USOO591.6910A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,916,910 Lai (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 29, 1999

54 CONJUGATES OF DITHIOCARBAMATES Middleton et al., “Increased nitric oxide synthesis in ulcer WITH PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ative colitis” Lancet, 341:465-466 (1993). AGENTS AND USES THEREFORE Miller et al., “Nitric Oxide Release in Response to Gut Injury Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 264:11-16 (1993). 75 Inventor: Ching-San Lai, Encinitas, Calif. Mitchell et al., “Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxy 73 Assignee: Medinox, Inc., San Diego, Calif. genase” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:11693–11697 (1993). 21 Appl. No.: 08/869,158 Myers et al., “Adrimaycin: The Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Cardiac Toxicity and Tumor Response' Science, 22 Filed: Jun. 4, 1997 197:165-167 (1977). 51) Int. Cl...... C07D 207/04; CO7D 207/30; Onoe et al., “Il-13 and Il-4 Inhibit Bone Resorption by A61K 31/27; A61K 31/40 Suppressing Cyclooxygenase-2-Dependent ProStaglandin 52 U.S. Cl...... 514/423: 514/514; 548/564; Synthesis in Osteoblasts' J. Immunol., 156:758–764 548/573; 558/235 (1996). 58 Field of Search ...... 514/514, 423; Reisinger et al., “Inhibition of HIV progression by dithio 548/565,573; 558/235 carb” Lancet, 335:679–682 (1990). Schreck et al., “Dithiocarbamates as Potent Inhibitors of 56) References Cited Nuclear Factor KB Activation in Intact Cells' J. Exp. Med., 175:1181–1194 (1992). U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Slater et al., “Expression of cyclooxygenase types 1 and 2 in 4,160,452 7/1979 Theeuwes ...... 128/260 human fetal membranes at term” Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.,

4,256,108 3/1981. Theeuwes ...... 128/260 172(1):77–82 (1995). 4,265,874 5/1981 Bonsen et al...... 424/15 Soll et al., “Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and 5,358,703 10/1994 Lai ...... 424/9 Peptic Ulcer Disease” Ann Intern Med., 114:307-319 (1991). OTHER PUBLICATIONS Sunderman, Sr., "Clinical Response to Therapeutic Agents Asako et al., “Indomethacin-induced leukocyte adhesion in in Poisoning from Mercury Vapor” Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., mesenteric Venules: role of lipoxygenase products' Am J. 8(4):259–69 (1978). Physiol., 262:G903–G908 (1992). Thomas et al., “The Hydrolysis Product of ICRF-187 Pro Bjarnason et al., “Side Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflam motes Iron-Catalysed Hydroxyl Radical Production Via the matory Drugs on the Small and Large Intestine in Humans' Fenton Reaction” Biochem. Pharmacol., 45(10): 1967–72 Gastroenterol., 104:1832–1847 (1993). (1993). Carson, et al., “The Relative Gastrointestinal Toxicity of the Wallace et al., “Tissue-Selective Inhibition of Prostaglandin Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs' Arch. Intern. Med., Synthesis in Rat by Tepoxalin: Anti-inflammatory Without 147:1054–1059 (1987). Gastropathy?” Gastroenterol., 105:1630–1636 (1993). Dinther-Janssen et al., “The VLA-4/VCAM-1 Pathway is Wallace, “Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Gas Involved in Lymphocyte Adhesion to Endothelium in Rheu troenteropathy: The Second Hundred Years' Gastroenterol., matoid Synovium' J. Immunol., 147 (12):4207-4210 112:1000-1016 (1997). (1991). Whittle et al., “Induction of nitric oxide synthase and Gianni et al., Rev. Biochem. Toxicol. 5:1-82 (1983). microvascular injury in the rat jejunum provided by Glaser et al., “Etodolac Selectively inhibits human prostag indomethacin” Br. J. Pharmacol., 116:2286-2290 (1995). landin G/H synthase 2 (PGHS-2) versus human PGHA-1” Primary Examiner Zinna Northington Davis Eur: J. Pharmacol., 281:107-111 (1995). Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Stephen E. Reiter, Esq.; Gray, Graham et al., “Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory effect of Cary, Ware & Freidenrich Sulindac Sulfoxide and Sulfide on gastric mucosa' Clin. 57 ABSTRACT Pharmacol. Ther., 38:65–70 (1985). Iademarco et al., “Characterization of the Promoter for In accordance with the present invention, there are provided Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1)*” J. Biol. conjugates of nitric oxide Scavengers (e.g., Chem..., 267(23):16323–16329 (1992). dithiocarbamates, or “DC) and pharmacologically active Jones and M. G. Cherian, “The search for chelate antago agents (e.g., NSAIDs). Invention conjugates provide a new nists for chronic cadmium intoxication' Toxicology, class of pharmacologically active agents (e.g., anti inflammatory agents) which cause a much lower incidence 62:1–25 (1990). of side-effects due to the protective effects imparted by Kargman et al., “Characterization of Prostaglandin G/H modifying the pharmacologically active agents as described Synthase 1 and 2 in Rat, Dog, Monkey, and Human Gas herein. In addition, invention conjugates are more effective trointestinal Tracts”. Gastroenterol., 111:445-454 (1996). than unmodified pharmacologically active agents because Kolaric et al., “A Phase II Trial of Cardioprotection with cells and tissues contacted by the pharmacologically active Cardioxane (ICRF-187) in Patients with Advanced Breast agent(s) are protected from the potentially damaging effects Cancer Receiving 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin and Cyclo of nitric oxide overproduction induced thereby as a result of phosphamide” Oncology, 52:251–5 (1995). the co-production of nitric oxide Scavenger (e.g., Meade et al., “Differential Inhibition of Prostaglandin dithiocarbamate), in addition to free pharmacologically Endoperoxide Synthase (Cyclooxygenase) Isozymes by active agent, when invention conjugate is cleaved. Aspirin and Other Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs” J. Biol. Chem., 268(9):6610–6614 (1993). 27 Claims, No Drawings 5,916,910 1 2 CONJUGATES OF DITHIOCARBAMATES generation of anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the physi WITH PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ological functions of COX-1 and COX-2 are not always well AGENTS AND USES THEREFORE defined. Thus, there is a possibility that prostagladins pro duced as a result of COX-1 expression may also contribute FIELD OF THE INVENTION to inflammation, pain and fever. On the other hand, pros The present invention relates to novel conjugated forms of tagladins produced by COX-2 have been shown to play pharmacologically active agents, and methods for the prepa important physiological functions, including the initiation ration and use thereof. In a particular aspect of the invention, and maintenance of labor and in the regulation of bone methods are provided for Simultaneously treating a patho resorption (See, for example, D. M. Slater et al., in Am. J. logical condition with a pharmacologically active agent and Obstet. Gynecol., 172:77-82 (1995); and Y. Onoe et al., in reducing nitric oxide levels. J. Immunol. 156:758–764 (1996)), thus inhibition of this pathway may not always be beneficial. Considering these BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION points, highly selective COX-2 inhibitors may produce Despite the advent of modern pharmaceutical technology, additional side effects above and beyond those observed many drugs still possess untoward toxicities which often 15 with standard NSAIDs, therefore such inhibitors may not be limit the therapeutic potential thereof. For example, highly desirable. although non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are Since anthracyclines Such as adriamycin are commonly a class of compounds which are widely used for the treat used antitumor agents, considerable efforts have also been ment of inflammation, pain and fever, NSAIDs (e.g., aspirin, made to develop Strategies for reducing the acute and ibuprofen and ketoprofen) can cause gastrointestinal ulcers, delayed cardiomyopathies induced by anthracyclines, while a side-effect that remains the major limitation to the use of maintaining the therapeutic efficacy of these compounds. NSAIDs (see, for example, J. L. Wallace, in Gastroenterol. The molecular mechanism of cardiomyopathy is now attrib 112:1000-1016 (1997); A. H. Sollet al., in Ann Intern Med. uted to the adriamycin-induced release of iron from intrac 114:307-319 (1991); and J. Bjarnason et al., in Gastroen ellular iron proteins, resulting in the formation of an terol. 104:1832–1847 (1993)). 25 adriamycin-iron complex. The adriamycin-iron complex There are two major ulcerogenic effects of NSAIDs: (1) generates reactive oxygen Species, causing the Scission and topical irritant effects on the epithelium of the gastrointes condensation of DNA, peroxidation of phospholipid tinal tract and (2) Suppression of gastrointestinal prostag membranes, depletion of cellular reducing equivalents, landin Synthesis. In recent years, numerous Strategies have interference with mitochondrial respiration, and disruption been attempted to design and develop new NSAIDs that of cell calcium homeostasis (see, for example, Myers et al., reduce the damage to the gastrointestinal tract. These efforts, in Science 197: 165-167 (1977); and Gianni et al., in Rev. however, have largely been unsuccessful. For example, Biochem. Toxicol. 5:1-82 (1983)). In addition to enteric coating or slow-release formulations designed to cardiomyopathy, adriamycin administration causes cutane reduce the topical irritant properties of NSAIDs have been ous irritation and alopecia, mucositis (stomatitis and shown to be ineffective in terms of reducing the incidence of 35 esophagitis), phlebosclerosis and hematologic toxicities and clinically significant Side effects, including perforation and many other local and Systemic toxicities. bleeding (see, for example, D. Y. Graham et al., in Clin. Recently, ICRF-187 (i.e., dexrazoxane) has been demon Pharmacol. Ther. 38:65–70 (1985); and J. L. Carson, et al., strated to be effective for the removal of iron from the anthracycline-iron complex, therefore preventing the car in Arch. Intern. Med., 147: 1054–1059 (1987)). 