus WLBL, uses the daytime programs ofWHA and produces its own programs for theevening hours.Both agencies recognize that they arecontributing to the same over-all project and the relationship ;.:3 aharmonious one with all stations carryingthe same service. The council looks to the university forits contributions to the program service,and the university looks to the council for transmissionfacilities over which the programs can beheard throughout the state. The program activities are coordinatedthrough the sharing of the appointmentsof key administrative personnel by the university andthe council.In addition WHA studios and officesin Radio

46 efficient operation andavoids duplicationof equip- Hall are sharedwith the council.This makes for ment, facilities,and personnel.

Costs maintenance of the stateradio stations are asfollows: Current appropriationsfor operation and (University cf Wisconsin) $185,000 Staticn WHA $240,000 WLBL (RadioCouncil) 8 FM stations and $425,000 other program and includes the programstaff of the "Schoolof the Air" and The WHA budget of programsoriginated by WHAhencethe seem- administrative personnelengaged in the production ing disparity. basis, are less thanten for the state radioservice, on a per capita Annual operating costs and a half of gasoline, orthe cost of a cents per person toWisconsin citizensthetax on a gallon third of a packageof cigarettes. investment of approximately$600,000. of the ten stationsrepresents a capital The physical plant through the years.The FM stationappropriations total WHA and WLBL werebuilt up gradually virtually all of the 3,800, 000 The investment forphysical facilitiescapable of serving $488, 095. less than eighteencents per person.The cost of construct- inhabitants of the stateis, accordingly, construction for a schoolto house network is the same asthe current cost of ing the state radio numbers served byradio. five hundred students, asmall fraction of the

Personnel hold joint appointmentsbetween the universityand Five administrativeand technical personnel the council. last year included21 full-time civilservice workers Other employees onthe council payroll included 23 full-time em- operators) and 12 part-timeworkers.The WHA staff (mainly transmitter student workers. ployees (6 faculty,17 civil service)and 8 part-time

Listener Approval There is no exact answer.We How many citizens areserved by the state'sradio programs? have, however,indications of listenerapproval. steadily through the yearsto a high last "Wisconsin School ofthe Air"enrollments have risen year of711,273. Listener mail, whichfell provides another indexof interest andapproval. Listeners' fan mail growth, has begun toclimb back up, and off only slightlyduring the five yearsof television's major last year totaled20,462 letters or cards. president of the have gladdened theheart of an early Truly, Wisconsin'sradio network would of the Universityof "I shall never restcontent until thebeneficent influences university who said, the state."The State BroadcastingService, by extending Wisconsin are availableto every home in implemented that dreambeyond his wildest the service ofUniversity Station WHA,has successfully imaginings.

47 3 COSTS network operation. ...There is no such thing as a"standard" cost for state or regional worked in this area, particularlyif we have ever been responsible I think those of us who have there are no standard costs in for the construction of educationalradio or television stations, know While it is true that the cost of amicrowave link, a television the construction of stations, either. the same no or radio receiver,antenna, and similar pieces ofnetwork equipment is approximately matter where you are, the total systeminvolved in each state or regionalnetwork is a matter of custom design; therefore, it is almostimpossible to arrive at standard costdata to fit every situa- the type and design of system tion.The total cost of a networkdepends, among other things, upon selected, the number of equipment unitsrequired, and availability of surplusequipment, power, buildings, land, personnel, and otherfacilities and services at little or nocost. In many areas we can find suchthings as equipment, buildings, and landthat can be furnished to us for a very small costin manyinstances at no cost at alland this meansthat cost data which anyone might provide you would morelikely be misleading than anything else,although a little later on I'd like to give you some examplesof the type of costs that we have runinto in setting up our network. I feel that it may be more helpfulto outline first some of the factors orcost considerations that go into the design and operation of anetwork.This list of cost factors is not anexhaustive one, but I hope you willfind that it suggests some areas fordiscussion.There seem to me to be three basic cost areas:development, equipment and installation,and operation. In the area of developmental costs, oneof the major items is administrative expense.A large part of the administrative expensein developing a network goes into theexecutive time required to get the project started and planningunder way.In most organizations this probablywill not be an out-of-pocket expense, but rather it will beabsorbed by the organization.This is a euphemism in the accounting world, for "The bosswill work overtime at no increase insalary."Nevertheless, it is well to consider the requirements forexecutive time in your planning becauseif you are going to administer the development and establishmentof the network, you must plan on usingnot only much of your spare time, but also timediverted from your regular duties.This may mean that certain of your activities will have to betransferred elsewhere or temporarily setaside. As you look further into the cost ofdevelopment, you will find that many directout-of-pocket expenses such as long-distancetelephone and telegraph, travel, and conferencecosts, come very quickly to the fore.A large part of your time will be spentin visiting and talking to interested people across the state or region.These conferences should help you todetermine the objectives and scope of the network.Answers must be found to such questions as:What is the purpose of the network ?What is to be its coverage? Where are programsto originate?Such information is essential if costs are to be controlled. If the planning has been carefullydone, it should provide intelligent and usefulinformation for the next phase of developmentalactivityengineering and legal surveys.If you have an engineer on your staff, or an engineeravailable from a local station who isfamiliar with the problem of network systems, you may want to bring him in for athorough discussion of the project.Otherwise, I would recommend that one of the most economicalexpenditures you can make in the long runis the hiring of a first-rate consulting engineer.The cost will depend upon the amountof his time required, as well as his expenses for travel, drafting work, mapmaking, etc.There is no question but that a man with thorough engineeringknowledge of network systems can save you more moneythan his fee. Even if your own engineers do all or most ofthe work, it is helpful to have theircalculations reviewed by a consulting engineer, particularlywith regard to matters involving the FCCand frequency allocations. At the appropriate time you will also needcompetent legal advice concerning suchmatters as the acquisition of land, buildings, rights of way,etc ., as well as advice in connectionwith applications to the FCC for broadcast facilities that maybe needed. 3Hartiord N. Gunn, Jr., "Costs, " in The Feasibility and Role of State and RegionalNetworks in Educational Broadcasting (Washington, D.C., 1959), pages207-210.

48 and lawyers will betheir assist- One of the mostvaluable servicesperformed by the engineers to de- cost of the networksystem.It will be necessary ance in helping youto determine the total facilities, your ownmicrowave setup, off- cide what type ofsystem will be used:telephone company and distribu- from existing or newstations, videotapeand/or audiotape recordings the -air rebroadcast such as scattertransmission, stratovision,earth satellite. tion, or possibly oneof the new methods the amount of moneyavailable, Other decisions to bemade are the exactroute of the network, system, origination andnon-origination points,attended or whether it is to be a one-wayor two-way and so forth.It should operation, one-channel ormulti-channel transmission, unattended technical the assistance of yourlegal and engineeringconsultants to es- be possible withthis information and valuable tool in controllingcosts. tablish a detailed budgetfor the project. Abudget is an extremely work, the next majorcost item is equipmentand installation.In After this developmental particularly if it is to be anoff-the-air radio relay some cases thiswill be a very nominal expense, be equipment.In other cases theequipment required will network and/or can bedone with existing Then, too, you mayhave to acquire extremely elaborate andcomplex with an appropriateprice tag. land, put up buildings,provide power, ard such. in the actual operationof the network.First are The third major areaof expense is incurred with the operation,main- technical expensessuch aspersonnel, power, tubes,and partsconnected Second are costs stemmingfrom coordination andadminis- tenance, and replacementof equipment. ex- personnel, and telephoneand telegraph-If the number of programs tration, including travel, complexity of the programingis too great an changed, the number oforiginating stations, and the existing staffs of theparticipating stations, thenthe network must employ administrative load for the then adding a program manager,chief engineer, its own staffbeginningfirst with a traffic manager, the operation of a central general manager, andsecretarial assistance.. -The costs involved in expense. office.. -canbecome a major and yet necessary increase as well.Although a cooperative net- As the network grows, programexpenses may lower program costs per of stations contributeprograming should mean work in which a number elaborate and more costlyproductions.Also, station, there may be atendency toward larger, more mandatory when spe- out-of-pocket expenses foradditional fees which become there may be certain broadcast over more than onestation. cial talent, copyrightedmaterials, etc., are four-station off-the-air FMradio network in New Having reviewed theestablishment of our Most of this sum was England, we found that ourdevelopmental costs wereapproximately $3,000. that would permitoff-the-air relay without spent on engineering surveysto find FM frequencies other stations The remainder was fortravel and conferenceswith executivies of the interference. $3,000 for development,endless man-hours to plan and establishthe network.Over and above the station activities had to be cur- of executive time weredevoted to the project.In many cases other could be made available tobuild the network.Approximately $1,500 was tailed so that more time purchase of first-class FMreceivers spent on equipment andinstallation.This went mainly for the and high-gain all-weatherantennas. the operating costs areextremely low. Because this is anoff-the-air radio relay network, $200 per year. Eauipment operation expenses are,in fact, virtuallynegligibleprobably less than station personnel involvedin network adminis- The codrdinating costs,excluding the time of regular simplicity of the net- tration, probably does notexceed $1,000 per year.Because of the size and work, there are nofull-time personnel employedin its operation. originating station went upseveral hundred While our program costs asthe principal network budget, the other networkstations, which reliedheavily on our programs, dollars over our regular what they would havespent if they operated enjoyed an effective savingof approximately $50,000 over with the same programing onan independentbasis. Network using off-the- Our experience with thetwo-station New EnglandEducational Television network.Developmental cost ran severalhundred air relay is quitesimilar to that of our radio less than $300, coordi- installation approximately$2,000, equipment operation dollars, equipment and costs roughly the same asthe radio net- nating costs approximately$1,000 per year, and program work. in terms of cost. This will give you someidea of what limitedoff-the-air networks involve not feasible in many areasbecause of the greatdistances and Unfortunately, such networks are 49 areas involved or the lackof properly located educational stations. There are some rules of thumb or generalizationswhich I have found helpful.In closing I pass them along in thehope that they may be useful to you in establishingand controlling network costs: 1. Do not accept someone else's costdata, but rather, benefiting from their mistakesand ob- servations, make a complete study of your needsand establish costs to fit your own networkdesign. 2. Think through very carefully the objectives of yournetwork.Ask yourself such questions as:Is instantaneous transmission required ordesirable?What area do we want to serve?What area must we serve to beeffective and to enjoy adequate support? 3. Prepare a detailed budget as soon as pnssibleand use it to control costs.Do not put it underneath the blotter or slide it in the drawer andforget about it until you're in trouble. 4. Seek and use experienced and competent technicaland legal help and advice. 5. To the maximum extent possible, draw upon existing resourcessuch as state land, surplus equipment, personnel from your own stationand/or from commercial stations where appropriate. 6. Consider executive time when computing costs., 7. Consider and weigh carefully alternate methodsand systems of networking.While you may have in mind, when you start, a particular system which youthink is ideal, it's extremely helpful if for no other reason than that I feel it helps to advance yourargument to the legislature or groups you must go to for yourfinancingif you have considered the other ways, theLothermethods of networking, even if you decide in the long run that they arenot practicable for your particular operation. 8. Provide adequate time and staff for propercoordination of the network. 9. Consider the impact of the network on your own programing,costs, schedules, personnel, etc.Be sure you know what it is going to do to your ownoperation before you embark on an extensive network undertaking. 10. Utilize the benefits of a network to the fullest extent,taking advantage of the new and better programs, the additional programs,and the greater publicity and coverage made possible bynetwork- ing. 11. Think long range.Plan and design your network with the idea of futureinterconnection with adjacent states and regions.This will minimize problems in the future and maximizethe rewards and benefits of network operation.

ADMINISTRATIONPROBLEMS4 Several years ago I had the privilege of covering the whole country in a surveyfor the National Educational Television and Radio Center.I looked at closed-circuit stations, on-the-air stations, and all the rest, and in the evaluation section of the little summaryreport I wrote on it, I said the following:

4Richard B. Hull, "Administration Problems, " in The Feasibility and Role of State and Regional Networks in Educational Broadcasting (Washington, D.C.,1959), pages 223-227.