40 It is well recognized that aspirin and other NSAIDs exert diac toxicity in cancer patients receiving adriamycin che their pharmacological effects through the inhibition of motherapy (See, for example, Kolaric et al., in Oncology cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, thereby blocking prostag 52:251–5 (1995)). However, when chelated with iron, the iron-ICRF-187 complex per se is also very effective at landin Synthesis (see, for example, J. R. Van in Nature, promoting hydroxyl radical generation via the Fenton 231:232–235 (1971)). There are two types of COX enzymes, 45 namely COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is expressed constitu reaction, causing oxidative damage to tissues (see, for tively in many tissues, including the Stomach, kidney, and example, Thomas et al., in Biochem. Pharmacol., platelets, whereas COX-2 is expressed only at the site of 45:1967–72 (1993)). In addition, since ICRF-187 is a strong chelator (having a structure similar to EDTA), it chelates not inflammation (See, for example, S. Kargan et al. in only low-molecular-weight iron, but also chelates iron from Gastroenterol., 111:445-454 (1996)). The prostagladins 50 derived from COX-1 are responsible for many of the physi transferrin and ferritin, as well as copper from ological effects, including maintenance of gastric mucosal ceruloplasmin, thus potentially affecting normal cellular iron integrity. metabolism. Many attempts have been made to develop NSAIDs that Accordingly, there is still a need in the art for modified only inhibit COX-2, without impacting the activity of 55 forms of NSAIDs, and other pharmacologically active COX-1 (see, for example, J. A. Mitchell et al., in Proc. Natl. agents, which cause a reduced incidence of Side-effects, Acad. Sci. USA 90:11693–11697 (1993); and E. A. Meade relative to the incidence of Side-effects caused by Such et al., in J. Biol. Chem., 268:6610–6614 (1993)). There are pharmacologically active agents as aspirin, ibuprofen, and at least two NSAIDs presently on the market (i.e., nabume the like. tone and etodolac) that show marked selectivity for COX-2 60 (See, for example, E. A. Meade, Supra.; and K. Glaser et al., BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION in Eur. J. Pharmacol. 281: 107-111 (1995)). These drugs In accordance with the present invention, there are pro appear to have reduced gastrointestinal toxicity relative to Vided conjugates of physiologically compatible nitric oxide other NSAIDs on the market. Scavengers (e.g., dithiocarbamates (DC)) and pharmacologi On the basis of encouraging clinical as well as experi 65 cally active agents (e.g., NSAIDs). Invention conjugates mental data, the development of highly selective COX-2 provide a new class of pharmacologically active agents (e.g., inhibitors appears to be a Sound Strategy to develop a new anti-inflammatory agents) which cause a much lower inci 5,916,910 3 4 dence of Side-effects due to the protective effects imparted desferrioxamine (DF), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid by modifying the pharmacologically active agents as (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), described herein. hydroxypyridinones, pyridoxalisonicotinoylhydraZone Recent evidence has shown that NSAID administration (PIH), quercetin, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxpyrid-4-one (LI), up-regulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide Syn phytic acid, dex razoxane (ICRF-187), N,N- thase (see, for example, B. J. R. Whittle et al., in Br. J. dibenzylethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic acid (DBED), and Pharmacol., 116:2286-2290 (1995)). Excessive nitric oxide the like. produced from inducible nitric oxide Synthase is known to Other nitric oxide Scavenging compounds contemplated contribute to the generation of mucosal damage (see, for for use herein include: 2-mercaptonicotinic acid, nitronyl example, S. J. Middleton et al., in Lancet 341:456-466 nitroxide, nitric oxide chelotropes (i.e., compounds contan (1993); and M.J. S. Miller et al., in Scand. J. Gastroenterol., ing the 7,7,8,8-tetraalkyl-0-quinodimethane type moiety), 264:11-16 (1993)). When chelated with iron (e.g., intracel dimer cap to Succinic acid, 2-phenyl-4, 4, 5,5- lular iron), nitric oxide Scavengers (such as a tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO), carboxy dithiocarbamate-iron complex) becomes an effective nitric PTIO, phenyl-n-tert-butyl nitrone, and other nitrone oxide Scavenger which binds tightly to nitric oxide and 15 derivatives, and the like. reduces in Vivo nitric oxide levels. It is now recognized that Dithiocarbamates are Sulfur-containing Small molecules excessive nitric oxide production can induce the expression that are known heavy metal chelators (see, for example, F. of COX-2, thereby enhancing the cascade of inflammatory W. Sunderman, in Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., 8:259-69 (1978); reactions. Thus, Scavenging NO by a nitric oxide Scavenger and M. M. Jones and M. G. Cherian, in Toxicology, 62:1-25 (Such as the dithiocarbamate-iron complex) could reduce the (1990)). Dithiocarbamates such as diethyldithiocarbamate negative consequences brought about by excessive COX-2 have been used clinically in the treatment of nickel poison levels, by reducing the expression of COX-2. ing (See, for example, Sunderman, Supra) and were used in In Summary, there are a number of advantages of conju clinical trials for the treatment of AIDS patients (see, for gates according to the invention (e.g., DC-NSAID), includ example, E. Reisinger et al., in Lancet, 335:679 (1990)). Ing: 25 Dithiocarbamates Such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate are (i) reduced topical irritant effects of NSAIDs, potent inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B in intact cells (ii) enhanced tissue delivery of both drugs as a result of (see, for example, R. Schreck et al., in J. Exp. Med., a decrease in net charges on the molecule, particularly for 175:1181-1194 (1992)). In addition, nuclear factor kappa B acidic NSAIDS Such as aspirin, diclofenac and ibuprofen, has been shown to up-regulate the expression of cell adhe thereby reducing the quantity of material which must be Sive molecules, including the vascular cell adhesive mol delivered to achieve an effective dosage, ecule 1 (VCAM-1; see, for example, M. F. Iademarco et al., (iii) chelating intracellular free iron ions, thereby prevent in J. Biol. Chem., 267:16323–16329 (1992)). Endothelial ing iron-related oxidative damage, expression of VCAM-1 causes the adherence of neutrophils (iv) inhibiting VCAM-1 expression, thereby blocking 35 to the endothelium, an early event leading to inflammation and Subsequent vascular damage and reduction of blood neutrophil adherence to the vascular endothelium induced flow (see, for example, M. N. Oppenheimer et al., in J. by NSAID administration, and Immunol., 147:42207-4210 (1991)). It has been recognized (v) Scavenging intracellular nitric oxide, thereby prevent that NSAID administration increases neutrophil adherence ing the production of peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant, and to the vascular endothelium in the gastric and mesenteric reducing the induction of COX-2 expression, which could 40 microcirculation (See, for example, J. L. Wallace et al., in induce further inflammatory response. Gastroenterol., 105:1630–1636 (1993); and H. Asako et al., In another aspect of the invention, there are described in Am J. Physiol., 262: G903–G908 (1992)). Therefore, bio-cleavable conjugates of a Suitable nitric oxide Scavenger conjugates of NSAIDs with dithiocarbamate would block (e.g., dithiocarbamate) and an anti-neoplastic agent (e.g., VCAM-1 expression, thereby avoiding the vascular prob adriamycin, wherein the resulting conjugate is referred to as 45 lems associated with neutrophil adherence to the endothe DC-adriamycin), which alleviate some of the toxicities lium. asSociated with administration of anti-neoplastics Such as adriamycin. There are a number of advantages of Suitable dithiocarbamate compounds contemplated for DC-adriamycin over adriamycin alone, including: use in the practice of the present invention can be described (i) reducing cutaneous irritation and alopecia and vascular 50 with reference to generic Structure I as follows: damage (because the conjugates are inactive until they have RRN-C(S)-S, M', ''. " (I) reached the intracellular site of action), (ii) chelating intracellular iron, thus reducing free radical wherein: induced acute and delayed cardiomyopathies, and 55 each of R and R is independently Selected from a Cup (iii) removing excessive nitric oxide produced from to C alkyl, Substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, Substituted malignant and cancerous tissues. cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, Substituted DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE alkynyl, aryl, Substituted aryl, heteroaryl, Substituted INVENTION 60 heteroaryl, alkylaryl, Substituted alkylaryl, arylalkyl, In accordance with the present invention, there are pro Substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, Substituted Vided compounds comprising a Suitable nitric oxide Scav arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, Substituted arylalkynyl, aroyl, enger (e.g., a dithiocarbamate) covalently attached to a Substituted aroyl, acyl, Substituted acyl, or pharmacologically active agent. R and R cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring AS readily recognized by those of Skill in the art, a variety 65 including N, R and R, or of chemical entities can be used for Scavenging nitric oxide, R or R2 is a divalent moiety Selected from the group e.g., iron-chelating compounds Such as dithiocarbamates, consisting of alkylene, Substituted alkylene, 5,916,910 S 6 oxyalkylene, Substituted oxyalkylene, alkenylene, Sub ologically compatible divalent or trivalent transition metal Stituted alkenylene, arylene, Substituted arylene, cations contemplated for incorporation into the above alkarylene, Substituted alkarylene, aralkylene and Sub described dithiocarbamate compounds include charged Stituted aralkylene, wherein Said divalent moiety Serves forms of iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, ruthenium, or the as the same Substituent for two dithiocarbamate like (e.g., Fe, Fe", Co, Co, Cu, Mn, Mn" or Structures, thereby linking Said Structures together So as Ru"). In accordance