50 educational television developmentis difficult and is likely to "Any effort to evaluate the total which the term 'educational be dogmatic.The multiplicity of purposes,activities, and installations describe, does not lend itselfto easy generalL:ation.Like the blind man television' now serves to educational television tends tothink the part and the ei.ephant, eachparticipant and each critic in is the educational televisiontotality, and that his ownground rules and with which he is familiar several educational televisionele- his own case situation isuniversal.The fact that there may be phants may escape himaltogether. has become "Since the term firstappeared in the late forties, theterm 'educational television' confusion and difficulty.As a crusader's criterionit may have been excel- ambiguous and created it's almost useless. lent; as a basis forformulating television andbroadcast policy in education and purposes.Television is a technicalfacility with a "Education is a complex of processes (commerce, industry, capacity to transmit soundand sight images.It may be used by education business) for many and various purposeswhose requirements may anddo vary greatly." This same kind of evaluationapplies to television and radionetworks. the undertones I have caught ...illustrate to me exactly this kind Now, I stress that, because about a network in of confusion.A person who is classroom-orientedhas all his fears and concerns terms of what this may do tothe status-quo situation of theclassroom. for total in- I remind you that, asfar as television goes, the ideaof using it as an instrument struction or direct instruction orinstruction in quantity is only onephase of the development. there have been efforts in thiscountry to create minority, For more than thirty-five years of that alternative broadcast services,first in radio, then in television,and the networking concerns particular application havenothing at all to do with formalinstruction.They are not alternative to each other.They are complementary to oneanother. which Now, I remind you again, anetwork is merely a technicaldevice, and the utilizations to It's quite natural to think interms of the application and notthe it may be put are almostendless. network in possible applications, and tocriticize what one might imagineis going to be done with a terms of some image alreadyexistent. about American radio or television,British radio or television, Rus- For years we have talked application :if a par- sian radio or television, andthese are not totalities.They are simply a given ticular technical facility. . NBC a network or is NBC a programservice?The program serv- Now, within this country is The ice is the function.And the actual NBC network consistsof six stations which NBC owns. rest of the network, other people own,and they take or deny NBC programsas they choose. terms of The Mutual network is onewhich more closely parallels ouradult education efforts in radio broadcasting and televisionbroadcastinga mutual type ofbroadcasting structure. with baseball networks.Throughout the Middle Westthere have But all of you are familiar Now, is been temporary hookups of FMstations for afternoons only forthe period of a: summer. this a network?or is this a linkage?or what is it?That is a pro tem sort of thing. In Ohio, once or twice a year wepull together fiity-five FM stationsand a couple or three television stations when somebodylike the Secretary of Agricultureaddresss's some group on our WOSU-TV, is connected to twocommercial stations to campus.Every day of our lives our station, cooperative pro take our children's programsand other programs.Is this a network or is this a tern linkage? broad terms about the organizationand administration of state Now, I was asked to speak in Who can agree on what television networks, interstatenetworks, and possible corporatestructures. forms of organization there are, orhow powerful a networkvis-a-vis the stations can be? If we start to look at structures, we seethe Alabama EducationalTelevision Commission ... 51 is a which is the licensee of three,and ultimately more, stations.It owns those stations, and that corporate unit established by thestate. In Oklahoma they have a stateauthority which holds the licensesfor two stations, again with a group appointed by the governorand confirmed by the legislature. state-created educational televisioncommission which is a linkage propo- In Florida you have a This is its essential sition.It does not own the stationlicenses, but it serves to connect them. purpose. Tiere we get into the heart ofthe problem in some respects, and Iwill go back to my home ground if you will pardon me.In Ohio, thc educational televisionnetwork development bPgan first in the state department ofeducation and the state board of education,(which is an elected group, amounting to a board of directors, onefrom each congressional district,and which supervises the superintendent and the state department).They thought in terms of eitherdirect instruction or supplementary instruction for thesecondary and elementary schools. On the other hand, the Governor'sCommission on Education Beyondthe High School is thinking of a network in terms of juniorcolleges and sharing university resources_This had shreds of the Southern Regional E..:ucation Board networkthinking in itsharing resources from campusto campus on a non-broadcast, butalso on a broadcast basis, for studentsin and out of classrooms on the junior college level. Those on the air are owned by acommunity groupa community Now, to the stations in Ohio. boards in three station.But Cincinnati is an atypical onebecause it consists of fifty-three school states; the membership constituency includesparts of Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky. In Toledo, there is :mother communitystation where the domina,.t aspect is thepublic school, again to some extent a private university;in Columbus, a state university; andin Miami, another state university, whose announced plansbefore the fact were to use this forspecific extension education.The stations which will emerge will be acomposite of university and communityin one case a whole regionalcommunity devPlopment, the 'Miami Valley. Now, it was inconceivable to anybodythere that any state authority could institute acurriculum which would make any school person sitstill or any university president sitstill. networks"that is, ...Some of the innocents in the planningsaid, "We have got to have two two complete microwave relaycircuits.One would be public schools, and onewould be university. Well, you see, if you had one facility,depending on the number of hours, itcould be like the FM baseball networksomethingat X hour and something else at anotherhour. But the total corporate structure ofAlabama or Oklahoma simply won't work inOhio.It's this kind of problem into which you findyourselves entering.So I think it's most important todecide what you want to use it for. Now, why has there been this interest innetworking?Actually, it springs from economic need, I think.The early history of educational radio meantlimited facilities, limited resources.That concert which was' going on in NewYork or Boston or Los Angeles could not beobtained except by tape or some kind of wire linkage inIllinois or Iowa.And so this was sharing resources. Also, it is an economic fact that if there is acentral program service from whichstations can pick and choose, and if you believe that astation should be on the air as long aspossible this is for free athilt broadcastingthis helpssustain your program. rules which ...If we can get into the instructional sidefor a momentcontrary to the ground have governed the formation of commercialnetworks, whose key centers have been at onetime Chi- cago, before there was afall-off, then Los Angeles and New York,which was an economic expression. Where they had more talent and more resourcesin these cities, they governed theirexpansion by what would pay off.And since they were after big audiences,obviously the biggest flowering was in the population centers.

52 represented more This has tended to be the casealso in educationaltelevision, and this really in a given ^ity.But our need may be for net- economic resource in agiven cluster of institutions limited, or in Nebraska, working in the SouthDakotas and the Arizonas,where educational privilege is as Jack McBridehas started to pursue. So we have a diffezenteconomic formula to thinkof in this respect. the sidelines, I have heardthis image again. We have afixa- Throughout this conference, on It's any kind of unitary tion in this country, it seemsto me, of fear of what wecall federal control. Post Office, AmericanTelephone and Telegraph,and networks control.And, obviously, things like the in a club, but one man have to have some kind oftrafficking system.Ten men can own an airplane has to govern how it'sscheduled, even if you electhim month by month. of the curiosities I would see most ofthese structures probablydeveloping within states because linkages. of educational organizationwithin states.Then there come to be talked a great deal about linkingOhio and Michigan, and ...Franklin Bouwsn3a and I have adminis- from there it goes otherplaces.As we see it now, we haven't evenraised the question of Probably we'd start in onsharing the program need.We would get trative or corporate structure. two-, or three-state structure. into a traffic problemultimately.But presumably you do need a one-, baseball network for one hour, and atotal program service likeNBC. I will go back again to the WOSU] and the It might be that Bouwsmaand Hullwith the two stationsthey represent [WTVS and cluster of stations that go witheachwould like a certain kindof classical music or editorial or that comes in Harper's orSaturday Review at night in a newsprogram, analytic comment of the kind week and if there were enough ofthose things we might have to agreewhat would happen week by We might also have to dothe same thing if there were agiven educational pro- and year by year. facilities of three states. gram or lesson orseries of lessons which wewanted to co-produce with the of a corporate structure,there are many models aroundthe coun- Now, if we came to the point formed under the aegis of theFord try already.The SREB is one.The various councils that have Foundation for educational television areexamples. There is in southwesternIndiana, for instance, an organizationwhich incorporates forty-seven school districts which workcooperatively to achieve essentiallythese objectives. I would like to point outtwo more things. forty-eight states or ten Assume that you have a networkwhich makes it possible to connect radio and television stations states.How could you use that interms of the older tradition of audiences?Out-of-school children would have onekind of service broadcasting to free-choice adult level, formal instruc- requirement.On either the secondary orelementary or the higher education And this is another use of the samecollection of dishes and towers, tion would take another form. single owner- and you might have a separatecorporate structure for that.We don't have to assume ship for these things. industry has already beenengaged in for eight or nine years,the A third use might be what hookups kind of thing duPont does orGeneral Electric or the doctorswhen they have closed-circuit Education might find repeated usesfor that sort of thing, and itmight want a over the country. That could nationwide network, and this is not anykind of superimposition ofanything on anybody. be occasional. think, because to a great extentwe're publicly financedand we find The complication comvs, I conform any ourselves thinking in termsof familiar patterns to which,to some extent, we have to time we conform to alegislative or social structure in ourstates. This Is a double- Don't forget that any networkthat I know of has thephrase "option time." In terms of traffic convenience anetwork may have to have option-timeschedule barreled option. there is no way of avoiding con- prerogatives.But the station always hasthe right of refusal, and trol more quickly than byturning a switch.

53 a 233 mi

$1049 WKAR WM 50 mi WUOM WNUR $225 122 mi. 68 mi $549 $756 250 mi $1125

180 mi. $810

YID mi $630 WOSIT 75 mi WBAA $338 196 mi WILL $872

a WFIU Big Ten Round Robin Net Monthly line charges indicated

Figure 14

Following are some notes on the telephone circuits and operation for the proposed Big Tenand University of Chicago radio network. The AT&T Long Lines Department reports that the costs outlined in Figure 14 are as accurate as can be determined at this stage and in all probability are withinplus or minus 5 per cent.Op- erational costs are based on network use eight hours per day (any eight consecutivehours) seven days per week. The plan is based on a round-robin operationor with transmission around the complete loop in one direction. Schedule A facilities (100-5000 cps) are proposed.This is the highest quality available for such network operation and is the same as that used by commercial networks. The complete network will be set up by the telephone company and will be maintained by them. It will require no switching on their part.The only switching operations will be by the individual station as it goes to a "transmit" mode and then as it returns to a "receive" mode. The telephone company reports that if the network is rented as we propose, it is ours to use in any way we see fit.In other words, any part of the time we desire may be used for closed- circuit communications other than broadcastingfor example, to make daily program corrections, to conduct network business, or use by other university departments or by administration for closed- circuit communication.The telephone company suggested that for such purposes they would install a special telephone set with a push-to-talk switch.

54 ESTIMATED MONTHLYLINE CHARGES

BIG TEN RADIONF.TWORK

$6,750.00 Interexchange Channels 50.00 Local Channels - Receive(10) 50.00 Transmit (10) 550.00 Station Connections -Receive (10) Transmit (10) 550.00 $7,950.00 Total Monthly charges

ten points for transmissionand reception.It assumes The above is based on Uni- the use of one point byboth the University ofChicago and Northwestern versity. If it is desired toinstall separate transmissionand reception points for Chicago and Northwesternthe added cost per monthwill be approximately: Interexchange channel 24 mi. $108.00 5.00 Local channels receive transmit 5.00 55.00 Station connections receive transmit 55.00 Total per month approximately $228.00

Figure" 15

55 DISCUSSION

FRYMIRE: What do you want in the way of anetwork?Is it to be a mutal network? How large a central productionorganization do you want to produce programs for the network, if itis not to be almost exclusively a mutual network? Howlarge a staff will this take?How expensive will this staff be?For the administration of this network,where do you think it shouldbe located?Shall we own our property or shall we rent it?Should it necessarily be on a university campus,even if it is in a large metropolitan center?Should it be in a school system plant that may now be under constructionsomewhere?Think about network headquarters for a moment. Do wehave to have, because it is a live network, a bank of duplicators orrecorders of some kind? Do we have to have extensive testequipment? How extensive will be the engineering services provided by thisnetwork? As to the personnel of this network, will it be made upof a manager, an assistant manager, X number ofproducers, a chief engineer and severalassist- ant engineers, and an office staff?Or are you going to pay foronly a couple of people? What would the salaryschedule be for this staff that you envisage for the network?If you have a large staff in alarge metropolitan area, I presume you'll have adifferent set of figures for which you'll have to be responsible.As to the operations budget of the network, should it cover an organizationalstructure such as the Center haswith roving contact people, station relationspeople, etc. ?Or are we going to conduct ourbusiness on a closed:circuit audiooperation via our network line?Your thoughts and decisions can be asvariable as there are people in this room,and it's our job, within the next couple of days to narrow our thinking so we candecide what it is we can do and what it is wewant to do.And I believe that this is the crux of the matter, asfar as money is concerned.

Your thinking can range among the following: 1. Menzer's proposal for fifty-twomidwestern stations at a cost of approximately $17, 500 per month. 2. Gunn's eastern regional networkat a costof about $6,000 money actually laid outfor beginning operations and development, but for which the monthly expense is negligible. 3. The proposal for the Big Ten and Chicagoat acost of $8,000 per month ($228 additional if we add aneleventh station in Chicago) for actual operating costs. 4. The Wisconsin network- costing $425,000 a year now. 5. The Michigan network (and we use a small"n") of four interconnected FM university stationsat no cost whatsoever. 6. A regional network or several regional networks. We've already had a lot of groundwork laid in thinking, but wehave not refined our thinking, and this is our purpose here atthe seminar. So what do you want? In my "working paper" I asked you to consider somepossibilities about financing.I presume everybody in his thinking at this stage assumes that some foundation is going to have toprovide funds for the network.Well, is this necessarily true?Does it have to have foundation support? Discussion Group B figures that it's going to cost $500,000 a year at least to run this network.Well, is this so? Are there other possibilities for financial support that we should explore? What about the commercial industry today?Will they, through the generosity of their good hearts, offer us actual help in setting up a competingradio network?Some people believe they will, that certain broadcasters will be of material and significant help in providing funds andequip- ment to set this network in operation.Is there one single, private philanthropist, to whom we can go?Is it important that we confine our thinking to one type of networklive, lineoris it possible to combine several types of network arrangements that will change and completely alter the financial picture of this thing? At this time, NI like to have Mr. Jansky explore with us a few ideas about some of these possibilities that I believe will open up some areas of financial responsibility that perhaps wehaven't really considered as yet.After Mr. Jansky is finished perhaps then we can get some cross talk that will provide someof the answers to some of these questions.Obviously, there are several channels of dominant thought running through this seminar.Some people think it's going to cost tremendous sums of money.Others think it can be done relatively economically as far as individual participation cost is concerned.Let us see if we can intensively explore this and come up with some positive answers.I doubt that anyone is prepared to submit at this point a "model" financial structure for a network.

JANSKY: My thinking on this is,embryonic, but after our sessions at this seminar, I look upon this as a "systems" problema systems problem involving technical considerations.A systems problem is one in which you try to define your requirements and then on the basis of the state of the artin this case, the art of interconnectionyou try to develop specifications for a system.You may come up with a system which is tentative; then you return to your requirements people for their approval. There are three phases to this broad problem: 1. The program phase.What programs do you want to broadcast on a network?

58 2. The technical phase.What are the methods of interconnection, their capabilitiesand limitations, and their adaptabilitiesto the problem at hand? 3. The financial phase.What is it going to cost? This morning I tried to putdown some parameters in thisthing: 1. The ultimate objective iscomplete coverage of theUnited States and part of Canada with anetwork, plus the possibilityof breaking this network down intoregional networks. 2. The first approach today to theultimate objective should be the establishment of regionalnetworks.At first I have noted threeeastern, midwestern, andPacific.There may be others, as for instance southeastern. 3. In each region a specific groupof stations should be selected as a nucleus for that region. 4. Some of these stationswill be AM and some willbe FM. 5. Some will be full-time and somewill be part-time stations. 6. Maps should be preparedshowing the defined daytime and nighttime coverage areasfor each station.These may be based upon measurementsalready made, or they may beestimated from calculations. 7. Generally speaking, thefidelity characteristics of aunit AM system are such that there is noneed to provide for thetransmission of frequencies above5000 cycles in such a system.There are exceptions.The principle bottleneck in anAM system is the characteristics of the transmissionmedium.Where the population receives high enough signalstrengths, it can receive prettyhigh fidelity from an AM station. 8. Generally speaking, it ispossible to broadcast and receive higher fidelity programs overFM than over AM. 9. The fidelity requirements itwill be necessary to meet with a network will depend uponthe type of programs it isdesired to handle over a live network.11*h-f1delity music will require a network much higher in fidelitythan will speech.Therefore it would be helpful to have adecision as to what types of programs are to be handled on anetwork.This decision may bedifferent for different regions.A determination by networkpeople of what type of programs they want tobroadcast is going to determine,in some respects, what the network maycost, particularly where itincludes AM lines.There might be differentdecisions for different regions. 10. Except over a live networkincluding only FM stations, it is not practical to handlehigh-fidelity music programs.

59 11. Except over an FM network,high-fidelity music may best be handled by the tape network. 12. There are several methodsby which stations can be interconnected: a. Directinterconnection of FM stations as isdone in Wisconsin. b. Direct interconnection ofFM stations with multiplexing.(When standardized and developedproperly, multiplexing would enable the broadcastingof a local program on one channel and relaying the network programon anotherchannel.) c. Microwaverelay. d. VHF relay. e. Wire. f.Possible others. I think this group has awonderful opportunity to studythe characteristics of different systems.You can find the best answersfrom a study of what you nowhave, both from the standpointof what you can do technicallyand what it's going to cost. 13. The fidelity and technicalcharacteristics of each of these systems is different. 14. The cost of these systemsvaries with the specific application.In some instances, one maybe more economic than theothers; in other instances, adifferent system may cost less. 15. A complete regional system may useseveral or all of these systems, depending upon therequirements for each specific link. Once there has been a decision asto the types of programs anetwork is to handle, tie problemof determining how stationsshall be interconnected is technical and economic. round-robin system with somesta- BURROWS: If we have within one region a tions connected by directoff-the-air pickup and other stations connected by telephone lines, is itpossible for the telephone company to provide service for theselimited network sections ratherthan for the whole network? providing is entirely made up ofFM RUSSLER: Yes, if the network that you are stations.

BURROWS: Not AM?

RUSSLER: Not under our present rules. to the DREYFUS: One of the economic questionshinges on legal restrictions as use of lines.We discussed the nonbroadcast usesof such a round- robin network.Could we, for example, serve aninstitute or organization such as the PTA or UAW byletting them uses on a closed- circuit basis, our round-robinnetwork, for which they in return would help pay the cost?

60 organizations serve a community oreducational RUSSLER: In general if these purpose, the answeris Yes; you can doanything you want to do. for a broadcast UPHAM: Is there any chancethat we might get some space relay on VHF? the fact that we re- JANSKY: I don't think it'simpossible, and I base this on cently engineered aninterconnection system for an agencywhich has a number ofbase stationsand they areinterconnected by straight VHF relay operating on somefrequency on the order of400 mc.I have not made any assumptionswith respect to whatmight be called regulatory limitations.Nor have I assumed anyregulatory or company tariff limitationswith respect to what you cando.This is because limitationschange as needs change. relays?Are the CLAYTON: Can you use a multiplexsystem with microwave two compatible? Yes, it is entirelypossible.In fact TV sound istransmitted on PETERSON: studio-to-transmitter links by a systemof multiplexing. relay.Of LEWIS: Now they're putting twoaudio circuits on microwave course one is notof ideal quality.This may change, but sofar we don't recommend the extrachannel except for low-gradecommunica- tion service. side channels carry a fairlyfull HARRISON: If you multiplex on FM, can your frequency without high-fidelitycircuits? New England portion of thenetwork that, PETERSON: We are anticipating on the as soon as theregulatory limitations now imposed on usare overcome, we will beable to achieve a transmissionchannel of 15 kc.Actually we plan twotransmission channels.One is a low-qualitycontrol channel for control of thenetwork and the second is this15 kc program channelwhich is anticipated to be onthe same order of quality as the main channel. Theability to multiplex these twochannels successfully depends on the state ofthe art and the quality ofmanufacture of receiving equipment.It is not a limita*tion of thetransmission function. multiplexing KIRKPATRICK: How does the degradationof the subchannel signal in compare with that ofthe main channel?Is it more severe? sig- PETERSON: As you go out in distance fromthe transmitter, the subchannel nal generally falls off soonerthan the main channel. Carl DREYFUS: We know what the technicalcapabilities and limitations of Menzer's plan will be.We know what the cost willbe.In terms of the FM multiplex system wedon't know what technicallimitations there will be, but Hartford Gunnwill have some of this information in about six months.,We now might figure out where wehave to drop in FM relays to duplicatewhat Carl has set up by line.And the third possibility is puttingin some lines on Carl'sfigures for off-the -air pickup from multiplexingsystems .

61 Midwest we have been studyingthe possibili- MENZER: I might add that in the ties of FM connectionssimilar to those thatHartford Gunn has suggested and there have been somemeasurements made although they're pretty sketchy.It appears that a gooddeal of expensive construction might be necessary. I mean part relay HARRISON: Has anything been done onthe intermixing idea? and part line.

MENZER: Not in the Midwest. shorter hops, say between WOIand WSUI? NELSON: How about some of the and in Illinois and Indiana?Wouldn't these be possible? miles between Ames and IowaCity.WOI and MENZER: It's actually about 110 KSUI both have about 15,000 watts in power, but wehave never been able to obtain satisfactory signalsfor relay purposes. WBAA? They don't look toofar away. NELSON: How about WILL and strong signal MENZER: Illinois has 300 kw butdoes not provide a sufficiently in Iowa City.I don't know about transmissionbetween Illinois and Purdue, because Purdue doesn'thave its FM station as yet. and Michigan are capable oflinking air-to- DREYFUS: The states of Wisconsin air right now.It would appear that inIndiana it would be almost possible, Ohio looks to have twopossible sections, and theremight be possible subregionallinks.If those are laid out we mightfigure what lines are needed to gobetween them. air relay between oursta- EBLEN: Research we had about ten years ago on tion at Delafield and Chicagowhichis about 100 milesshowedthat we encountered noproblems.And I'm sure that we can linkWis- consin, Michigan, andMinnesota as soon as the Universityof Michi- gan gets itstransmitter in the western partof the state. continue FREDETTE: One other thought we mustkeep in mind is that line costs on and on, whereas youcould in many instances buy achain of microwave relays and have thempaid for relatively easily. Wisconsin right now which cost us EBLEN: We are using one in northern around $12, 000. been brought out is that there MENZER: Another important point which hasn't are continuingmaintenance costs on those microwaveinstallations. A summary of such costs, atleast estimated for a radio andTV system, is available in JohnSchwarzwalder's report of his six-state study.The maintenance costs for such aradio-TV system ?re quite substantial, and can't be neglected.

62 k.elr GROUP A

Hartford Gunn, Chairman, WGBH,Boston. 4 Don Angell, WXPN, Philadelphia;John Clayton, WUNC, Chapel Hill,N.C.; Charles Ellis, WGBH, Boston; Albert Fredette,WAWIC, Albany, N.Y.; Ruane Hill,WAER, Syracuse, N.Y.; Robert Kirkpatrick, KRFK,Richmogd, Va.; Fred McWilliams, WDUQ,Pittsburgh; Harold Nelson, WDFM, State College. Pa..;Roger Peterson, Jansky & Bailey, Washington,D.C.; Jack Summerfield, The RiversideChurch, New York City; Don Upham,WGBH, Boston.

The Use of Commercial FM RadioStations as Intermediate Links in anAir-to-Air Network 1. Harold Nelson reported that his station(WDFM, Pennsylvania State University)has been utilizing a commercial station inPottsville, Pennsylvania, to bring in programsorigi- nating at WNYC, New York City. 2. It may become more and more difficult to obtainpermission to use FM commercial stations, main channelsas FM stations in many areas areearning substantial profits from programing, leaving little time foreducational programs.Multiplexing may be a way of using a commercial station for educationalrelay without interrupting the income-producing commercial programing on the main channel. 3. An educational station using commercialfacilities would be wise to write an agreement with the owner at the start, coveringtime clearances, station ID's, switching sequences, and technical standards. 4. The linking commercial station(s) might be sold orhave a management change; this would break the network contact and should beanticipated if possible.The group agreed that the use of a commercial station should berecognized as a temporary expedient. 5. Commercial FM stations may help such networkarrangements because of their interest in performing a valuable public service.The commercial station should be given credit for providing network facilities. 6. If the material is transmitted via a commercialstation, problems may develop on clearances for program material cleared for broadcastfor educational noncommercial use.

Civil Defense Funds for Networks Matching funds for certain equipment from civil defenseauthorities were discussed. Stand-by transmitters, electric power generators, etc., might beprovided.This possibility should be investigated.

Hours of Network Operation 1. The group felt that the evening hours"prime time"were of greaterimportance to the eastern network than daytime hours. 2.It is possible that daytime programing shauld begin as soon as feasible.

63 The Future Role of Tape Networking 1. Tape recordings could bridge gaps between regional "live" networks. 2. The present NAEB tape network should be retained as long as a use remains for it.

Type of Network Organization(s) 1. We should form regional networks of stations actually running. 2. Later, we should incorporate these regional networks so that grants may be received.Grants would be used for the purchase of equipment for the member stationsand to improve the program service. 3. We should create a national network center to coordinate regional networks.Sug- gestions for location (in order of preference):Washington, D.C., and Chicago, Illinois.