with the present invention, the ratio of to form a bis(dithiocarbamate) species, dithiocarbamate-species to counter-ion M can vary widely. X is 1 or 2, and Thus, dithiocarbamate-containing nitric oxide Scavenger can M is a monovalent cation when X is 1, or M is a be administered without any added metallic counter-ion physiologically compatible divalent or trivalent transi (i.e., M=H", or a transition metal cation to dithiocarbamate tion metal cation when X is 2. Species ratio of Zero), with ratios of transition metal cation Presently preferred dithiocarbamate compounds having to dithiocarbamate-species up to about 1:2 (i.e., a 2:1 dithiocarbamate:transition metal cation complex) being Suit generic Structure I are those wherein: able. each of R and R=a C up to C alkyl, Substituted alkyl, 15 AS employed herein, “Substituted alkyl comprises alkyl alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or Substituted groups further bearing one or more Substituents Selected alkynyl, wherein the Substituents are Selected from from hydroxy, alkoxy (of a lower alkyl group), mercapto (of carboxyl, -C(O)H, oxyacyl, phenol, phenoxy, a lower alkyl group), cycloalkyl, Substituted cycloalkyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, amino, amido, hydroxy, nitro or heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, aryl, Substituted aryl, Sulfuryl, or heteroaryl, Substituted heteroaryl, aryloxy, Substituted R and R cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring aryloxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, nitrone, including N, R and R, and amino, amido, -C(O)H, acyl, oxyacyl, carboxyl, M=Fe" or Fe". carbamate, Sulfonyl, Sulfonamide, Sulfuryl, and the like. Especially preferred dithiocarbamate compounds having AS employed herein, "cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic ring generic Structure I are those wherein: 25 containing groups containing in the range of about 3 up to R is Selected from a C up to Cs alkyl or Substituted 8 carbon atoms, and “substituted cycloalkyl” refers to alkyl, wherein the Substituents are Selected from cycloalkyl groups further bearing one or more Substituents carboxyl, acetyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, amino, amido, as set forth above. hydroxy or nitro, and AS employed herein, “alkenyl refers to Straight or R is Selected from a C up to C alkyl or Substituted branched chain hydrocarbyl groups having at least one alkyl, or carbon-carbon double bond, and having in the range of about R cooperates with R to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring 2 up to 12 carbon atoms, and “substituted alkenyl' refers to including N, R and R, and alkenyl groups further bearing one or more Substituents as set forth above. 35 AS employed herein, “alkynyl' refers to Straight or The presently most preferred dithiocarbamate compounds branched chain hydrocarbyl groups having at least one having generic Structure I are those wherein: carbon-carbon triple bond, and having in the range of about R is selected from a C up to C alkyl or Substituted 2 up to 12 carbon atoms, and “substituted alkynyl' refers to alkyl, wherein the Substituents are Selected from alkynyl groups further bearing one or more Substituents as carboxyl, acetyl, amido or hydroxy, and 40 set forth above. R is selected from a C up to C alkyl or Substituted AS employed herein, “aryl” refers to aromatic groups alkyl, or having in the range of 6 up to 14 carbon atoms and R cooperates with R to form a 5- or 6-membered ring “Substituted aryl” refers to aryl groups further bearing one or including N, R and R, and more Substituents as Set forth above. 45 As employed herein, “alkylary 1” refers to alkyl When R and R cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered substituted aryl groups and “substituted alkylaryl” refers to ring, the combination of R and R can be a variety of alkylaryl groups further bearing one or more Substituents as Saturated or unsaturated 4, 5 or 6 atom bridging Species set forth above. selected from alkenylene or -O-, -S-, -C(O)- and/ As employed herein, “arylalkyl” refers to aryl-substituted or -N(R)- containing alkylene moieties, wherein R is 50 alkyl groups and “substituted arylalkyl” refers to arylalkyl hydrogen or a lower alkyl moiety. Presently preferred dithio groups further bearing one or more Substituents as Set forth carbamates wherein R and R cooperate to form a ring above. Structure include pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, proline AS employed herein, “arylalkenyl refers to aryl dithiocarbamate, pyridine dithiohcarbamate, pyridinium Substituted alkenyl groups and “Substituted arylalkenyl dithiocarbmate, pyrimidine dithiocarbamate, pyrroline 55 refers to arylalkenyl groups further bearing one or more dithiocarbamate, and the like. Substituents as set forth above. Examples of presently preferred dithiocarbamates con As employed herein, “arylalkynyl refers to aryl templated for use herein for the preparation of invention substituted alkynyl groups and “substituted arylalkynyl conjugates include Sarcosine dithiocarbamate, iminodiacetic refers to arylalkynyl groups further bearing one or more acid dithiocarb amate, diethyldithiocarb amate, 60 Substituents as set forth above. diisopropyldithiocarbamate, Sugar-linked dithiocarbamates AS employed herein, “aroyl” refers to arylcarbonyl spe (e.g., glucose-, lactose-, mannose-, fructose-linked cies such as benzoyl and “substituted aroyl” refers to aroyl dithiocarbamates, and the like), pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, groups further bearing one or more Substituents as Set forth proline dithiocarbamate, and the like. above. Monovalent cations contemplated for incorporation into 65 AS employed herein, "heterocyclic” refers to cyclic (i.e., the above-described dithiocarbamate compounds include ring-containing) groups containing one or more heteroatoms H', Na', NH, tetraalkyl ammonium, and the like. Physi (e.g., N, O, S, or the like) as part of the ring structure, and 5,916,910 7 8 having in the range of 3 up to 14 carbon atoms and to loxamine citrate, diphenhydramine citrate, “Substituted heterocyclic” refers to heterocyclic groups fur methotrimeprazine, cinname drine hydrochloride, ther bearing one or more Substituents as Set forth above. meprobamate, and the like); AS employed herein, “acyl” refers to alkylcarbonyl spe Sedatives/hypnotics (e.g., barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, cies. pentobarbital Sodium, Secobarbital Sodium), benzodiaza AS employed herein, "halogen” refers to fluoride, pines (e.g., flurazepam hydrochloride, triazolam, chloride, bromide or iodide atoms. tomazeparm, midazolam hydrochloride, and the like); Diseases and conditions contemplated for treatment in antianginal agents (e.g., beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium accordance with the present invention include inflammatory channel blockers (e.g., nife dipline, diltia Zem and infectious diseases, Such as, for example, Septic shock, hydrochloride, and the like), nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin, hemorrhagic Shock, anaphylactic Shock, toxic Shock isosorbide dinitrate, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, erythrityl Syndrome, ischemia, cerebral ischemia, administration of tetranitrate, and the like)); cytokines, overexpression of cytokines, ulcers, inflamma antianxiety agents (e.g., lora Zepam, buSpirone tory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis or Crohn's hydrochloride, praZepam, chlor diazepoxide disease), diabetes, arthritis, asthma, Alzheimer's disease, 15 hydrochloride, oxazepam, cloraZepate dipotassium, Parkinson's disease, multiple Sclerosis, cirrhosis, allograft diazepam, hydroxy Zine pamoate, hydroxy Zine rejection, encephalomyelitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, hydrochloride, alprazolam, droperidol, halazepam, peritonitis, vasculitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, chlormezanone, and the like); glomerulonephritis, uveitis, ileitis, inflammation (e.g., liver antidepressants (e.g., doxepin hydrochloride, amoxapine, inflammation, renal inflammation, and the like), burn, infec traZodone hydrochloride, amitriptyline hydrochloride, tion (including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic maprotiline hydrochloride, phenelZine Sulfate, infections), hemodialysis, chronic fatigue Syndrome, Stroke, desipramine hydrochloride, nortriptyline hydrochloride, cancers (e.g., breast, melanoma, carcinoma, and the like), tranylcypromine Sulfate, fluoxetine hydrochloride, dox cardiopulmonary bypass, ischemic/reperfusion injury, epin hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, imi gastritis, adult respiratory distress Syndrome, cachexia, 25 pramine pamoate, nortriptyline, amitriptyline myocarditis, autoimmune disorders, eczema, psoriasis, heart hydrochloride, is ocarbo Xa Zid, de Sip ramine failure, heart disease, atherOSclerosis, dermatitis, urticaria, hydrochloride, trimipramine maleate, protriptyline Systemic lupus erythematosus, AIDA, AIDS dementia, hydrochloride, and the like); chronic neurodegenerative disease, chronic pain, priapism, antipsychotic agents (e.g., haloperidol, loxapine Succinate, cystic fibrosis, amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis, Schizophrenia, loxapine hydrochloride, thioridazine, thiorida Zine depression, premenstrual Syndrome, anxiety, addiction, hydrochloride, thiothixene, fluphenazine hydrochloride, migraine, Huntington's disease, epilepsy, neurodegenerative fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine enanthate, trifluop disorders, gastrointestinal motility disorders, obesity, erazine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, hyperphagia, Solid tumors (e.g., neuroblastoma), malaria, perphenazine, lithium citrate, prochlorperazine, and the hematologic cancers, myelofibrosis, lung injury, graft 35 like); Versus-host disease, head injury, CNS trauma, hepatitis, antimanic agents (e.g., lithium carbonate), renal failure, liver disease (e.g., chronic hepatitis C), drug antiarrhythmics (e.g., bretylium tosylate, esmolol induced lung injury (e.g., paraguat), myasthenia gravis hydrochloride, Verapamil hydrochloride, amiodarone, (MG), ophthalmic diseases, post-angioplasty, restenosis, encainide