One-Month Trial of Eastern Network The possibility of a one-month trial of the eastern network was suggested. A combination of air-to-air relay and telephone lines would be used. AT&T representatives estimated that a Class A wire line from New York City to Richmond, Virginia, in use eight hours a day, would cost approximately $1500 for the one-month period.This project would serve as an imposing demonstration of the value of networkoperation.

Pennsylvania and Upstate New York Links Between Midwestern and Eastern Networks The group split into subgroups to plan air-to-air relays between exipting stations of the eastern network and existing educational FM stations in the Midwest.Two possible approaches were discussed:one stretching from Erie, Pennsylvania, to Albany, New York; the other from Pittsburgh to New York City. Erie - Albany Erie, Pa. (new station required) to Buffalo, N. Y. (WBFU) 90 miles Buffalo, N.Y., to Rochester, N.Y. (new station required) 70 miles Rochester, N.Y., to Syracuse, N.Y. (WAER) 75 miles Syracuse, N.Y. ,to Utica, N.Y. (new station required) 45 miles Utica, N. Y. ,to Mt. Greylock (Albany, N. Y. - WAMC) 115 miles

Pittsburgh - New York City Pittsburgh, Pa. (WDUQ) to State College, Pa. (WDFM) 115 miles State College, Pa., to Pottsville, Pa. (commercial) 85 miles Pottsville, Pa. , to Hackettstown, N.J. (WNTI) 75 mile s Hackettstown, N. J. ,to New York City (WNYC -FM) 50 miles

64 RECOMMENDATIONS immediately to underwrite a fullstudy of regional and ulti- 1. Funds should be found to all mately a national liveinterconnected radio network.The study should be directed alternate methods of transmission,with technical and financialcomparisons.This study will be essential for a speedyand efficient practicalsolution to live networking. 2. The proposed live networkcommittee should review alllegal (i.e., FCC) and and regulations which mayimpede the rapid developmentof tariff (i.e., AT&T) restrictions its AM the live network.For example, at present noAM-FM station could broadcast on transmitter network programs that wererelayed by both wire and off-airrelay.Thus, with the eastern some midwesternstations would not be allowedto use programs originating network, if line linkage is usedby the midwestern regionalnetwork.C. M. Jansky, Jr., has indicated that theseregulations can be changed,provided a valid case is made. committee should instigate athorough study of multiplex re- 3. The proposed network and speci- ceivers for long-distance,high-quality multiplex relay.The required standards fications should be determinedquickly for use in this study.A new design may be war- ranted. 4. Each region represented onthe live network committeeshould work toward estab- News of the development ofeach regional networkshould be lishing regional networks. The coordinated and distributed bythat region's committeeman orhis delegated assistant. committeemen should alsocoordinate information as tothe development of theseveral regions and the developmentof the national network. 5. An air express tapeservice may be used to linkthe regional live networks, es- This will allow the useof timely programs.For example, pecially the Pacific region. terminal the westernmost stationlinked with the eastern network,and located near an air having frequent flights to thePacific region, would recordnetwork programs.They would region for playback.Thus, a program heard in Bostonat 8 p.m. be flown to the Pacific heard EST could be recorded at7 p.m. CST and flown to thePacific by 8 p.m. PST and In all likelihood, Pacificregion stations would wantto delay at 9 p.m. in San Francisco. eastern certain timely programs afew hours, even if they weredirectly connected with the region. 6. We believe that we in theeastern region can deliver anetwork program to Erie, Pennsylvania, and/or Pittsburgh.Whichever location is served bythe eastern regional network would be the westernextreme of that region.The midwestern networkwould be expected to interconnect at thatpoint. 7. Group A is starting anewsletter to inform its people ofnetwork developments. We recommend that the other regional groupsdo the same. We recommendthat the NAEB News- letter run digests of some of thisinformation. Further, we recommend thatformal reports on progress of theregional networks be scheduled for presentationat the San Francisco convention. 8. Our primary recommendationis that the individual stationsand regional groups make every effort with all possiblespeed to determine the feasibilityof live air-to-air relay in conjunction with or inaddition to other means of networkinterconnection.The following is a report on thisinterconnection system as applied tothe midwestern area.

Off-Air or Air-to-Air FMRadio Relay for the Midwestern Network

The following plan for off-airstation-to-station FM radio relay isoffered as a substitute proposed telephone lineround-robin network.It has been pre- for or supplement to the checked pared quickly and withoutbenefit of needed engineeringdata.It would have to be carefully and tested thoroughlyby competent professionalengineers.It is offered here alternate and, hopefully,less expensive ways toestablish the only to stimulate thinking on compared to a wire line network.The system proposed hasadvantages and disadvantages

65 considered should theoff-air system be system.These would have tebe weighed and advantages anddis- technical and economicstandpoints.Some of these practical from the that the list ofstations thatmight advantages are listed inthis report.It is worth noting Mis- might be expanded toinclude South Dakota,Kansas, Oklahoma, be connected off-air farther south and west. souri, Kentucky,Tennessee, and possibly it is not the This report is forstarting the thinkingabout this subject; Again a reminder: completed before anyaction is final, carefullyprepared engineeringreport which must be taken to implementthese suggestions.

West to East: and thus the Wisconsin should be able to receiveWHWC, Colfax, Wisconsin, KUOM, Minneapolis, station (e.g., 50 kw)which will link itwith WHWC. state network. KUOMshould build an FM network may reach toWNIC in De Kalb, Illinois(10 w). WHA, Madison, andthe Wisconsin state interconnect Wisconsin (the easternpoint of the Wisconsinnet) should readily WHAD, Delafield, Gary, Indiana; WEPS,Elgin, Illinois; WNUR, with WBEZ in Chicago.WBEZ can feed WGVE, Evanston, Illinois; andWNIC. , this time with WMCRin Kalamazoo.However, an WBEZ may not beable to interconnect at both WETL in South Bend(owned by the city), shouldbe able to receive existing 250 w station, higher power, WBEZwill be WBEZ and WMCR.If this is true, andif WETL is raised to a linked with WMCR. Rapids station. An alternate route isfrom WHAD to WMCR orto the proposed Grand might use superpower(50 to 100 kw) andheight The proposed Universityof Chicago FM station southern Illinois, and (using a TV tower or itsequivalent) and provide adirect link to Michigan, Purdue. WMCR links with WKARin East Lansing. WHPR, Highland Park; WUOM, Ann Arbor, whichcould feed WFBE, Flint; WKAR links with Toledo, and WBGU, BowlingGreen. WOAK, Itoyal Oakallin Michigan; andOhio stations WTDS, be able to feed WBOE,Cleveland, WUOM and WDET,Detroit, are alreadylinked. WDET should and WHPR, WOAK, andWTDS. would readily linkwith Ohio plans to establish acomplete state-widemicrowave facility which Should this microwavefacility not develop, an WDET or WUOMthrough Toledo (WTDS,250 w). air-to-air relay network maybe possible. WBGU could also effectthis link with WTDS should increase powerto make this fifty-milelink. WDET by raising its powerfrom the present 1.4 kwERP. WSLN, Delaware; WYSO, feed Ohio stations WMUB,Oxford; WOUB, Athens; WOSU, Columbus, can Therefore, for Ohio service,WOSU Yellow Springs; andpossibly WGBU at BowlingGreen. through Toledo's WTDS(with power increases)mustlink with WDET. obtaining reception of theeastern region pro- The Ohio network shouldalso make provision for grams fromPittsburgh (or possibly fromErie).

North Central to SouthCentral: Lafayette, should be able toreceive WBEZ, Chicago(a link of 100 to Purdue University's WBAA, bring the off-air FMreceiver near 120 miles).If it cannot, one microwavehop should suffice to

66 WILL at the Universityof Illinois, Urbana, mayalso receive WBEZ. enough for reliablereception. If such linkage is possible,the long distance WBEZ may be able toreceive WBAAand/or WILL. Indiana, and WOSU,Columbus, Ohio, can beavoided, as WBAA can between WFIU, Bloomington, high-power FM transmitterfor WBAA, receive and feed WFIU.This system will entail a new which is already appliedfor.Rapid installation isurged.

East to West: Ohio network), shouldincrease its power tomake the WMUB, Oxford(western unit of the proposed possible a direct linkbe- 100-mile jump to WFIU.This power increase atWMUB will also make tween WMUB and WOSU. air-to-air relay by in- to WFIU to WBAA toWILL linkage is possible on Thus, WOSU to WMUB WBAA. creasing WMUB's powerand establishing ahigh-power FM unit at its power to establish a WSUI, Iowa City, maybe able to receiveWILL. WSUI should increase reliable off-air link withboth WILL and WOI,Ames, Iowa. also be able to receiveWILL.If so, WV/KS shouldincrease its WWKS, Macomb, Illinois, may reliably. power to relayWILL to WSUI if WSUIcannot receive WILL WOI should increase its powerto reach WSUI. WOI would serve EDPS,Des Moines, at present. power increase) maybe able to serve KSLH,St. Louis, which can WWKS (with the recommended KSLH (and therefore, WSRV, Carbondale,Illinois.If WWKS is not able to serve now relay to with WV/KS or they may usemicrowave or a WSRV) these stations mayprovide line connection conjunction with off-airreceivers. high-frequency link in provided by the Menzer The above plandoes not provide thefollowing items which are plan (Figure 6, page28): 1. Immediateinstallation when funds areobtained. 2. Reliability of lineconnections. 3. Direct connectionbetween KUOM andWOI. 4. Service to thefollowing stations: WWIII - 10 watts WVSH - 10 watts WSKS - 10 watts WSUI) KWLC no FM(might be served by 5. Guarantee ofservice to KSLH andWSRV. network programs ifkey transmitters arenot operating or are 6. Ability to transmit be corrected by the useof multi- carrying local programs.The latter case can plexing. Activation of this reportwill require thefollowing expenditures: 1. High-quality FMreceivers at all stations. be purchased only 2. Possibly completemultiplex facilities.Such facilities might by "main line"stations. Chicago. 3. New FM stationsat KUOM, WBAA,and the University of

6 7 4. Power increases for WETL,WOI, WSUI, WWKS, WMUB,WTDS, and possibly for WBEZ. 5. Installation of the Ohiostate microwave networkand/or equivalent off-air system. and 6. Thorough engineering surveyto determine exactly whatsteps should be taken the costs involved. Activation of this report willprovide: 1. The round-robin mainline. 2. Service to at least thirty-threeand probably thirty-seven ofthe stations served by the Menzer plan shown inFigure 6.

The advantages of thisproposal are: 1. Minimal operating costs. 2. 15 kw service. 3. No line costs. through addition of 4.Two additional circuitsonehigh-grade and one low -grade multiplex facilities allowingspecial services such as datatransmission, facsimile, teletype, and slow scan TV;closed-circuit seminars andconferences;remote control circuits; and stationindependence to broadcast alocal-interest program while serving a networkfunction (on the multiplexcircuit). 5. Relatively easy expansionof network to includeadditional areas. 6. Stations also may beable to share the costs ofinterconnection with other agencies and media, as is proposedfor the Ohio state network, orride piggyback on a TV facility.

NOTES: required by this proposal will 1.It should be noted thatincreases in ERP which are provide better service tolarger audiences in additionto serving as networklinks. advocates, exclusive use of FMrelay, portions of the network 2. While this proposal studied may be servedby wire lines or by VHF ormicrowave links.Each link should be separately with considerationfor all possible alternativelinkage systems. might be activated for a one-timecost of about $250,000, 3. This entire proposal The combined costs with an annual maintenanceand operating cost of less than$20,000. network compare favorablywith the annual cost of$211,020 of the of the air-to-air relay by a professional Menzer plan.Again, these figures wouldhave to be checked carefully engineering organization.

68 GROUP A Suggested Programing FRIDAY SATURDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURMAY MALN CHANNEL MONDAY News, weather. and ). EST small magazine 7 a.m. segment Music - BFA ) News, weather, and ) small magazine segment 8 Music - BFA > Academic credit courses: each ) 9 15 or 30 or 60 minutes

Women's specials: Gardening, cook- ) 10 ing, child care and development

Academic credit courses: each ) 11 15 or 30 or 60 minutes Science Education Medical confer- Agricultural and Medical ences agribusiness conferences 12

Academic credit courses: each > 1 p.m. 15 or 30 or 60 minutes Concert music and drama > 2

N.,

4 Stock Exchange programs ) Academic courses > 5

BBC and CBC and RTF short pro- > grams 6 Louis Lyons news and ) commentaryand background interviews Guest lectures- short series, > 7 one-timers, etc.

Daily Capitol Hill > report 8 Daily United Na- > tionsreport Academic courses ) > 9 Cultural America

Special reports on > subjects of general and possible round tables oninternational affairs,science, etc. 10 interestpresentation > Theology, past and I presentnot worship services, but seriousthought and discussion Half-hourtalks > 11 I Music history programs 5 12

Teletype and fac- t a.m. simile and data processing* demand for this service to employ everyavailable broadcast on both main channel andmultiplex services. We expect the *These specialized services can be both supply and demand forspecial facilities will expandgeometrically. hour, especially when the participatinginstitutions become more numerousbecause GROUP A Suggested Progming SATURDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY MULTIPLEX MOMAY TUEMAY Closed circuit for EST network business, 7 9 a.m. program audition. and selection. Closed-circuit .....). medical, asking 10 for information for a current problem Conferences for hireBoston Con- ference on Distri- bution, IRE meet- > 11 ings, space en- vironment sym- posium. Educators' prob- > lems 12

GE meetings > 1 p.m.

College students > interrogate U.N. 2 and government officials Private seminar > American Bar Assn. ---., 3

Network business > 4

Interinstitutional conferences: sports > president-to-president, 5 department-to-department, special studies, etc. Scientific groups-- corporate and > 6 professional

- 7

Flexibility for localprogramingand to allowgroup and regionalsplits. morning, s, This flexibility periodcould be divided intoseparate segments for 8 afternoon, and evening,if desired.

10 ,

reports and documents,net continuity andbusiness, interinstitu- Facsimile and teletypetransmissionconference computer and data transmission. tional information, scientificjoint gtudy informationback and forth, 12 on to 9 I I 1 I

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I GROUP B

Larry Frymire, Chairman, WKAR, East Lansing. Haskell Boyter, WABE, Atlanta; E. G. Burrows, WUOM, AnnArbor; Lee Dreyfus, WDET, Detroit; Richard Este 11, WKAR, East Lansing; HarryLamb, WTDS, Toledo; Donald Quayle, WOSU, Columbus; Ken Wright, WUOT, Knoxville.

General Statement It is proposed by Group B that a live national radio networkfor educational broadcasters be established.We base this proposal upon the following advantages tothe United States and her citizens: 1. The immediate availability of "timely" information which is not nowavailable under existing program exchanges or tape networks. 2. The coordination of the intellectual resources of the nation. 3. The psychological and prestige values inherent in such a network whichwould accrue to the local member station. 4. The benefits of more rapid distribution of prerecorded programmaterial of a vital nature.

Basic Assumptions

1.It is assumed that all available systems of the art of interconnectionwill be employed in the establishment and development of this national network. 2. Group B assumes that all legal and engineering problems or questionsinherent in later portions of this report are based upon the knowledge of these mattersat the present time by members of this group, with a full awareness that some aspectsof the report may be altered in the future upon the advice of qualified legal and engineeringconsultants or authorities and the advancements made in federal regulations and technologicaldevelopment.

Network Functions 1. Nonbroadcast a. Exchange of information, data, and research amongorganizational and institutional special interest groups.Example:University administrators, teaching faculties, professional societies.

71 b. Network business.Example:Manager's conference, programaudition, daily program information. c. Special servicesfor professional groups.Example:doctors, lawyers. d. Public service and communityorganizations of a national orregional nature. Example:PTA, labor groups, managementgroups. land-lines and FM The nonbroadcast usesproposed a'uove are based onthe assumption that multiplex facilities will be available. cost We would hope that thespecial-interest organizations willbe able to help finance the of the network by their useof nonbroadcast services at anestablished per-hour fee. 2. Broadcast a. Generalconsiderations (1) It was proposed that the networkbe operated six days perweek, from 1 p.m.to 9 p.m., EST. It was feltthat these hours would permitthe largest number of stations possible to carrythe network live.The design of the daily program schedule issuch that it is feltdesirable that at least oneday be set aside for local programingwhich would also enable thestation to pre- select special network programsfor rebroadcast. (2) By a vote of 5 to 3, it wasdecided that the network shouldnot carry live music broadcasts.This determination wasbased on the limitation offre- quency responseof Class A telephone lines.While this would apply to a national network, it would notnecessarily be true in a regionalnetwork which operated on an "FMrelay" principle. b. Program Schedule (1) See suggested schedule. (2) Clarification of program types notreadily ascertained by theschedule: In-School Programs...two15-minute programs for the primaryand intermediate grades. Cultural America...an historical programembracing the many and varied regions and areas of thenation. USOE & NEA...programsdesigned to offer lines ofcommunication to reach the profession of education.These programs emanatedirectly from the offices of the organizations. Primary and Intermediate SchoolChildren...out-of-school programsfor the primary and intermediate ages. Conservation and Natural Resources...newsand information about the uses and problems of natural resourcesincluding specific problems of conservation and recreation. Pre-Taped "Vital Issues"Documentary...programs produced bytape subsidiary for national distribution. Foreign Press...commentaryfrom foreign countries such asthe alreadyexistent "French Press Review,""Review of the British Weekly,"etc. Intellectual Humor...not a specific programdesigned only for the display of humor, per se, but rather a programof lightness, deftness oftouch, whimsy, wit and humor in a varietyof formatS, e.g. documentary,satire, etc. Magazine. . . a "Monitor"-typeformat utilizing contributions frommember stations, the content of whichis of basic educational value.One of the prime values of such a programwould be its flexibility. Youth Guidance...counselingand guidance of youth...careerinformation designed for both youth and adult(parent) audience.

72 EST MONDAY TUESDAY Suggested Programing WEDNESDAYGROUP B THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1:002:00-2:30 p.m. Non-BroadcastIn-SchoolClosed Circuit ProgramsConferenceFunctions Call Magazine > 2:30-3:003:00-4:00 CulturalLecture America (Classroom) Lecture (Guest) > 4:00-4:154:15-4:30 Business-Markets-Women's ProgramLabor > ConferenceSeminar - 4:30-5:005:00-5:155:30-5:455:15-5:305:45-6:00 WashingtonIntermediatePrimaryUSOEU. N. and Roundup School NEA Report?? Children " > > 6:15-6:306:00-6:156:30-7:00 NewsConservationPre-Taped Commentary "VitalNTEL&Issues" Resources Documentary > WeeklyYouth News Guidance Summary 7:15-7:307:00-7:157:30-8:00 CurrentForeign EventsPressIntellectualRoundtable Humor ----_ > Drama and InterpretiveReadings 8:00 Seminar, Conference(Lecture Series ViewpointsLiterary Arts Critique(How ForeignersUS) see Type of Organization 1. This network would be an integral part of theover-all NAEB functions. 2.It would be a separate division of NAEB responsible to theNAEB Radio Board of Directors. 3. By a 5-3 vote, it was decided that Chicago would be themost desirable location, Realizing the advantages and disadvantages of various locations,the following vr.-re major advantages for the decision: a. It was felt that since Chicago is afrequent meeting place for numerous national organizations, many resources would be available to the network. b.It is a more centralized location providing a more equitableavailability for East and West. c. Based on the assumption thatNAEB headquarters would be in Washington and the NETRC in New York, the selection of Chicago as the networkheadquarters would give us representation in a third major geographical area.

4. Staff Personnel Based on the program schedule, in terms of requirements placed onmember stations as well as the types of services expected by member stations from the network,this organizational chart was suggested:

gAEB Radio Board of Directors

Network Manager

1 Business Operations Chief Manager Manager Engineer

Live Tape Network Network Assistant 4 Assistant Producers Public Clerical I Traffic Relations & Program Manager Staff Coordinators Director

1 Tech. Tech. Tech. Tech. _l Assist. Assist. Assist. Assist. Traffic1 Traffic P.R. P.R. Assist. Assist.Assist.Assist.

Network Talent Chief

I New York Washington Correspondent Correspondent

74 Based on an average figure of$7500 per annum, a roughapproximation of $210,000 would be needed for salaries alone.It was strongly felt bythe members of Group B that a lower figure is highly unrealistic.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS It was felt by this group thatthe basic proposal for theestablishment of a live, national network for educational radio isentirely feasible-In order to accomplish this larger goal, the followingrecommendations are made: 1. Continued development of regionalnetworks. 2. A provision for funds to conduct anengineering study which will determinethe most feasible systems of interconnectionwhich will be needed to accomplish therequirements of this network. 3. The creation of a live network committeebeing represented by members of the six NAEB regions, plus the chairmenof the radio network committee, the radioplanning committee, the radio engineering committee,and the authority on eastern radio network operations.

75 GROUP C

Carl Menzer, Chairman,WSUI, KSUI, Iowa City. Engel, WHA, Madi- John De Camp, WBAA,Lafayette; Cliff Eblen,WHA, Madison; Harold Fleming, KSLH, St. Louis;Clifton Holman, WSIU,Carbondale; Burton son; Marguerite Lexington; James Robertson, Pau lu, KUOM, Minneapolis;0. Leonard Press, WBKY, NETRC; Frank Schooley,WILL, Urbana.

recommenda- Group C was directedby the seminar chairmanto discuss and make be carried on a livenetwork and what should becarried on a tape tions about what should The relationships between network.Specifically, types of programs wereto be listed. the tape and the livenetwork were to be examined. asked to report on certainparts of the Menzerreport:the type Also the group was staff for of organization of a livenetwork for educational radio,and the headquarters and such a network.

CONCLUSIONS 1. The live networkshould be considered as theprimary carrier of all programs. If proposed material lendsitself best to tape distribution, sobe it. 2. The network should operatefor eight hours a day. 3. Program material isavailable for eight-hour operation. 4. The most suitable timefor operation would be from12 noon EST until 8 p.m. EST. 5. The organization of thenetwork office should be asfollows: a. Policy Board(Radio Board of NAEB) b. Exec-at-1 Manager (1) Prc 7aming Manager)These would be supplied withadvisory committees. (2) Tet mica]:( Supervisor) (3) Traffic Manager ) (4) Legal Manager )To be administered by ExecutiveManager. (5) Public Relations Representative) (6) Fund Raiser ) c. Business Office It was suggested that a totalannual budget for the networkheadquarters should be in the neighborhood of $60,000.

76 ' ill, 0:7' 44. , ,o r GROUP C 12:00-12:30 EST Instruction, Auditionand MONDAYCue Time TUESDAY Suggested Programing WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY ______4 12:30- 1:30-1:00- :00:45:30 NewsLectureGuest GuestNewsExpert GuestNewsLecture ExpertGuestNews NewsGuestLecture Youth Variety 2:45-3:002:00-2:302:30-2:451:45- :00 In-SchoolMusicBook Review (Institutional) Theatre Review Motion Pictureview Re- Art Review Music Review Grand I Drama 4:00-4:303:50-4:003:00-3:50 WashingtonClassroomPanels and Lecture Reporter Discus- Concert 4:30-5:005:00-5:155:15-5:30 WallMagazineFor StreetYouth Programsions 6:00-7:005:30-6:00 RDTFBBCCI3CChildren ,.. 7:30-8:007:00-7:15 RIACurrentNews Commentary EventDiscussionUN Today > PresidentialPress Conf. News CommentaryUN Today ContinentalReligious News Commentan headquarters should belocated at NAEBheadquarters on a na- 6. The tape network headquarters tional basis, but in theevent of regionallive networks,regionally located should be established.

RECOMMENDATIONS that the NAEB set as anultimate goal the coverageof 1. This group recommends toward this goal,NAEB the United States by anational live network.As immediate steps development of regionalnetworks and the linkingof individual stations. should encourage the educational, radio stationsand an EAEB should also encouragethe establishment of new, increase in power for manyof the low-poweredstations. recommends a continuingstudy of the problemsand possibilities 2. This group also radio networks.The assem- of establishing andoperating national andregional educational information on a nationalbasis will be the dutyof the study group. bling and collating of results to the national Each and all of usshould make continuingstudies and provide the study agency.

78 GROUP D

Richard Vogl, Chairman, WOI, Ames, Iowa. R. Edwin Browne, KFKU, Lawrence, Kan.; Jack Burke,KSAC, Manhattan, Kan.; Martin Busch, KUSD, Vermillion, S. Dak.; Ray Giese, WOI, Ames; Burt Harrison, KWSC,Pullman, Wash.; Ken Kager, KUOW, Seattle; Merle Kimball, KTOY, Tacoma; Glen Pool, WNAD, Norman, Okla.