hydrochloride, digoxin, digitoxin, mexiletine angina, coronary artery disease, and the like. 40 hydrochloride, disopyramide phosphate, procainamide Pharmacologically active agents contemplated for modi hydrochloride, quinidine Sulfate, quinidine gluconate, fication in accordance with the present invention include: quinidine polygalacturonate, flecainide acetate, tocainide NSAIDS, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, Datril, etc.), hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, and the like); aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, Rufen, others), choline antihypertensive drugs, Such as diuretics magnesium Salicylate (Triasate), choline Salicylate 45 (hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, metola Zone, (Anthropan), diclofenac (voltaren, cataflam), diflunisal indapamide, furosemide, bumetanide, torSemide, (dolobid), etodolac (lodine), fenoprofen calcium (nalfon), triamterene, amiloride, spronolactone), beta-adrenergic flurobiprofen (ansaid), indomethacin (indocin, indometh, blocking agents (acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, cartelol, others), ketoprofen (orudis, Oruvail), ketorolac labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol, penbutolol, pindolol, tromethamine (toradol), magnesium Salicylate (Doan's, 50 propranolol, timolol), angiotensin converting enzyme magan, mobidin, others), meclofenamate Sodium inhibitors (benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, (meclomen), mefenamic acid (relafan), oxaprozin quinoapril, ramimpril, losartan), calcium channel (day pro), piroXicam (feldene), Sodium Salicylate, Sulindac blocking agents (diltiazem, Verapamil, amlodipine, (clinoril), tolmetin (tollectin), meloxicam, nabumetone, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine), aplha naproxen, lornoxicam, nime Sulide, indoprofen, 55 adrenoceptor blocking agents, Sympatholytics, and remifenZone, Salsalate, tiaprofenic acid, floSulide, and the vasodilators (such as prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, like; clonidine, guanabe nZ, guanfacine, methylodopa, analgesics/antipyretics (e.g., aspirin, acetaminophen, guanethidine, guanethidine monosulfate, reserpine, ibuprofen, naproxen Sodium, bupre norphine hydralazine, minoxidil, and the like), as well as agents hydrochloride, propoxyphene hydrochloride, pro 60 Such as trimethaphan camsylate, phenoxybenzamine poxyphene napSylate, meperidine hydrochloride, hydro hydrochloride, pargyline hydrochloride, deserpidine, morphone hydrochloride, morphine Sulfate, oxycodone diaZOxide, rescinnamine, Sodium nitroprusSide, rauwolfia hydrochloride, codeine phosphate, dihydrocodeine Serpentina, alseroxylon, phentolamine meSylate, and the bitartrate, pentazocine hydrochloride, hydrocodone like; bitartrate, levorphanol tartrate, diflunisal, trolamine 65 antihistamine/antipruritic drugs, Such as ethanolamines Salicylate, nalbuphine hydrochloride, mefenamic acid, (e.g., diphenhydramine, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, butorphanol tartrate, choline Salicylate, butalbital, phenyl clemastine, clemastine fumarate, and the like), ethylene 5,916,910 9 10 diamines (e.g., brompheniramine, brompheniramine CPC-211, corticotropin releasing factor agonist, thrombin maleate, chlorpheniramine, chlorpheniramine maleate, inhibitor (e.g., cothrombins, fraxiparine, dermatan Sulfate deXchlorpheniramine maleate, triprolidine, triprolidine and heparinoid), dotarizine, intracellular calcium chela hydrochloride, and the like), phenothiazines (e.g., tors (e.g., BAPTA derivatives), radical formation antago promethazine), piperidines (e.g., hydroxzine, hydrox nists (EPC-K1, 3-pyridinecarboxamide derivatives, yZine hydrochloride, terfenadine, astemizole, azatadine, Superoxide dismutase, raxofelast, lubeluzole, 3H-pyrazol aZatadine maleate, and the like), cyproheptadine, cypro 3-one derivatives, kynurenic acid derivatives, homopip heptadine hydrochloride, loratidine, carbinoxamine erazine derivatives, and polynitroxyl albumin), protein maleate, diphenylpyraline hydrochloride, phenindamine kinase inhibitors (e.g., 1H-1,4-diazepine), nerve growth tartrate, tripelennamine hydrochloride, methdilazine agonist (e.g., floor plate factor-5), glutamate antagonist hydrochloride, trimprazine tartrate, and the like; (e.g., cyclohexanepropanoic acid, riluzole, NS-409 and immuno Suppre SS ants, Such as glucocorticoids acetamide derivatives), lipid peroxidase inhibitor (e.g., (methylprednisolone), myelin basic protein (e.g., 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione derivatives), Sigma recep 7-capaxone), anti-Fc receptor monoclonal antibodies, tor agonist (e.g., cyclopropanemethanamine derivatives hydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, anti-IL2 mono 15 and SA-4503), thyrotropin releasing hormone agonist clonal antibodies (e.g., CHI-621 and dacliximab), (e.g., JTP-2942, L-prolinamide and poSatirelin), prolyl buspirone, castanospermine, CD-59 (complement factor endopeptidase inhibitor, monoSialoganglioside GM1, pro inhibitor), 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (e.g., CMI-392), teolytic enzyme inhibitor (e.g., nafamoStat), neutrophil phosphatidic acid Synthesis antagonists, ebSelen, inhibitory factor, platelet activating factor antagonist edelfosine, enlimomab, galaptin, platelet activating factor (e.g., nupafant), monoamine oxidase B inhibitor (e.g., antagonists, Selectin antagonists (e.g., ICAM-4), parafluoroselegiline and benzonitrile derivatives), PARS interleukin-10 agonist, macrocylic lactone, methoxatone, inhibitors, Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor mizoribine, OX-19, peptigen agents, PG-27, protein (e.g., perindopril and ramipril), acetylcholine agonist kinase C inhibitors, phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor, Single (e.g., pramiracetam), protein Systhesis antagonist (e.g., chain antigen binding proteins, complement factor 25 procysteine), phosphodiesterase inhibitor (e.g., inhibitor, Sialophorin, Sirolimus, Spirocyclic lactams, propentofylline), opioid kappa receptor agonist (e.g., 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist, anti-TCR monoclonal 10H-phenothiazine-2-carboxamine derivatives), comple antibodies, CD5 gelonin and TOK-8801, and the like; ment factor inhibitor (SCRI fragments), Somatomedin-1, a n time tab o lite cytotoxics (a Zat hio prine, carnitine acetyltransferase Stimulant (e.g., cyclophosphamide), C5a release inhibitor, benzydamine, acetylcarnitine), and the like; peldesine, pentostatin, SDZ-ASM-981, thalidomide, ben T cell inhibitorS Such as Synthetic leucocyte antigen derived Zoporphyrin derivatives, arachidonate antagonists (e.g., peptides, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, MG/AnergiX, halometasone, halobetasol propionate), corticosteriod anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD23 monoclonal (clobetasol propionate), growth hormone antagonists antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-CD2 monoclonal (octapeptide Somatostatin analogue, lanreotide, angiopep 35 antibodies, CD4 antagonists, anti-E Selectin antibodies, tin and dermopeptin), thymopentin, and the like; MHC inhibitors, monogens, mycophenolate mofetil, neuroprotective agents, Such as C.-adrenoreceptor antagonist LRA-1 inhibitors, selectin inhibitors, and the like; (i.e., C.-dihydroergocryptine), NMDA antagonists (e.g., antimigraine agents, Such as MK-462, 324C91, 5, 6, 7-tichloro - THOTO, rem a c e mide, Phytomedicine, (S)-fluoxetine, calcium channel antago 2-piperazine carboxylic acid, N-indologlycinamide 40 nists (e.g., nimodipine/Nimotop, flunarizine, dotarizine/ derivatives, spirobenzo(b)thiophen-4(5H) derivatives, FI-6026, iomerizine HCL/KB-2796, CPC-304, and CPC CP-101606, eliprodil, dexanabinol, GV-150526, 317), C.-dihydroergocryptine, 5-HT1 agonists, (e.g., L-695902, L-701324, amantadine derivatives, Sumatriptan/Imitrex, Imigran, GR-85548, 311C, and dizocilpine, benzomorphan derivatives, aptiganel, (S)-O- GR-127607), 5-HT1D agonists, 5-HT1A antagonists, phenyl-2-pyridine ethanamide dihyrochloride and 45 5-HT1B antagonists (e.g., CP-93129), 5-HT1D antago 1-amino-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid), Sodium channel nists (e.g., 1H-indole-5-ethaneSulfonamide derivatvies antagonists (e.g., 619C89), glycine antagonists (e.g., and 1H-indole-5-methanesulfonamide), 5-HT1D receptor gly stasins), calcium channel antagonists (e.g., 3,5- cloned (e.g., 5-HT1D agents), 2-thiophenecarboxamide, pyridinedicarboxylic acid derivatives, conopeptides, 3-piperidinamine, diclofenac potassium, dihydroergota 1-piperazineethanol, thieno2,3-bipyridine-5-carboxylic 50 mine (e.g., DHE 45(E), ergotamine tartrate, dolasetron acid derivatives, NS-3034, nilvadipine, nisoldipine, tir mesilate, dotarizine, flupirtine, histamine-H3 receptor ilaZad meSylate, 2H-1-enzopyran-6-ol, nitrone spin traps, agonist, indobufen, 1-aZuleneSulfonic acid derivatives, iacidipine, iomeerzine hydrochloride, lemildipine, cholinesterase inhibitors, (e.g., S-9977), bradykinin lifarizine, CPC-304, efonidipine, F-0401, piperazine antagonists, nitric oxide reductase inhibitors (e.g., derivatives), calpain inhibitors, fibrinogen antagonists 55 BN-52296), nitric oxide receptor antagonists, substance P (e.g., ancrod), integrin antagonists (e.g., antegren), throm antagonists (e.g., Capsaicin/Nasocap), endopeptidase boxane A antagonist (e.g., 9H-carbazole-9-propanoic inhibitors (e.g., neutral endopeptidase, cloned), pipera acid derivatives, 5-Heptenoic acid derivatives and Zine derivatives, neurokinin 1 antagonists, metergoline, 1-aZulenesulfonic acid derivatives), brain-derived neuro dopamine D2 antagonist (e.g., metoclopramide-lysine tropic factor, adrenergic transmitter uptake inhibitor (e.g., 60 acetyl), enkephalinase inhibitors (e.g., neutral 1-butanamine), endothelin A receptor antagonists (e.g., endopeptidase), 5-HT2 antagonists (e.g., LY-053857), benzenesulfonamide derivatives, GABA A receptor 5-HT3 antagonists (e.g., Dolasetron mesilate/MDL antagonists (e.g., triazolopyrimidine derivatives and 73147, and 4H-carbazol-4-one derivatives), tenosal, tolfe cyclohexaneacetic acid derivatives), GPIIb IIIa receptor namic acid, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g., carbasalate/ antagonists (e.g., C68-22), platelet aggregation antagonist 65 carbaspirin calcium, and tenosal/MR-Y134), alpha (e.g., 201H)-quinolinone derivatives, 1H-pyrrole-1-acetic adre noreceptor antagonists (e.g., arotinolol, and acid derivatives and coumadin), Factor Xa inhibitor, dihydroergocryptine), opioid agonists (e.g., flupirtine/D- 5,916,910 11 12 9998), beta adrenergic antagonists (e.g., propranolol), radical Scavengers (e.g., SIDR-1026), prostaglandin Syn Valproate Semisodium, propanolol hydrochloride, thase inhibitors (e.g., SulfaSalazine), phenylbutaZone, isometheptene mucate, dichloralphenaZone, and the like; penicillamine, Salsalate, azathioprine, indomethacin, antiarthritic agents, Such as anti-CD4 monoclonal meclofenamate Sodium, gold Sodium thiomalate, antibodies, phospholipase A1 inhibitor, loteprednol, ketoprofen, auranofin, aurothioglucose, tolmetin Sodium, tobramycin, combinations of loteprednol and tobramycin, and the like; Salnacedin, amiprilose, anakinra, anergiX, anti-B7 antigout agents (e.g., colchicine, allopurinol, and the like); antibody, anti-CD3H, anti-gp39, anti-MHC MAbs, anti anticoagulants (e.g., heparin, heparin Sodium, warfarin Sodium, and the like), rheumatic peptides, anti-Tac(Fv)-PE40, AP-1 inhibitors, thrombolytic agents (e.g., urokinase, Streptokinase, AR-324, purine nucleotide phosphorylase inhibitors (e.g., altoplase, and the like); BCX-5), bindarit, CD2 antagonist (e.g., BTI-322), antifibrinolytic agents (e.g., aminocaproic acid); campath-1H, CD4 antagonist (e.g., CE9.1 and hemorheologic agents (e.g., pentoxifylline); SB-210396), tumor necrosis factor antagonist (e.g., p80 antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin, empirin, ascriptin, and the TNFR, rhTNFbp, peptide T, CenTNF, thalidomide, CDP like); 571 and TBP-1), cobra venom factor, interleukin 1a 15 anticonvulsants (e.g., valproic acid, divalproate Sodium, agonist (e.g., cytogenin), interleukin 2 receptor antagonist phenytoin, phenytoin Sodium, clonazepam, primidone, (e.g., dacliximab), ICAM 1 antagonist (e.g., enlimomab), phenobarbitol, phenobarbitol Sodium, carbamazepine, interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., amobarbital Sodium, methSuximide, metharbital, ICE-inhibitors), interferons (e.g., thymocartin), mephobarbital, mephenytoin, phen Su Ximide, interleukin-10, interleukin-13, interleukin 1 antagonist paramethadione, ethotoin, phenacemide, Secobarbitol (e.g., SR-31747 and TJ-114), interleukin-2 antagonist Sodium, cloraZepate dipotassium, trimethadione, and the (e.g., Sirolimus), phospholipase C inhibitor, neurokinin 1 like); antagonist (e.g., L-733060), laflunimus, leflunomide, leu agents useful for calcium regulation (e.g., calcitonin, par cotriene antagonists, leVamisole, LFA3TIP, macrocyclic athyroid hormone, and the like); lactone, MHC class II inhibitors, mizoribine, mycophe 25 antibacterial agents (e.g., amikacin Sulfate, aztreonam, nolate mofetil, NfkB inhibitors, oncolysin CD6, chloramphenicol, chloramphenicol palmitate, chloram peldesine, pidotimod, PKC-RACK inhibitors, PNP phenicol Sodium Succinate, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, inhibitors, reumacon, CD28 antagonist, roquinimex, clindamycin hydrochloride, clindamycin palmitate, clin RWJ-50271, Subreum, T7 vector, tacrolimus, VLA damycin phosphate, metronidazole, metronidazole antagonist (e.g., TBC-772), transforming growth factor hydrochloride, gentamicin Sulfate, lincomycin beta agonist, methionine Synthase inhibitors (e.g., vitamin hydrochloride, tobramycin Sulfate, Vancomycin B12 antagonist), adenosine A2 receptor agonist (e.g., hydrochloride, polymyxin B Sulfate, colistime thate YT-146), CD5 antagonist (e.g., Zolimomab), Sodium, colistin Sulfate, and the like); 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (e.g., Zileuton, tenidap, and antifungal agents (e.g., griseofulvin, keloconazole, and the ABT-761), cyclooxygenase inhibitor (e.g., tenoxicam, 35 like); talmetacin, piroXicam, piroXicam cinnamate, Oxaprozin, antiviral agents (e.g., interferon gamma, Zidovudine, aman NXTHIO, ML-3000, mofe Zolac, nabu metone, tadine hydrochloride, ribavirin, acyclovir, and the like); flurbiprofen, aceclofenac, diclofenac, and dexibuprofen), antimicrobials (e.g., cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin Sodium, metalloproteinase inhibitor (e.g., XR-168, TNF conver cephradine, cefaclor, cephapirin Sodium, ceftizOXime tase inhibitors, GI-155704A, AG-3340 and BB-2983), 40 Sodium, cefoperaZone Sodium, cefotetan disodium, cefu nitric oxide synthase inhbitors (i.e., ARL-16556), phos to Xime a Zotil, cefota Xime Sodium, cefadro Xil pholipase A2 inhibitor (e.g., ARL-67974), selectin monohydrate, ceftazidime, cephalexin, cephalothin antagonist (e.g., CAM inhibitors), leucotriene B4 antago Sodium, cephalexin hydrochloride monohydrate, cefa nist (e.g., CGS-25019C), collagenase inhibitor (e.g., mandole nafate, cefoXitin Sodium, cefonicid Sodium, GR-129574A), cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (e.g., 45 ceforanide, ceftriaxone Sodium, ceftazidime, cefadroxil, meloxicam), thromboxane Synthase inhibitor (e.g., cephradine, cefuroxime Sodium, and the like), penicillins curcumin), cysteine protease inhibitor (e.g., GR-373), (e.g., amplicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin G benzathine, metalloproteinase inhibitor (D-5410), lipocortins synthe cyclacillin, amplicillin Sodium, penicillin G potassium, Sis agonist (e.g., rime Xolone, predonisolone penicillin V potassium, piperacillin Sodium, oxacillin 21-farnesylate, HYC-141, and deflazacort), chelating 50 Sodium, bacampicillin hydrochloride, cloxacillin Sodium, agent (diacerein), elastase inhibitors, DNA directed RNA ticarcillin disodium, azlocillin Sodium, carbenicillin inda polymerase inhibitor (e.g., estrogens), oxygen radical nyl Sodium, penicillin G potassium, penicillin G procaine, formation antagonist (e.g., glucosamine Sulfate), throm methicillin Sodium, nafcillin Sodium, and the like), eryth bin inhibitors (e.g., GS-522), collagen inhibitors (e.g., romycins (e.g., erythromycin ethylsuccinate, halofuguinone), hyaluronic acid agonist (e.g., NRD-101, 55 erythromycin, erythromycin eStolate, erythromycin hylan, Dispasan, and Hyalart), nitric oxide antagonists lactobionate, erythromycin Siearate, erythromycin (e.g., hydroxocobalamin), Stromelysin inhibitors (e.g., ethylsuccinate, and the like), tetracyclines (e.g., tetracy L-758354), prostaglandin E1 agonist (e.g., misoprostol, cline hydrochloride, doxycycline hyclate, minocycline and misoprostol--diclofenac), dihydrofolate reductase hydrochloride, and the like), and the like); inhibitor (e.g., trimetrexate, and MX-68), opioid antago 60 antioxidants (e.g., N-acetylcSysteine, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, nist (e.g., nalmefene), corticotropin releasing factor Vitamin E, B-caroteine, EUK-8, flavonoids, glutathione, antagonist (e.g., NBI-103, and NBI-104), proteolytic O-lipoic acid, melatonin, retinols, and the like); enzyme inhibitor (e.g., protease nexin-1, and NCY-2010), anti-infectives (e.g., miconazole, Vidarabine, inosine, bradykinin antagonist (e.g., tachykinin antagonists, and pranobeX, Vidarabine, inosine praboneX, cefpimizole NPC-17731), growth hormone antagonist (e.g., 65 Sodium), fradiomycin, and the like); octreotide), phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor (e.g., PDEIV bronchodialators (e.g., Sympathomimetics (e.g., epinephrine inhibitors), gelatinase inhibitor (e.g., REGA-3G12), free hydrochloride, metaproterenol Sulfate, terbutaline Sulfate, 5,916,910 13 14 isoetharine, isoetharine meSylate, isoetharine inhibitors (e.g., ICE-inhibitors), interleukin 8 antagonists hydrochloride, albuterol sulfate, albuterol, bitolterol, (e.g., IL-8 receptor), interleukin 13 agonists (e.g., meSylate isoproterenol hydrochloride, terbutaline Sulfate, intereleukin-13), ITF-1697, lipase clearing factor inhibi epinephrine bit artrate, metaprote renol Sulfate, tors (e.g., SC-59735), membrane permeability enhancers epinephrine, epinephrine bit artrate), anticholinergic (e.g., Bactericidal Permeability Increasing protein/BPI), agents (e.g., ipratropium bromide), Xanthines (e.g., nitric oxide antagonists (e.g., hydroxocobalamin), nitric aminophylline, dyphylline, metaprote renol Sulfate, oxide synthase inhibitors (e.g., L-NMMA, and C.-methyl aminophylline), mast cell Stabilizers (e.g., cromolyn N-delta-iminoethyl-ornithine), P2 receptor stimulants Sodium), inhalant corticosteroids (e.g., flurisolidebeclom (e.g., ATP analogues), phosphatidic acid Synthesis antago ethasone dipropionate, beclomethasone dipropionate nists (e.g., lisofylline), phospholipase A2 inhibitors (e.g., monohydrate), Salbutamol, beclomethasone dipropionate S-448, acylpyrrole-alkanoic acid derivatives, and (BDP), ipratropium bromide, budesonide, ketotifen, indoleacetic acid derivatives), platelet activating factor Salmeterol, Xinafoate, terbutaline Sulfate, triamcinolone, antagonists (e.g., ABT-299, TCV-309, SM-12502, (2RS, theophylline, nedocromil Sodium, metaproterenol Sulfate, 4R)-3-(2-(3-pyridinyl)thiazolidin-4-oyl)indoles, albuterol, flunisolide, and the like); 15 UR-12670, and E-5880), prostacyclin agonists (e.g., hormones (e.g., androgens (e.g., danazol, testosterone taprostene), prostaglandin E1 agonists (e.g., TLC C-53), cypionate, fluoxymesterone, ethyltostosterone, testoster protein kinase inhibitors (e.g., SB-203580), protein kinase one enanihate, methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, tes C inhibitors, protein Synthesis antagonists (e.g., tosterone cypionate), estrogens (e.g., estradiol, procysteine), proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (e.g., estropipate, conjugated estrogens), progestins (e.g., meth nafamoStat), SDZ-PMX-622, Selectin antagonists (e.g., Oxyprogesterone acetate, norethindrone acetate), corticos sulfated glycolipid cell adhesion inhibitors), thrombin teroids (e.g., triamcinolone, betamethasone, betametha inhibitors (e.g., GS-522), TNF receptor-Ig, tumor necrosis Some Sodium phosphate, dexamethasone, dexamethasone factor antagonists (e.g., anti-TNF MAbs, MAK-195F, Sodium phosphate, dexamethasone acetate, prednisone, TBP-I, Yeda, rhTNFbp, and CDP-571), tumor necrosis methylprednisolone acetate Suspension, triamcinolone 25 factor alpha antagonists (e.g., E-5531), and the like; acetonide, methylprednisolone, prednisolone Sodium multiple Sclerosis agents, Such as 4-aminopyridine, phosphate methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate, hydro 15-deoxyspergualin, ACTH, amantadine, antibody adju cortisone Sodium Succinate, methylprednisolone Sodium vants (e.g., poly-ICLC, and poly-IC+poly-L-lysine-- Succinate, triamcinolone heXacatonide, hydrocortisone, carboxymethylcellulose), anti-cytokine MAb (CDP-835), hydrocortisone cypionate, prednisolone, fluorocortisone anti-inflammatory (e.g., CY-1787, and CY-1503), anti acetate, paramethasone acetate, prednisolone tebulate, selectin MAb (e.g., CY-1787), anti-TCR MAb (e.g., NBI prednisolone acetate, prednisolone Sodium phosphate, 114, NBI-115, and NBI-116), bacloten, bethanechol hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate, and the like), thyroid chloride, carbamazepine, carbohydrate drugs (e.g., hormones (e.g., levothyroxine Sodium) and the like), and CY-1503), clonazepam, CNS and immune system func the like; 35 tion modulators (e.g., NBI-106, and NBI-107), hypoglycemic agents (e.g., human insulin, purified beef cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A, cytokines (e.g., IFN insulin, purified pork insulin, glyburide, chlorpropamide, C., alfaferone, IFN-B 1b, betaseron, TGF-B2, PEG-TGF glipizide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, and the like); B2, betakine, IFN-?