In giving consideration to the establishment of a nationwide network, Group D, repre7 senting stations widely separated from each other, from the Mississippi River west to the Pacific, was almost automatically oriented in favor of viewing ultimate objectives, primarily as they relate to the problems arising from time differences, geographical distances from station to station, and large, sparsely populated areas of the West which nevertheless include scattered, rapidly expanding metropolitan concentrations not now served by educational radio. This group feels that the ultimate goal should be a live network, covering forty-eight states, with a 12-hour to 18-hour daily schedule of programs. A further conclusion is that two essential related needs should be recognized as the network develops:One is the development of programs to serve stations already on the air; the other is for the development of programs which will encourage the building of new educational stations.These new stations, at the same time, will provide educational radio service to areasnot now being served and will provide needed links in the western chain. The first objective would call for a continuing program service.The second might require only a "starter package" on tape to help program the new station during its first months of operation.This "starter package" could, however, include programs also available to the main service, but at a reduced rate. It will be seen that this concept envisions a total live service which at the beginning might amount to no more than an hour or two of nationwide service per day, while the "starter package" should include at least an 8-hour daily package. It is felt by Group D that radio's second chance, which was thought to have occurred with the coming of FM broadcasting, is now actually here as FM booms nationwide.The NAEB has a major responsibility to encourage the development of new stations not only because of the service they can give to their communities, but also because of the need for these stations to fill the gaps in the national audience picture.Study might show the advisability of sending an NAEB task force into unserved communities where the gaps are most obvious, where populations are most highly concentrated, and where the opportunities for success in activating stations seems most promising.This task force would be armed with technical, economic, program, and educational know-how, plus the package of "starter service" programs. Group D endorses the principle of "operational research" advocated by C. M. Jansky, Jr.It recommends the "ultimate plan" described above, but believes that such a plan must

79 necessarily grow from a relatively modest beginning.This group further recommends that, as the present NAEB tape networkgradually evolves into a national live network, carebe taken to protect program service to those stationswhich are not able to be a part of the national live operation in its beginning stages. Program Considerations 1. Time Schedule a. Stage 1 should bedeveloped to provide ultimate daily service from 12 o'clock noon to 8 p. m . b. A further development should add morning servicefrom 7 to noon, and nighttime service from 8 p.m. to midnight. 2. Content a. We believe that a live networkwould be advantageous primarily as a means for instantaneous coverage, and that therefore its greatest effectivenesslies in the presentation of programs whose value depends on speed oftransmission.Most important are news oriented programs, including hard news,on-the-spot reporting, and news background, analysis and commentary.Specifically, we recommend: (1) At least two 15-minute daily reports from Washington, D.C.,and from U. N. Headquarters, such as amorning preview and an evening summary. (2) Conference News Call, featuring a moderator in, say, Washington, calling in content specialists on various campuses.Half-hour daily. (3) Open forums on controversial issues, discussed with complete freedom. (4) Financial reports at the end of each day's trading on Wall Street and Chi- cago Grain & Produce exchanges, etc. (5) Brief news reports for insertion into local news programs. b. Outstanding musical events, productions featuring noted musicpersonalities (for example, Bernstein, David Randolph) and unique and originalcompositions not available on commercial recordings.At least an hour per day for a classical concert, live or recorded, to help upgrade the quality of programing onsmall stations. c. Miscellaneous talk features,including classroom lectures by outstanding instruc- tors, "Last Lecture" series by retiring professors summarizing theirlife's work, and key speeches from seminars and important nationalmeetings.Seri- ous drama, both "full length" anddramatization of short stories; commissioned radio plays by American writers, interviews with noted musicians, composers, authors, etc.Special features for youth, "golden agers," homemakers, rural listeners, and other specialized audiences.

Transmission 1. Regional Network ApproachThe group recognizes the likelydevelopment of regional networks, which when interconnected would become the structureof a national net. Methods of transmission will vary according to local conditions.As indicated by Mr. Jansky, all methods should be investigated:wire line, tape, FM multiplex relay, microwave relay, and other possible means not yetdeveloped.Five regions, based on geographical division, are suggested: East Coast Midwest Pacific Coast Southeast Rocky Mountain 2. Tape Network SupplementIt may never be wise to drop the tape network completely because of economies, sound quality, and permanence.Also, as a supplement to the present tape network, we strongly advocate the development of alimited "express" network, to distribute news programs if of finmediate interest via air express orair mail.

80 Staff 1. NationalHeadquarters (Washington,D.C.) a. NationalNetwork Manager b. National ProgramDirector c. WashingtonCorrespondent Chicago, Salt LakeCity, San 2. RegionalHeadquarters (New YorkCity, Atlanta, Francisco) a. RegionalManager b. ProgramDirector c. Newsand Public Affairs d. Traffic e. Technical

Live NetworkImplementation Committee be named to pursuethe rapid developmentof a na- We recommendthat a committee representatives of radio network.The committeeshould include tional live educational advisable by thepresident. each of the sixNAEB regions, plusothers as deemed

81 DISCUSSION

ESTELL: The Menzer report (Figure 6) assumesthe proposed midwestern network to be connected by land line coordinating around-robin basic network with one-way service to stations.Figure 6 lists monthly line charges from station to station.I'd like to present a newset of figures, taking into account the feasibilityof using off-the-air or multiplex transmissionwhere possible.Tabulating the monthly line charges from station to station as per Figure6, we find a sum of $13,085 necessary.In an attempt to examine other methods of interconnection and resultant reductionof the above figure, the following is respectfully submitted:

Off-air interconnection Savings between these points in line charges WUOM-WDET, WTDS, WBGU $ 455 WDET-WHPR-WOAK-WFBE (WOAK and WFBE pick up WUOM or WKAR) 325 WBOE-WKSU 144 WOSU-WSLN, WYSO 336 WFIU-WGRE, WIAN 337 WILL -WBAA 338 WOI-KDPS 135 KUOM-WCAL (Neither has FM) 162 WBEZ-WNUR, WGVE, WEPS (WNIC) 329 WBEZ-? (Grand Rapids proposed 10 kw FM transmitter power) 756 ?-WKAR (sam e) WKAR-WMCR-WETL 522 WKAR-WUOM 225 $4064

By deleting 10 w FM spurs, WWHI, WNIC (62 miles from WBEZ), WVXH, and WSKS until such time as finances or power increases allow joining the net, the following line charges are saved: 887 total per month $4951

Clarification: WDET can receive WUOM and thereby serve WHPR& WOAK. WFBE can receive either WUOM or WKAR. WTDS can receive WUOM and thereby serve WBGU. WBOE, interconnected by land line to WDET, can serveWKSU off air. WOSU can serve WYSO and WSLN off air. WFIU can serve both WGRE and WEAN offair.

82 WBAA can pick up netfrom WILL off air. WOI can serve KDPS. KUOM can serve WCAL. WNUR, WGVE, and WEPS canreceive WBEZ off air. WBEZ also can serve theproposed Grand Rapids FM,which in turn can serve WKAR,completing the off-air linkfrom Wis- consin or Illinois to Michigan. WKAR can serve WMCR,which in turn can serveWETL. WKAR can serve WUOM. The remaining stations notmentioned would continue tobe served by land line as per Figure6 until such time that increasesin power or additionalstations between long hopspermit total interconnection by off-air multiplex. off-the-air pickup, GUNN: There are two disadvantagesto the round-robin, as compared totelephone lines: 1. Off-air pickup is dependent uponevery transmitterin the network being on the air. 2. Off-air pickup is dependent upon everystation agreeing to carry the network program. Now, if we go to a multiplexsystem and assume that then we can bypass a station via the subchannelthat wants to do local programing, we conceivably wouldsolve one of the problems.How- ever, we wouldstill be dependent upon whether ornot their transmitter is on the air. must presuppose the use ofmulti- EBLEN: I believe that air-to-air relay plex.I don't believe it is at allfeasible without it. certain programs might besent out on BURROWS: It has been suggested that tape by air mail, specialdelivery.How do you justify thiswhen you have a livenetwork to do it? interim step before we have alive VOGL: We are thinking of this as an network. Ii we can estab- H. HILL: There is another possibility inthis connection. lish three or four of theseregional networks, we could have reports prepared in Washington, orin New York at the U.N., astwo examples, duplicated immediately ontape, and shipped by air to the key station in each of the four orfive regional networks.It would be possible to get the tapesto these key stations within fifteen hours, say, after the programis produced.These stations would then each feed the programto the regional network it served.This would accomplish muchthe same purpose as the live network without an inordinatedelay. about 2500 miles between VOGL: Another consideration is that there are the Missouri River and the WestCoast which is going to be one of our greatest problems.Even if the West Coast establishes a regional network, and we get theeastern and midwestern parts of the country hooked together, we maystill have to use air-mailed

83 tapes to actually linkthese two areas together at least during an interim period.

SCHOOLEY: I think that the collection of data is needed and that it is not a responsibility alone of any one committee or study group, but the responsibility of each and all of us who are now broadcasting to aid in the building of the network or networks, national or regional. Many operational data are now available; many are not because they have not been tested.There are some theoretical operational data available for some areas.The way to really find out whether something will work is to test it and find out and then let someone know what the test results are.If we have a national study group, this is the place where these data should be collated.

MENZER: Roger Peterson and I have prepared a questionnaire to send to each of you which will start an engineering study.This will also give us information on the reception conditions that exist in the various areas as they might concern networking.So when you get these questionnaires, I wish you would have them answered in de- tail.For example, where it asks for your comments on receiving conditions as they might apply to network operations, don't just report that you received a certain station, but give us some details such things as your receiving antenna, its installation, the receiver which is used, the type, the model number, its sensitivity if known, and so on.These questionnaires will be sent out from NAEB Head- quarters to every station manager so he can advise his chief engineer of the importance and necessity of this information.

H. HILL: I would suggest, Carl, that since less than half of our station managers are represented here, you might prepare a brief covering letter, to go with the questionnaire, which would explain briefly that this Seminar felt that the accumulation of such information is essential to the success of a live network.

FREDETTE: It seems to me that it would be wise if the managers receiving this questionnaire would not rush to complete it, but would do a serious study over a week or two, or perhaps a month, of just what stations they can hear, using the best available equipment.

SCHOOLEY: I think it is important that the report show, as a consensus, that the group meeting here feels that a live radio network is and should be the goal.

H. HILL: It was the consensus not only that a live network should be the goal, but that we should aim at this nationallyand that as an intermediate step we should urge the promotion and starting of regional networks and possibly connect them when feasible.. . and subsidiary thereto, we should perhaps plan to send timely programs on tape by air to one station in each of the regional networks.

HARRISON: I think that the attitude of many of us when we came herepartic- ularly those of us from the Westwas that this idea of a national live network was pretty much a pipe dream. Now I think the most skeptical of us is kind of fired up over this.But, unfortunately, that applies only to those of us who are here.I think this must come up on the floor of the convention so we will have a real opportunity to transfer some of our enthusiasm to the others. 84 participants