/Rebif, frone, interferon-?3, and IFN hypolipidemic agents (e.g., clofibrate, dextrothyroxine f3), CD4+ T cell inhibitors (e.g., AnergiX), CD28 Sodium, probucol, lovastatin, niacin, and the like), 40 antagonists (e.g., B7-1, B7-2, and CD28), directcytotox proteins (e.g., DNase, alginase, Superoxide dismutase, icity therapies (e.g., benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD)), lipase, and the like), FK-506, growth factors (e.g., glial growth factor, GGF, nucleic acids (e.g., Sense or anti-sense nucleic acids encod nerve growth factors, TGF-B2, PEG-TGF-32, and ing any therapeutically active protein, including the pro betakine), humanized MAb (e.g., anti-IFN-yMAb, Smart teins described herein, and the like), 45 anti-IFN-yMAb, anti-Tac antibody, and Smart anti-Tac agents useful for erythropoiesis stimulation (e.g., antibody), humanized anti-CD4 MAb (e.g., anti-CD4 erythropoietin); MAb, centara), hydrolase Stimulants (e.g., antiulcer/antireflux agents (e.g., famotidine, cimetidine, ran castanospermine), IFN-O, IFN-Y antagonist (e.g., anti itidine hydrochloride, and the like); IFN-Y MAb, and Smartanti-IFN-Y MAb), IL-2 antagonists antinauseants/antiemetics (e.g., meclizine hydrochloride, 50 (e.g., tacrolimus, FK-506, FR-900506, Fujimycin, nabilone, prochlorperazine, dimenhydrinate, promethaZ Prograf, IL-2 fusion toxin, and DABso IL-2), IL-4 ine hydrochloride, thiethylperazine, Scopolamine, and the antagonists (e.g., IL-4 fusion toxin, and DABso IL-4), like), immune-mediated neuronal damage inhibitors (e.g., NBI Septic shock agents, Such as angiogenesis inhibitors (OLX 114, NBI-115, and NBI-116), immunoglobins, immuno 514), bradykinin antagonists (e.g., CP-0502, and NPC 55 stimulants (e.g., poly-ICLC, edelfosine, ALP, ET-18 17731), complement factor inhibitors (e.g., C3 convertase OCH3, ET-18-OME, NSC-24, and poly-IC+poly-L- inhibitor), C5a release inhibitors (e.g., CAB-2.1), dopam lysine--carboxymethylcellulose), immunosuppressants ine agonists (e.g., dopexamine), elastase inhibitors (e.g., (e.g., azathioprine, AI-100 animal protein, rDNA human ONO-5046), E selectin antagonists (e.g., CY-1787), far protein AI-101, peptide, AI-102, castanospermine, nesyltransferase inhibitors (RBE limonene), immuno 60 tacrolimus, FK-506, FR-900506, Fujimycin, Prograf, stimulants (e.g., CGP-19835A, lipid A vaccine, anti-leukointegrin MAb, Hu23F2G, primatized anti-CD4 edobacomab, nebacumab, StaphOAM, and diabodies), antibody, CE9.1, Galaptin 14-1, GL14-1, Lectin-1, immunosuppressants (e.g., CytoTAB, and transcyclopen recombinant IML-1, linomide, roquinimex, LS-2616, tanyl purine analogues), interleukin 1 antagonists (e.g., transcyclo-pentanyl purine analogs, MS-6044, Spanidin, interleukin 1 receptors), interleukin 1 receptor antagonists 65 15-deoxyspergualin, deoxyspurgiline, gusperimus HCL, (e.g., anakinra), interleukin 1b antagonists (e.g., NSC-356894, NKT-01, TCR, CD3/Ti, cyclosporine, interleukin-1 ?), interleukin 1beta converting enzyme OL-27-400, SandImmune, Human IL-10, monogens, anti 5,916,910 15 16 TCR MAbs, TCAR MAbs, Monogen TM19, Monogen celmoleukin, IL-2, TGP-3, and Celeuk), immunoglobu TM27, Monogen TM29, Monogen TM31, peptigen TP12, lins (e.g., anti-ELAM, CY-1788, and humanized anti-CD4 MAb, cantara, immunophilins, VX-10367, CY-1787), immunostimulants (e.g., thymotrinan, RGH VX-10393, VX-10428, synthetic basic copolymer of 0205, and TP3), immunosuppressants (e.g., Rapamycin, amino acids, copolymer-1, COP-1, T lymphocyte immu AY-22989, NSC-226080, NSC-606698, anti-CD4, T-cell nofusion (TIF) protein, and cyclophosphamide), integrin inhibitor, anti-tac MAb, Smart anti-tac MAb, Migis antagonists (e.g., anti-integrin (cell adhesion molecule (membrane immunoglobulin-isotope specific) antibodies, C4B1 integrin) MAbs, AN-100225, and AN-100226), SM-8849, immunophilins, VX-10367, VX-10393, interferon agonists (e.g., poly-ICLC, and poly-IC+poly VX-10428, mycophenolate mofetil, ME-MPA, L-lysine+carboxymethylcellulose), interferon-B-1b, 1O RS-61444, cyclosporine, OL-27-400, Sandimmune, IL-4 isoprinosine, IV methylprednisolone, macrollides (e.g., fusion toxin, trypanosomal inhibitory factor (TIF), T-cell tacrolimus, FK-506, FR-900506, Fujimycin, and receptor, CD3/Ti, Org-4094, anti-TBM, CP 17193, Prograf), MAO B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, and Leflunomide/A-77-1726, ELAM-1, AnergiX, Spanidin, Parkinyl), methotrexate, mitoxantrone, muscle relaxants 15-deoxyspergualin, deoxySpurgiline, gusperimus (e.g., RGH-5002), muscarinic antagonists (e.g., RGH 15 hydrochloride, NSC-356894, NKT-01, Roquinimex, 5002), neurosteroids (e.g., NBI-106, and NBI-107), LS-2616, linomide, LJP-394, and CD-59 antigen), immu octapeptides (e.g., peptide T), Oxybutinin chloride, oxy notoxins (e.g., Zolimomab aritox, Xmmly-ho5-rta, gen free radical antagonists (e.g., tetrandrine, biobenzyl Xoma zyme-ly m/CD5-Plus, OrthoZy me - CD5+, isoquinoline alkaloid), peptide agonists (e.g., peptide T), XomaZyme-H65-rta, Xomazyme-CD5 Plus), intravenous phenoxybenzamine, phospholipase C inhibitors (e.g., immunoglobulins (e.g., IVIG), integrin antagonists (e.g., edelfosine, ALP, ET-18-OCH3, ET-18-OME, NSC-24), integrin blockers), MigisTM antibodies, monoclonal anti photodynamic therapies (e.g., benzoporphyrin derivative body therapeutics, murine MAb (e.g., anti-SLE vaccine, (BPD)), plasmapheresis, platelet activating factor antago and MAb 3E10), primatized anti-CD4 antibodies (e.g., nists (e.g., ginkgolide B, and BN-52021), potassium chan CE9.1), protease inhibitors (e.g., matrix metalloprotease nel antagonists (e.g., aminodiacquine, and EL-970), 25 (MMP) inhibitors, and stromelysin), protein synthesis propranolol, prostaglandin Synthase inhibitors (e.g., antagonists (e.g., anti-CD6-bR, anti-T12-bR, and oncol sulfasalazine, Salazosulfa-pyridine, PJ-306, SI-88, ySin CD6), purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors aZulfidine, Salazopyrin), protease antagonists (e.g., (e.g., BCX-25, and BCX-14), Selectin antagonists (e.g., ginkgolide B, and BN-52021), recombinant soluble IL-1 CY1503, and Cylexin), Spergualin analogues (e.g., receptors, Spergualin analogs (e.g., Spanidin, Spanidin, 15-deoxyspergualin, deoxyspurgiline, gusperi 15-deoxyspergualin, deoxyspurgiline, gusperimus HCl, mus hydrochloride, NSC-356894, and NKT-01), T cell NSC-356894, NKT-01), TCR peptide decoys (e.g., NBI inhibitors (e.g., AnergiX), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 114, NBI-115, and NBI-116), TCR peptidomimetic antagonists, and the like; decoys (e.g., NBI-114, NBI-115, and NBI-116), TCR Alzheimer's disease agents, Such as ACh release enhancers peptide vaccines (e.g., AI-208 (VB6.2/6.5 phenotype)), 35 (e.g., T-588 (benzothiophene derivative)), acetylcholine Selectin antagonists (e.g., lectin-1, and recombinant IML release stimulants (e.g., DUP-996 and analogues), AMPA 1), soluble TNF receptor I, TCARs (e.g., TCR, CD3/Ti, agonists (e.g., AMAlex, and Isoxazole compound Series), and peptigen TP12), TNF antagonists (e.g., thalidomide, AMPA GluRagonist (e.g., IDRA-21 7-chloro-3-methyl and TNF inhibitors), tricyclic antidepressants, and the 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazinine), AMPA GluR like; 40 antagonists (e.g., S-18986, and related quinolone organ transplantation agents, Such as anti-CD25 MAbs, derivatives), anticholinesterases (e.g., E-2020), anti-Tac antibodies, anti-TNF MAb (e.g., CDP571), Ca-antagonists (e.g., NS-649, spider venom-derived ICM apoptosin, azathioprines (e.g., imuran), BCX-34, CA3, peptides and analogues, and Substituted 2-aminoindanes CD28, complement inhibiting factors (e.g., CD59), compound Series), combined anticholinesterase and mus CTLA4Ig, cyclosporines (e.g., CSA), FK-506/rapamycin 45 carinic AChR antagonists (e.g., PD 142676), K-channel binding proteins (FKBP), glucocorticoids, humanized blockers (e.g., Trans-R-4-(4-methoxyphenyl-methyl) version of OKT3 (e.g., huOKT3-185), mycophenolate cyclohexylanine and analogues, and margatoxin-based mofetil, hydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors (e.g., functional and/or structural analogues), MI muscarinic Brequinar), orthoclone OKT3 (e.g., IgG2a anti-T cell receptor agonists (e.g., Xanomeline), NMDA antagonists murine monoclonal antibody, and muromonab-CD3), 50 (e.g., certain indole derivatives, and (R-(R',S))-O-(4- rapamycins (e.g., AY-22989), and Streptomyces isolates hydroxyphenyl)-beta-methyl-4-(phenylmenthyl)-1- (e.g., FR-900520, and FR-900523), and the like; piperidinepropanol and analogues), nicotinic AChR ago Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) agents, Such as nists (e.g., ABT-418 isoxazole, 3-meth-5-(1-meth-2- androgen-derived steriods (e.g., Org-4094), anti-CD4 pyrrolidinyl)), and the like; humanized antibodies, anti-DNA/V-88, anti-idiotypic 55 antiparkinson agents (e.g., ethoSuximide, and the like); murine MAb (e.g., anti-idiotypic antibody to 3E10/ psoriasis agents, such as 5-LO inhibitors (e.g., Wy-50295, MAb1C7), CD2 antagonists (e.g., CD2), complement Wy-49232, Lonapalene, RS-43179, MK-886, L-663536, inhibitors (e.g., recombinant MCP-based complement ETH-615, DUP-654, Zileuton, epocarbazolin-A, and inhibitors), cycloSporines (e.g., Sandimmune, cyclospo A-64077), 5-LO/CO inhibitors (e.g., BF-397, Tenidap, rine analog, OG-37325, cyclosporin-G, and NVal-CyA), 60 CP-309, and CP-66248), angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., cytokines (e.g., IL-4 fusion toxin), cytokine receptor platelet factor 4), anticancer antibiotic (e.g., AGM-1470, antagonists (e.g., immunomodulatory cytokines), and TNP-470), anti-inflammatory cytochrome P450 oxi E-selectin antagonists (e.g., anti-ELAM, and CY-1787), doreductase inhibitors (e.g., DuP-630, and DuP-983), FK506/tacrolimus (e.g., Prograf), hypercalcemic agents antiproliferative compounds (e.g., Zyn-Linker), arachi (e.g., KH-1060), IFN-Y antagonists (e.g., anti-IFN-y 65 donic acid analogues (e.g., CD581, and CD554), arachi MAb, and Smart anti-IFN-Y MAb), IL-1 B converting donic acid antagonists (e.g., Lonopalene, RS-43179, tri enzyme inhibitors (ICE), IL-2 produced by E. coli (e.g., amcinolone acetonide with penetration enhancer AZone, 5,916,910 17 18 betamethasone dipropionate Steroid wipe, G-202, Halo gamma-linolenic acid combination, and Efamol Marine), betasol propionate, ultravate, Halometasone, C-48401 protein inhibitors (e.g., SPC-103600, and SPC-101210), Ba, and Sicorten), beta-glucan receptor antagonists, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (e.g., Ro-31-7549, betamethasone Steroid wipes, calcium metabolic modera Ro-31-8161, and Ro-31-8220), protein synthesis antago tors (e.g., Tacalcitol, Bonealfa, TV-02 ointment, Ro-23 nists (e.g., Calcitriol, Du-026325, LG-1069, LG-1064, 6474, KH-1060, Calcipotriol, BMS-181161, BMY AGN-1901.68, Namirotene, and CBS-211A), purine 30434, Dovonex, and Divonex), CD4 binding inhibitors nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors (e.g., BCX-34), radi (e.g., PIC 060), cell adhesion compounds (e.g., CY-726, cal formation agonists (e.g., benzoporphyrin derivative), VCAM-1, ELAM-1, and ICAM), cell adhesion inhibitors recombinant antileukoproteinases (e.g., ALP-242), retin (e.g., selectin inhibitor, GM-1930), cellular aging inhibi 1O oids (e.g., BMY-30123, LG-1069, and LG-1064), retinoid tors (e.g., Factor X), corticosteroids (e.g., Halobetasol derivatives (e.g., AGN-1901.68), rapamycin binding pro propionate, ultravate, Halometasone, C-48401-Ba, and teins (FKBP) (e.g., immunophilins, VX-10367, and Sicorten), cycloSporin analogues (e.g., IMM-125), dihy VX-10428), Second generation monoaromatic retinoids drofolate reductase inhibitors (e.g., G-301, (e.g., Acitretin, and Neotigason), Soluble IL-1, IL-4 and dichlorobenzoprim, methotrexate, and methotrexate in 15 IL-7 receptors, Somatostatin and Somatostatin analogues microSponge delivery System), E-Selectin inhibitors (e.g., (e.g., Octreotide, and Sandostatin), Steroids, (e.g., AGN ISIS 4730), endogenous active form of vitamin D. (e.g., 191743), Streptomyces anulatus isolates (e.g., Calcitriol, and Du-026325), fibroblast growth factor epocarbazolin-A), Superoxide dismutase (e.g., EC-SOD antagonists (e.g., Saporin mitotoxin, and Steno-Stat), B), thymidylate synthase inhibitors (e.g., AG-85, MPI fumagillin analogues (e.g., AGM-1470, and TNP-470), 5002, 5-FU in biodegradable gel-like matrix, 5-FU and G-proteins and Signal transduction compounds (e.g., epinephrine in biodegradable gel-like matrix, and CPC-A), gel formulations for acne (e.g., nicotinamide, AccuSite), topical formulations (e.g., P-0751, and N-547, and Papulex), growth hormone antagonists (e.g., P-0802), transglutaminase inhibitors, tyrphostin EGF Octreotide, Sandostatin, Lanreotide, angiopeptin, BIM receptor kinase blockers (e.g., AG-18, and AG-555), 23014, and Somatuline), humanized antibodies (e.g., anti 25 VCAM-1 inhibitors (e.g., ISIS 3801), vitamin Dana CD4 antibody), hydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors logues (e.g., Ro-23-6474, KH-1060, Calcipotriol, BMS (e.g., Brequinar Sodium, bipenduinate, and DuP-785), 181161, BMY-30434, Dovonex, and Divonex), vitamin ICAM-1 inhibitors (e.g., ISIS 939), IL-1 and other cytok D analogues (e.g., Tacalcitol, Bone alfa, TV-02 ine inhibitors (e.g., Septanil), IL-1 converting eZyme ointment), and Vitamin D derivatives (e.g., 1,2-diCH inhibitors, IL-1 receptor antagonists (e.g., Antril), IL-2 Vitamin D), and the like; antagonists (e.g., Tacrolimus, Prograf, and FK-506), IL-2 diabetes agents, Such as ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril), receptor-targeted fusion toxins (DAB389IL-2), IL-8 amylin, amylin agonists and antagonists (e.g., receptors, immunostimulants (e.g., Thymopentin, and NormylinTM, AC137, GC747, AC253, and AC625), Timunox), immunosuppressants (e.g., XomaZyme-CD5 autoimmune compounds (e.g., AI-401), capsaicins (e.g., Plus, cyclosporine, Sandimmune, SR-31747, anti-CD11, 35 ZoStrix-HP), cell regulators (e.g., protein kinase C 18 MAb, Tacrolimus, Prograf, FK-506, and FK-507), inhibitors, and Balanol), dom peridones (e.g., immunosuppressive agents targeting FK506 (e.g., Motilium(R), fluvastatins (e.g., Lescol), FOX988, fusion immunophilins, VX-10367, and VX-10428), immunotox toxins (e.g., DABsoIL-2, and DABs. IL-2), gene thera ins MAb directed against CD antigen (e.g., XomaZyme pies (e.g., Transkaryotic Therapies), glucagons (e.g., CD5 Plus), leukotriene antagonists (e.g., Sch-40120, 40 recombinant yeast glucagon), IL-10 compounds, iloprost, Wy-50295, and Wy-49232), leukotriene B4 antagonists immunosuppressives (e.g., tacrolimus, Prograf, and (e.g., SC-41930, SC-50605, SC-48928, ONO-4057, FK-506), proinsulin, insulin and insulin analogs (e.g., LB-457, LY-255283, LY-1774.55, LY-223982, LY-223980, AI-401, Nu-Insulin compounds, Humulin, Iletin, and LY-255253), leukotriene synthesis inhibitors (MK HumalogTM, LYs-Pro, and Amaryl), insulin-like growth 886, and L-663536), lipase clearing factor inhibitors (e.g., 45 factors (e.g., Chiron/Ciba-Geigy compounds, Fujisawa 1-docosanol, and lidakol), lipid encapsulated reducing compounds, and Genetech compounds), insulinotropins agent (e.g., Dithranol), liposomal gel (e.g., Dithranol), LO (e.g., Pfizer/Scios Nova compounds), nerve growth fac inhibitors (e.g., CD581, CD554, Masoprocol, and tors (e.g., Genentech compounds), oral hypoglycemics Actinex), lithium Succinate ointments (e.g., lithium salts, (e.g., AS-6, glimepiride, Amaryl, CL 316,243, acarbose, and Efalith), LO/CO inhibitors (e.g., P-8892, P-8977, 50 miglitol, recombinant yeast glucagon, Gluca Gen', CHX-108, and FPL-62064), membrane integrity agonists NovoNormTM, glipizide, insulinotropin, and CI-991/CS (e.g., lithium salts, and Efalith), microtubule inhibitors 045), platelet-derived growth factors (e.g., Zymo (e.g., Posophyliotoxin-containing compound, and Genetics/Novo Nordisk compounds), Sulfonylureas (e.g., Psorex), octapeptide Somatostatin analogues (e.g., tolbutamide, ace to he Xamide, tola Zamide, and Lanreotide, angiopeptin, BIM-23014, and Somatuline), 55 chlorpropramide), T cell approaches (e.g., anergize, oligonucleotides (e.g., ISIS 4730, ISIS 3801, ISIS 1939, AnergiXTM, Procept compounds, and T cell Sciences and IL-1 inhibitors), peptide agonists (e.g., octapeptide, compounds), and tolrestats (e.g., Alredase(E), and ARI and peptide T), PKC inhibitors, phospholipase A2 509), activin, Somatostatin, and the like; compounds, pospholipase D compounds, photodynamic Stroke agents, Such as 5-HT antagonists (e.g., Piperazine anticancer agents (e.g., 5-aminolevulinic acid, and 60 derivative), 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (e.g., Milnacipran, 5-ALA), photodynamic therapies (e.g., benzoporphyrin and Dalcipran), 5-HT1A agonists (e.g., SR-57746A, and derivative, Synthetic chlorins, Synthetic porphyrins, and SR-57746), 5-HT3 agonists (e.g., SR-57227), 5-HT 4 EF-9), photosensitizer (e.g., Porfirmer sodium), PKC antagonists, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors (e.g., low MW dual inhibitors (e.g., Safingol, and Kynac), platelet activating 5-lipoxygenase and PAF inhibitor CMI-392), ACh ago factor antagonists (e.g., TCV-309), platelet aggregation 65 nists (e.g., Pramiracetam, Choline-L-alifoscerate, L-alpha inhibitors (e.g., CPC-A), prodrug NSAIDs (e.g., G-201), glycerylphosphoryl-choline, and Delecit), adenosine ago prostaglandin agonist (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid-- nists (e.g., GP-1-4683, ARA-100, and arasine analogs), 5,916,910 19 20 adenosine A1 receptor agonists (e.g., Azaisotere, agents (e.g., calcitonin peptide, related to hCGRP 2-chloro-N-4 (phenylthio)-1-piperidinyl adenosine, and peptide), hypothermic agents/BMY-20862, ICAM-1 com 2120136), adenosine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., Dipheny pounds (e.g., Enlimomab), immunosuppressants (e.g., loxazole derivatives), adrenergic transmitter re-uptake Small molecule compounds, and NBI-117), integringen inhibitors (e.g., Bifemelane, E-0687, MCI-2016, Alnert, eral antagonists (e.g., monoclonal antibody AN-100225, and Celeport), aldose reductase inhibitors (e.g., Spiro-3' and monoclonal antibody AN-100226), Interleukin-1 pyrroline derivatives), alpha antagonists (e.g., Drotaver antagonists (e.g., cyclic nitrones), iron-dependent lipid ine acephyllinate, and Depogen), alpha 2 agonists (e.g., peroxidation inhibitors (e.g., 2-(amino-methyl) SNAP-5083, SNAP-5608, and SNAP-5682), AMPA chromans), lactic acid accumulation/inhibitors (e.g., Small receptor agonists (e.g., heterocyclic compound SYM 1O molecule CPC-211), Leukotriene B4 antagonists (e.g., 1207, and heterocyclic compound SYM-1252), AMPA Ebselen, DR-3305, PZ-25, PZ-51, RP 60931, and RP receptor antagonists (e.g., LY-293558, and LY-215490), 61605), lipid peroxidase inhibitors (e.g., Idebenone, and Ancrod/Arvin, aspirin, benzothiazoles (e.g., Lubeluzole, Avan), low molecular weight Small molecules, methyl and R87926), benzodiazepine receptor antagonists (e.g., transferase Stimulants (e.g., 4-methyl benzenesulfonate, 3-oxadiazolyl-1,6-naphthyridine derivatives, Tetracyclic 15 ademetionine sulfate tosilate, FO-156, and Ceritan), imidazodiazepineseries imidazenil, FID-02-023, and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors (e.g., MD-280040, Ro-23-1412), blood