University of Pennsylvania, Donald K. Angell, Jr.,Director of BroadcastOperations, WXPN, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Education, Atlanta PublicSchools, Atlanta, Haskell Boyter, Directorof Radio & Television Georgia. KFKU-KANU, Universityof Kansas, Lawrence,Kansas. R. Edwin Browne,Director of Radio, Manhattan, Kansas. Jack M. Burke, ActingHead, Radio-TV, KSAC,Kansas State University, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, Michigan. E. G. Burrows,Manager, WUOM, Vermillion, South Martin Busch, StationManager, KUSD, StateUniversity of South Dakota, Dakota. Hill, North Carolina. John Clayton, StationWUNC, University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Assistant Director, WBAA,Purdue University,Lafayette, Indiana. John De Camp, State University,Detroit, Lee S. Dreyfus,Assistant Director ofBroadcasting, WDET, Wayne Michigan. Supervisor, WHA, Universityof Wisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin. Clifford Eblen, Program Massachusetts. Charles Ellis, AssistantGeneral Manager, Radio,WGBH, Cambridge, WHA, University ofWisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin. Harold Engel, Station Michigan State University,East Richard Estell,Production and FacilitiesManager, WKAR, Lansing, Michigan. Manager, KSLH, St. LouisPublic Schools, St.Louis, Missouri. Mi Marguerite Fleming, of Union University, Albert F. Fredette,Station Manager, WAMC,Albany Medical College Albany, New York. Lansing, Michigan. Larry Frymire, Manager,WKAR-AM-FM, MichiganState University, East WOI-AM-FM, Iowa StateUniversity, Ames, Iowa. Raymond C. Giese,Operations Manager, Cooperative Broad- Hartford N. Gunn, Jr.,General Manager,WGBH-FM-TV, Lowell Institute, casting Council,Cambridge, Massachusetts. University of Wisconsin,Madison, Wisconsin. William G. Harley,Chairman, NAEB Boa el, KWSC, Washington StateUniversity, Pullman,Washington. Burt Harrison, Manager, Educational Broadcast- Harold E. Hill,Administrative Vice President,National Association of ers, 14 GregoryHall, Urbana, Illinois. Station Manager, WAER,Syracuse University,Syracuse, New York. Ruane B. Hill, Faculty Carbondale, Illinois. Clifton Holman, StationDirector, WSIU, SouthernIllinois University, Jansky & Bailey(consulting engineers), Washington7, D.C. C. M. Jansky, Jr., Washington. Ken Kager, OperationsManager, KUOW, Universityof Washington, Seattle, Manager, KTOY, TacomaPublic Schools, Tacoma,Washington. Merle Kimball, Program Seminary in Virginia,Rich- Robert W. Kirkpatrick,Director, WRFK-FM,Union Theological mond, Virginia. Radio-TV Education,Toledo Public Schools,Toledo, Ohio. Harry D. Lamb, Director, Planning, Radio Corporationof America, Louie Lewis, Administrator,Educational Television Camden, New Jersey. Company; in attendance F. T. J. Madden,(representing Minnesota Mining& Manufacturing part-time only), R. R.#1, Box 344, Germantown,Wisconsin. Association of EducationalBroadcasters, Mrs. Betty McKenzie,Publications Editor, National Illinois. 14 Gregory Hall, Urbana, Duquesne University, Fred McWilliams,Assistant Director andChief Engineer, WDUQ, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Iowa. Carl H. Menzer, Director,WSUI, State Universityof Iowa, Iowa City, 85 Harold Nelson, General Manager, WDFM,Pennsylvania State University, UniversityPark, Pennsylvania. E. L. Novak, American Telephone &Telegraph Company, 100 South 19th Street,Omaha, Nebraska. Burton Pau lu, Director, Radio & TVBroadcasting, KUOM, University of Min:Lesota,Minneap- olis, Minnesota. Roger Peterson, Jansky & Bailey(consulting engineers), Washington, D.C. Glen Pool, Acting Program Director, WNAD,University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. 0. Leonard Press, Director, BroadcastingServices, WBKY, University of Kentucky,Lexing- ton, Kentucky. Donald R. Quayle, Program Director, WOSU, OhioState University, Columbus, Ohio. James Robertson, Director, Station Relations,National Educational Television and RadioCen- ter, New York, New York. Frank E. Schooley, Manager, WILL, University ofIllinois, Urbana, Illinois. Jack Summerfield, The Riverside Church, 490Riverside Drive, New York, New York. Robert E. Underwood, Jr., Network Manager, NationalAssociation of Educational Broadcasters, 14 Gregory Hall, Urbana, Illinois. Don Upham, WGBH (Project Director for the projectednortheastern network), Cambridge, Massachusetts. Richard F. Vogl, Manager, WOI, Iowa State Universityof Science & Technology, Ames, Iowa. John F. White, President, National EducationalTelevision & Radio Center, New York, New York (in attendance part-time only). Kenneth D. Wright, Director, Broadcasting Services, UniT.-arsityof Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.

86 appendix

NAEB RADIO STATIONS January 1960

ALABAMA (Region II) WUOA University University of Alabama 3 KW FM

CALIFORNIA(Region VI) KPFA Berkeley Pacifica Foundation 10 KW FM KPFB Berkeley Pacifica Foundation 150 W FM KPFK Los Angeles Pacifica Foundation 75 KW FM KUSC Los Angeles University of Southern California 1 KW FM KVCR San Bernardino San Bernardino Valley College 770 W FM KSDS San Diego San Diego Junior College 250 W FM KCVN Stockton College of the Pacific 1 KW FM

COLORADO (Region V) KRCC Colorado Springs Colorado College 250 W FM KSHS Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Public Schools 250 W FM

FLORIDA (Region 11) WTHS Miami Board of Public Instruction of Dade County 3 KW FM WFSU Tallahassee Florida State University 1 KW FM WTUN Tampa University of Tampa 1 KW FM WPRK Winter Park Rollins College 250 W FM

GEORGIA (Region II) WABE Atlanta Atlanta Board of Education 3 KV/ FM

ILLINOIS (Region III) WSIU Carbondale Southern Illinois University 3 KW FM WBEZ Chicago Chicago Board of Education 3 KW FM WHIC DeKalb Northern.Illinois University 10 W FM WE PS Elgin Elgin Public Schools 10 W FM WNUR Evanston Northwestern University 10 W FM WV/KS Macomb Western Illinois University 3 KW FM WMTH Park Ridge Maine Township High School 10 W FM WILL Urbana University of Illinois 5 KW AM WILL Urbana University of Illinois 50 KW FM

INDIANA (Region III) WFIU Bloomington Indiana University 10 KW FM WPSR Evansville Evansville School Corporation 3 KW FM WGVE Gary School City of Gary 10 W FM WGCS Goshen Goshen College Broadcasting Corporation 250 W FM WGRE Greencastle DePauw University 10 W FM WVSH Huntington School City of Huntington 10 W FM WIAN Indianapolis Indianapolis Public Schools 250 W FM WBAA Lafayette Purdue University 5 KW AM WV/HI Muncie Wilson Junior High School 10 W FM WNAS New Albany New Albany City Schools 850 W FM WETL South Bend School City of South Bend 250 W FM WSKS Wabash School City of Wabash 10 W FM

- - IOWA (RegionIV) 5 KW AM WI Ames Iowa State University Iowa State University 3 KW FM WU Ames 250 W AM KWLC Decorah Luther College Des Moines Public Schools 1 KW FM KDPS Des Moines 5 KW AM WSW Iowa City State University of Iowa State University of Iowa 3 KW FM KSUI Iowa City 10 W FM KWAR Waverly Wartburg College

KANSAS (Region V) Kansas State Teachers College 10 W FM KSTE Emporia 5 KV/ AM Lawrence University of Kansas KFKU 10 KW FM KANU Lawrenc e University of Kansas Kansas State University 5 KW AM KSAC Manhattan 10 W FM I(SDB Manhattan Kansas State University Ottawa University 10 W FM KTJO Ottawa 10 W FM KMUW Wichita University of Wichita

KENTUCKI (Region II) 1 KW FM WBKY Lexington University of Kentucky Louisville Free Public Library 3 KW FM WFPK Louisville 250 W FM WFPL Louisville Louisville Free Public Library

LOUISIANA (Region V) 250 W AM WNPS New Orleans Orleans Parish School Board

MARYLAND (Region I) 250 W FM WBJC Baltimore Baltimore Junior College

MASSACHUSETTS (Region I) Amherst College Broadcasting System 10 W FM WAMF Amherst 10 W FM WMUA Amherst University of Massachusetts 10 KW PM WBUR Boston Boston University 18 KW FM WERS Boston Emerson College Lowell Institute Cooperative BroadcastingCouncil 3 IciW FM WGBH Boston 10 W FM WEDK Springfield School Committee of Springfield

MICHIGAN (Region III) Ann Arbor University of Michigan 10 KW FM WUOM 10 KW FM WDET Detroit Wayne State University 2 KVV FM WDTR Detroit Detroit Board of Education East Lansing Michigan State University 5 KW AM WKAR 10 KW FM WKAR East Lansing Michigan State University Flint Public Schools 1 KW FM WFBE Flint 10 W FM WHPR Highland Park School District of Highland Park Western Michigan University 10 KW FM WMCR Kalamazoo 10 W FM WOAK Royal Oak School District of City of Royal Oak

MINNESOTA (Region W) 10 W FM KUMD Duluth University of Minnesota Minneapolis University of Minnesota 5 KW AM KUOM 10 KW AM WCAL Northfield St.Ola f C ollege

MISSOURI (Region V) Kansas City University of Kansas City 360 W FM KCUR 3 KW FM KSLH St. Louis St. Louis Board of Education

NEW JERSEY (Region I) WFMU East Orange Upsala College 10 W PM 10 KW FM WBG0 Newark Newark Board of Education 1 KW FM WSOU South Orange Seton Hall University

88 NEW MEXICO (Region V) 350 W FM KANW Albuquerque Albuquerque Board of Education

N EW YORK(Region I) 3.5 KW FM WAMC Albany Albany Medical College 10 W FM WECW Elmira Elmira College Sewanbaka High School 250 W FM WSHS Floral Park 10 W FM WVHC Hempstead Hofstra College 10 W FM WIC B Ithaca Ithaca College Pacifica Foundation 18 KW FM WBAI New York 1 KW FM WFUV New York Fordham University Columbia College 1.2 KW FM WKCR New York 1 KW AM WNYC New York Municipal Broadcasting System Municipal Broadcasting System 20 KW FM WNYC New York 20 KV/ FM WNYE New York New York Board of Education Griffith Institute and CentralSchool 10 W FM WSPE Springville 1 KW FM WAER Syracuse Syracuse University Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1 KW AM WHAZ Troy 710 W FM WRPI Troy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

NORTH CAROLINA(Region II) 5 KW FM WUNC Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Greensboro Public Schools 10 W FM WGPS Greensboro 3.95 KW FM WWWS Greenville East Carolina College 10 W FM WHPS High Point High Point High School

NORTH DAKOTA (RegionN) 1 KW AM KFJM Grand Forks University of North Dakota

OHIO (Region Akron Public Schools 1 KW FM WAPS Akron 250 W AM WOUB Athens The Ohio University The Ohio University 10 W FM WOUB Athens 1 KW FM WBGU Bowling Green Bowling Green State University Cleveland Board of Education 5 KW FM WBOE Cleveland District 3 KW FM WCBE Columbus Board of Education City School Ohio State University 5 KW AM WOSU Columbus 3 KW FM WOSU Columbus Ohio State University 10 W FM WSLN Delaware Ohio Wesleyan University 10 W FM WKSU Kent Kent State University 250 W FM WMUB Oxford Miami University 250 W FM WTDS Toledo Toledo Public Schools 10 W FM WYSO Yellow Springs Antioch College

OKLAHOMA (Region V) 1 KV/ AM WNAD Norman University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma 3 KW FM WNAD Norman 3 KV/ FM KOKH Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Board of Education Oklahoma State University 380 W FM KOSU Stillwater 3.2 KW FM KWGS Tulsa University of Tulsa

OREGON (Region VI) Higher Education 5 KW AM KOAC Corvallis Oregon State System of 400 W FM Ter, Xt T 1% if 1.70 ri 1,71 la Eugene Public Schools University of Oregon 10 W FM KWAX Eugene 250 W AM KBPS Portland Portland Public Schools

PENNSYLVANIA (Region I) 100 W AM WSAJ Grove City Grove City College 10 W FM Havertown School District of HaverfordTownship WHHS Radio 5.3 KW FM WHYY Philadelphia Metropolitan Philadelphia Educational

89 PENNSYLVANIA (RegionI) continued F/A Philadelphia Wireless TechnialInstitute 250 LV WPWT Philadelphia 10 Vi FM Temple University WRTI Philadelphia 1 K1V F7611 University of Pennsylvania WXPN Philadelphia 1 EAVFM WDUQ Pittsburgh Duquesne University University of Scranton 1.35 EAV F/d WUSV Scranton 250 LV Fld WD FM Univerbity Park Pennsylvania State University

SOUTH CAROLINA(Region 10 W FM WUSC Columbia University of South Carolina

SOUTH DAKOTA(Region IV) 1 KW AM KUSD Vermillion University of South Dakota

TENNESSEE (Region II) 10 KW FM WUOT Knoxville University of Tennessee

TEXAS (Region V) 3 KW FM KUT Austin University of Texas Texas Western College 10 W FM KVOR El Paso 3 KW FM KUHF Houston University of Houston UTAH (Region VI) 10 W FM KVSC Logan Utah State University

VIRGINIA (Region II) Eastern Mennonite College 10 W FM WEMC Harrisonburg f William and Mary 3KW FM WMTI Norfolk Technical Institute of the College o Seminary 3 KW FM WRFK Richmond Union Theological 10 W FM WCWM Williamsburg College of William and Mary

WASHINGTON (Region VI) 5 KW AM KWSC Pullman Washington State University University of Washington 10 KW FM KUOW Seattle 1 KW FM KTOY Tacoma Takoma Public Schools

WISCONSIN (Region III) 3 KW FM WLFM Appleton LawrenceCollege of Wisconsin 5 KW AM WHA Madison University 3 KW AM WHA Madison WisconsinState Radio Council State Radio Council 5 KW AM WLBL Auburndale Wisconsin 10 KW FM WHSA Brule WisconsinState Radio Council State Radio Council 10 KW FM WHKW Chilton Wisconsin 10 KW FM WisconsinState Radio Council WHWC Colfax 10 KW FM WisconsinState Radio Council WHAD Delafield 10 KW FM WisconsinState Radio Council WHHI Highland 10 KW FM WisconsinState Radio Council WHRM Rib Mountain 7 1/2 KW FM WHLA West Salem WisconsinState Radio Council STATES WITH NAEB RADIO STATIONS

Alabama 1 station 1 FM Oklahoma 5 stations4 FM-1 AM California 7 stations 7 FM Oregon 4 stations2 FM-2 AM Colorado 2 stations 2 FM Pennsylvania 9 stations8 FM-1 AM Florida 4 stations 4 FM South Carolina 1 station1 FM Georgia 1 station 1 FM South Dakota 1 station1 AM Illinois 9 stations 8 FM-1 AM Tennessee 1 station1 FM Indiana 12 stations 11 FM-1 AM Texas 3 stations3 FM FM Iowa 7 stations 4 FM-3 AM Utah 1 station Kansas 7 stations 5 FM-2 AM Virginia 4 stations4 FM Kentucky 3 stations 3 FM Washington 3 stations2 FM-1 AM Louisiana 1 station1 AM Wisconsin 11 stations9 FM-2 AM Maryland 1 station1 FM Massachusetts 6 stations 6 FM Michigan 9 stations 8 FM-1 AM Minnesota 3 stations 1 FM-2 AM Missouri 2 stations 2 FM New Jersey 3 stations 3 FM New Mexico 1 station1 FM New York 15 stations 13 FM-2 AM North Carolina 4 stations 4 FM North Dakota 1 station1 AM Ohio 13 stations 11 FM-2 AM

STATES WITH NO NAEB RADIO STATIONS

Arizona Maine New Hampshire Arkansas Mississippi Rhode Island Connecticut Montana Vermont Delaware Nebraska West Virginia Idaho Nevada Wyoming

TOTAL NUMBER OF RADIO STATIONS 155 FM 131 AM 24

91 TELEGRAPH COMPANY TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 198 AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND 6th Revised Page 28 LONG LINES DEPARTMENT Cancels 5th Revised Page 28

CHANNELS FOR PROGRAM TRANSMISSION

II. CHANNELS FOR PROGRAMTRANSMISSION IN CONNECTION WITHRADIO BROADCASTING - Excepting Overseas Channels(Cont'd)

B. RATES (Contld) 1. Schedules AAA, AA, and A(Contld) end Note:The rates in (1)(a) and (1)(b) abovewill be applied for the period from the of a daily contract period to theend of the additional hours of use or forthe period from the start of the additionalhours to the start of a daily contract period, if this results in lower charges. c. Reversals in Directionof Transmission

(1) Schedule AAA The direction of transmission ofinterexchange channel facilities furnishedunder Schedule AAA cannot be reversed.Additional facilities will be furnished for transmission in the opposite direction at ScheduleAAA rates.

(2) Schedules AA and A (a) Reversals in the direction of transmission in achannel will be made when the interexchange channel facilities in the sectionsinvolved are of the type which permit reversals.Type 1 reversals, in addition, are subject to theavailability of the supplemental facilities required ateach service and amplifier point in order to operate such reversals. The charges set forth below include thereversal of the direction of transmission in local channels and the restoration tonormal of both interexchange and local channels.

(I) Type 1 Reversals Type 1 reversals are reversals furnished by meansof special facilities. The direction of transmission is reversed orrestored to normal within 15 seconds. Type 1 reversals may be effected by the customer at hispremises, or by the Telephone Company at its premises asdirected by the customer, or jointly by the customer and the Telephone Company asdirected by the customer.

issued:March 1, 1955 Effective:April 1, 1955

By M. G. Wallace, Commercial Operating Engineer 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York 13, N. Y. Printed in U.S.A.

92 AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPHCOMPANY TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 198 9th Revised Page 28A LONG LINES DEPARTMENT Cancels 8th Revised Page 28A

CHANNELS FOR PROGRAM TRANSMISSION

U. CHANNELS FOR PROGRAMTRANSMISSION IN CONNECTION WITHRADIO BROADCASTING - Excepting Overseas Channels(Contfd)

B. RATES (Cont'd) 1. Schedules AAA, AA, and A(Cont'd) c. Reversals in Directionof Transmission (Contld) (2) Schedules AA and A (Cont,d) (a)(I) Type 1 Reversals (Cont,d) When the reversal is to be effectedwholly or in part by the customer, the customer will provide a suitable sourceof power to operate the control equipment provided by the TelephoneCompany at the premises of the customer. Installation Monthly The following charges apply: Charge Charge Interexchange Channel Arranged for Reversals - per airline mile $.75 Each Service Point Equipped for Operating Reversals, including one control and associatedindi- cating lamps on station premises 75.00 Extension of control, of indicating lamps, or of both, on same station premises First Extension $150. 00 10.00 Each Additional Extension 75.00 5.00 Remote Control Arrangement - to (N) permit the control of reversal equipment from an exchange different from that in which the reversal equipment is located 60.00 16.00 (Rates as provided in Tariff F.C.C. No. 220 of this Company for low frequency channels are applicable for the remote control channel between exchanges) (N)

Material omitted from this page now appears onPage 28AA. Effective: January 5, 1960 Issued:December 1, 1959

By M. G. Wallace, Commercial OperatingEngineer 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York13, N.Y. Printed in U.S.A.

93 TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 198 AMERICAN TELEPHONE ANDTELEGRAPH COMPANY Original Page 28AA LONG LINES DEPARTMENT

CHANNELS FOR PROGRAMTRANSMISSION

CONNECTION WITH RADIOBROADCASTING_ II. CHANNELS FORPROGRAM TRANSMISSION IN Excepting Overseas Channels(Contld)

B. RATES (Cont/d) 1. Schedules AAA, AA,and A (Contld) c. Reversals inDirection of Transmission(Conttd) (2) Schedules AA and A(Cont/d) (a) (I) Type 1 Reversals (Conttd) Operating Charge When reversals are effectedby the customer No Charge - When reversals are effectedby the Telephone Company Per reversal, includingrestoral $2. 00 When reversals are effectedjointly by the customer and the Telephone Company -Per reversal, including restoral $1. 00 When a service point isadded on an occasional basis to an interexchangechannel section of a ScheduleA.A or Schedule A network which isequipped for Type I reversals, as provided in A. 10.b. (3) preceding, the excess mileage provided underSchedule BB or Schedule B is subject to an additionalcharge of $.02 per airlinemile for the first hour or fractionthereof, and $.005 for each additional fifteen minutesconsecutive with the initial period.When such service point is tobe used for the transmission of programs tothe network, it must be suitably equipped for operatingreversals.

Effective:January 5, 1960 Issued:December 1,1959

By M. G. Wallace, CommercialOperating Engineer 32 Avenue of the Americas,New York 13, N.Y. Printed in U.S.A.

94 AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPHCOMPANY TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 198 LONG LINES DEPARTMENT 4th Revised Page 288 Cancels 3rd Revised Page 288

CHANNELS FOR PROGRAM TRANSMISSION

II. CHANNELS FOR PROGRAMTRANSMISSION IN CONNECTION WITH RADIOBROADCASTING Excepting Overseas Channels (Cont'd)

B. RATES (Cont,d) 1. Schedules AAA, AA, and A (Cont,d) c. Reversals in Directionof Transmission (Cont,d) (2) Schedules AA and A (Cont,d) (a)(II)Type 2 Reversals Type 2 reversals are reversalsperformed only by the Telephone Company.The release of the network by the customer is normally required for a periodof from 15 minutes to 30 minutes prior to the timeof the reversal and for a similar period following the reversalfor the restoral to normal. The following charge applies for each reversal(including restoral) and includes the switches required in reversing (including restoral) the station connection normally connected to the interexchange channel at eachterminal. Per airline mile cf interexchange channel reversed $ .03 Minimum charge 5.00 (b) Where reversals cannot be effected,additional facilities will be furnished for transmission in theopposite direction, at the rates for the schedule classificationrequested by the customer. d. Local Channels The provision of local channels is included inII.B.6. e. Other Facilities andServices The provision of other facilities and servicesis included in II.D.

Issued:January 16, 1948 Effective.:February 18, 1948

By H. H. Carter, General Commercial Manager 100 William Street, New York 7, N. Y. Printed in U. S.A.

95 NORTHEASTERN EDUCATIONAL RADIONETWORK

A STATUS REPORTON INTERCONNECTION

noncommercial, educational Educational Radio Networkconsists of seven As of May 1960, the by off-the-air relayfrom one station to frequency modulationradio stations.The network operates This problem is present interconnectionis limited due toreception problems. the next; however at future.A summary of thenetwork as it now underattack and a solutionis expected in the near exists today and somenotes on reception problemsfollow. Radio Network, theCanadian Broadcasting Though it is not amember of the Educational In April, great interest inERN and the possibilityof program exchanges. Corporation has expressed FM stations in Toronto,Ottawa, and separate programingfor a network of three the CBC began interconnected by means of aspecial 10, 000 cycle wireline.It is Montreal.These stations are of this year. with the CBC FMnetwork may beaccomplished by the end hoped that interconnection York/Vermont or a wire line toAlbany/New York City is re- Either a new station innorthern New possibilities for a WGBH Boston and WAMCAlbany are exploring the quired to accomplishthis. carrying CBC programing onenight a week new stationin the north; WNYCNew York City is now by means of atelephone line from Canada. from Boston to Albany,New York, has been insuccessful operation A one-way interconnection the two transmittersis 108 miles.The circuit for approximately two years.The distance between adjacent-channel recep- has not been usable inthe reverse directionfromAlbany to Bostondue to has applied to the FCCfor permission tochange its oper- tion problems inBoston. WAMC Albany has filed an applica- order to avoid thisinterference.In addition, WGBH Boston ating frequency in station at Amherst,Massachusetts, in the cen- tion with the FCC forpermission to construct a new without This station will be able torelay programs to andfrom Boston and Albany ter of the state. broadcasting in September. interference.It is anticipated that thisstation will begin Connecticut, picks up the ERN programsfrom Albany andrebroadcasts A station in Hartford, Unfortunately, this is astudent-operated sta- them to its audiencein the central Connecticut area. tion which does notoperate in the summer. situation and would A new high-power stationin south-centralConnecticut would improve this It would permit, inaddition, a two-way interconnectionwith cover the entirestate of Connecticut. at Wesleyan University, WNYC-FM New York City.The possibility ofconstruction of a new station Middletown, Connecticut, is nowbeing actively investigated. the change in operatingfrequency by WAMC Albany(from 90.7 to 90.3) It is anticipated that A New York City station,WFUV will permit relaybroadcasting from that stationto New York City. assigned to the present operatingfrequency of WAMC and hasprevented Fordham University, also is It is possible to receive agood signal reception from Albanyduring WFUV's broadcastinghours. from WAMC at certainpoints in the city whenWFUV is off the air. receive all New York CityFM stations with the exceptionof WNYC- WAMC Albany is able to Albany are not successful, FMthe ERN affiliate.If efforts to improve thereceiving installation at arrangements may be made withother New York City stationssuch as the Pacifica it is possible that the air yet).It is Foundation station, WBAI,and the new RiversideChurch station, WRIV (not on possible that either ofthese stations might carry ERNprograms. College WNYC -FM is now relaying programsto WNTI Hackettstown, NewJersey, (Centennary relayed to WDFM atPennsylvania State University via a com- for Women).The programs are then and WDFM. mercial FM station(not shown on map on page 69)located midway between WNTT

96 from relaying WNYC-FMdue to adjacentchan- WHYY-FM Philadelphiais presently prevented WHYY-FM for the same Philadelphia station.WNYC-FM cannot receive nel interference from a would solve this problem. reason.An intermediate relaystation in New Jersey construct a neweducational University, Washington, hasfiled aa application to The American for late May at thisinstitution to explore thepossibilities FM radio station.A meeting is scheduled Carolina area. for forming a SouthernRegion ERN in theBaltimore-Washington-Virginia-North investigated by WGBH.One receiver willpermit re- Two new-type FMreceivers are being The other receiver located adjacent to aninterfering station on thenext channel. ception of a station signal on the samechannel (co-channelreception). A will select either theweaker or the stronger receivers will is planned.It is hoped that thedevelopment of these new visit to the manufacturer and permit full interconnectionof the Educational solve reception problemsin certain critical areas Radio Network. Don Upham 5/21/60