substitutes, bradykinin antagonists MD-200243, MD-280080, LaZabemide, and Ro-19 (e.g., CP-0127, Bradycor, and Septicor), C5a release 6327), MS-153, MS-424, /Na"/H" Na"/Lit exchange inhibitors (e.g., protein derivative CMI-46000), calcium inhibitors (e.g., Pyrazine derivatives), nadroparin (e.g., antagonists (e.g., Lemildipine, NB-818, NPK-1886, Tri Fraxiparin), nafronyl/naftidrofuryl (e.g., Praxilene), nerve metazidine derivative, Iomerizine KP-2796, Diltiazem growth factor agonists (e.g., Small molecule compounds, analog clentiazem maleate, and TA-3090), calcium chan CNTF, BDNF, 2.5S NGF, monosialoganglioside GM1, nel antagonists (e.g., nitrendipine-like compound and Sigen/Sygen), neuronal calcium channel blockers diperdipine, YS-201, U-92032, Diltiazem derivative, (e.g., CPC-304, and CPC-317), neuronal differentiation 1058, SM-6586, KP-840, F-0401, D-31-D, Tetrahy 25 compounds (e.g., F-spondin), neuropeptide agonists (e.g., dronaphthalene derivatives, fasudil, AT-877, H-7, Neurotrophic Peptide Trofexin), neutrophil inhibitory fac HA-1044, HA-1077, Eril, darodipine, dazodipine, tors (e.g., Small molecule compounds), nitric oxide ago PY-108-068, Plimo, Dihydropy-ridine, AE 0047, nists (e.g., hydroxy derivative N-3393, hydroxy deriva GJ-0956, Lacidipine, GR-43659, GR-43659X, GX-1048, tive N-3398, nicorandil, and Therapicon), nitric oxide S-312-d, S-312, S-830312, Nilvadipine, and FK-235), antagonists, NMDA antagonists (e.g., Spiroisoindoles/ calpain inhibitors (e.g., AK-275, and CX-275), carnitine dizocilpine derivatives, OXindole compound, CP-112116, palmitoyl-transferase inhibitors, carvedilol, cerebral cal LY-104658, LY-235959, FR-115427, Sialic acid cium antagonist vasodilators (e.g., Nimodipine, and derivative, N-palmitoyl-Betaethylglycoside neuraminic Nimotop), cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., indole and inda acid, ND-37, Ro-01-6794, 706, Dextrorphan, Ifenprodil Zole derivatives, and Tacrine analog), complement factor 35 analogue eliprodil, SL-82.0715, Lipophilic molecules, inhibitors (e.g., TK9C, protein derivative TP16, compi HU-211, Remacemide, 934-423, 12495, 12859, nact A, compinact C, Factor D inhibitors, and Soluble, 12942AA, Selfotel, CGS-19755, SDZ-EAA-494, CGP recombinant MCP-based complement inhibitors), 401 16, CGP-37849, CGP-39551, and CGP-43487), complement inhibitors (e.g., SCRI/BRL-55730, and NMDA antagonist-partial agonists (e.g., Conantokin G YM-203), coronary vasodilators (e.g., Nicorandil, 40 peptide SYM-1010), NMDA channel blockers (e.g., RP-46417, SG-75, and Adancor), CPC-111, cytidyl Aptiganel, CERESTAT, and CNS 1102), NMDA receptor diphosphocholine/citicholines, cytokines (e.g., NBI-117), antagonists, NMDA receptor Subtypes (e.g., Kainate DeXanabiol, dopamine agonists, EAA receptors, endothe quisqua-late NNC-07-9202), non-competitive NMDA lin antagonists (e.g., SB 2.09670), endothelin receptor antagonists (e.g., FPL-15896), non-ionic copolymer antagonists, excitatory amino acid agonists (e.g., acylated 45 Rheoth RX, nootropic/acetylcholine agonists (e.g., poly a mine analogs, and N-(4- Oxiracetam, CT-848, and Neuractiv), norepinephrine hydroxyphenylpropanonyl)-spermine analog), excitatory inhibitors (e.g., Midalci-pran), N-type calcium channel amino acid antagonists (e.g., Tryptophan, 4,6- antagonists (e.g., NS-626, and NS-638), opioid antago disubstituted stroke & kynurenine derivatives, NPC nists (e.g., Nalmefene, nalmetrene, JF-1, ORF-11676, 17742, CPC-701, and CPC-702), glutamate antagonists 50 Cervene, and Incystene), opioid kappa receptor agonists (e.g., Kainate quisqualate NNC-07-9202, NPC-17742, (e.g., acrylacetamide enadoline, and CI-997), organose small molecule CNS-1237, NS-257, NS-072, BW-619C, lenims (e.g., Ebselen, DR-3305, PZ-25, PZ-51, RP60931, CGS 19755, Riluzole, PK-26124, and RP 54274), and RP 61605), oxygen Scavengers (e.g., Tirilazad glutamate receptor antagonists (e.g., Araxin compounds, meSylate, Lazaroids, and Freedox), PA2 inhibitors (e.g., Quinoxaline derivative, YM-90K, and YM-900), glycine 55 phospholipase A2 inhibitor), PAF antagonists (e.g., antagonists, glycine NMDA agonists (e.g., 3-hydroxy-2, nupafant, and BB-2113), partial glycine NMDA agonists 5-dioxo-1H-benzblazepines), glycine NMDA associated (e.g., ACPC), peptide/GPIIb/IIIa antagonists (e.g., antagonists (e.g., 5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo1,2,3-de Integrelin), peptidic neuron-specific calcium channel quinoxaline-2,3-diones, Strychnine-insensitive glycine antagonists (e.g., SNX-111), phosphodiesterase inhibitors binding site of NMDA receptor L-687414, Glystasins, 60 (e.g., Xanthine derivatives, propentofylline, Hoe-285, and ACEA-2011, ACEA-3031, AC-1021, ACPC, and Hextol), phospholipase A2 inhibitors (e.g., Small organic eliprodil), growth factor antagonists (e.g., non-peptide molecule CEP-217), plasminogen activators (e.g., indolocarbazole neutrophic molecules, and CEP-075), r-ProUK (recombinant pro-urokinase), platelet-activating GPIb/IIIa antagonists (e.g., Peptide C68-22), hemorheo factor antagonists (e.g., UK-74505), platelet adhesion logical agents (e.g., Drotaverine acephyllinate, and 65 inhibitors (e.g., Peptide), platelet aggregation antagonists Depogen), heparin, hydroxyl radical formation inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, peptide agents, GPHb-IIIA inhibitor, and (e.g., homopiperazine derivative K-7259), hypocalcemic TP-9201), platelet aggregation inhibitors (e.g., Diami 5,916,910 21 22 noalkanioic acid derivatives), potassium channel agonists guaifenesin, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, (e.g., Nicorandil, RP-46417, SG-75, and Adancor), prolyl hydrocortisone, ibuprofen, ibutilide fumarate, indapamide, endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitors (e.g., JTP-4819), protein insulin, ipratropium bromide, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, kinase Cinhibitors (e.g., monosialoganglioside derivative ketorolac tromethamine, lamivudine, lanSoprazole, Liga-20), proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (e.g., Protease levonorgestrel, levothyro Xine, lisinopril, loracarbef, nexin-1, Incyte, PN-1, PN-2, Nafamostat, FUT-175, loratidine, lorazepam, losartan potassium, lovastatin, Duthan, and Futhan), pyrimidine derivatives, Quinolizine me dro Xy proge Strone, methylp he nidate, derivatives (e.g., KF-17329, and KF-19863), radical for methylprednisolone, metoprolol, metoprolol tartrate, moex mation antagonists (e.g., EPC-K1), recombinant tissue ipril hydrochloride, mometaSone furoate, mupirocin, myco plasminogen activators (e.g., alteplase, and Activase), phenolate mofetil, nabumetone, nalmefene hydrochloride, Schwann cell derived molecules/promoters, Sigma naproxen, neomycin, nifedipine, nisoldipine, nitrofurantoin, antagonists (e.g., Sigma ligand), Sigma receptor antago nizatidine, norethindrone, norge Strel, nortriptyline, nists (e.g., tetrahyropyridinylisoxazolines and isoxazoles ofloxacin, omeprazole, Oxaprozin, oxycodone, paroxetine, PD-144418), Sodium/calcium channel modulators (e.g., penicillin, pentoxifylline, phenylpropanolamine, phenytoin, Lifarizine, and RS-87476), sodium channel antagonists, 15 polymyxin, porfimer Sodium, potassium chloride, Streptokinase (e.g., Streptase), Substituted guanadine pravastatin, prednisone, promethazine, propoxyphene, (e.g., Small molecule CNS-1237), Superoxide dismutase pseudoephedrine, quinapril, ramipril, ranitidine, riluzole, Stimulants (e.g., PEG conjugated enzyme Superoxide Salmeterol, Saquinavir meSylate, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, dismutase/Dismutec, and PEG-SOD), thrombin Simvastatin, Sucralfate, Sulfamethoxasole, Sumatriptan, inhibitors, (e.g., non-peptide), thromboxane Synthase temazepam, teraZosin, terconazole, terfenadine, tetracycline, inhibitors (e.g., Linotroban, and HN-11500), thyrotropin theophylline, timolol, tramadol, tramadol hydrochloride, releasing hormone agonists (e.g., TRH agonists, Protirelin tre tinoin, triamcinolone acetonide, triamte rene, analogthymoliberin, and RX-77368.), ticlopidine (e.g., trimethoprim, Valproic acid, Venlafaxine, Verapamil, Ticlid), TJ-8007, TRH agonists (e.g., Thyrotropin releas Wafarin, Zolpidem, and the like. ing hormones, and JTP-2942), trilazard, urokinase (e.g., 25 The nitric oxide Scavenging component (e.g., dithiocar Abbokinase), w-conopeptide (e.g., SNX-111), and war bamate component) and the pharmacologically active agent farin (e.g., Coumadin), and the like; of invention conjugates can be covalently attached employ agents useful for the treatment of carcinomas (e.g., ing a variety of linkages, e.g., ester linkages, disulfide adriamycin, taxol, interleukin-1, interleukin-2 (especially linkages, amide linkages, ether linkages, thioether linkages, useful for treatment of renal carcinoma), and the like, as imide linkages, Sulfate ester linkages, Sulfonate ester well as leuprolide acetate, LHRH analogs (such as nafare linkages, phosphate ester linkages, carbonate linkages, lin acetate), and the like, which are especially useful for O-glycosidic linkages, S-glycosidic linkages, and the like. the treatment of prostatic carcinoma), Such linkages can be accomplished using Standard Synthetic agents useful for the treatment of endometriosis (e.g., LHRH techniques as are well known by those of skill in the art, analogs), 35 either by direct reaction of the Starting materials, or by agents useful for the treatment of uterine contraction (e.g., incorporating a Suitable functional group on the Starting Oxytocin), material, followed by coupling of the reactants. agents useful for the treatment of diuresis (e.g., vasopressin), In accordance with another embodiment of the present agents useful for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (e.g., Dnase invention, there are provided methods for the preparation of (i.e., deoxyribonuclease), SLPI, and the like), 40 protected forms of pharmacologically active agents, Said agents useful for the treatment of neutropenia (e.g., GCSF), method comprising covalently attaching a Suitable nitric agents useful for the treatment of lung cancer (e.g., beta oxide Scavanger (e.g., dithiocarbamate) to said pharmaco 1-interferon), logically active agent. The resulting conjugate provides a agents useful for the treatment of respiratory disorders (e.g., latent form of the pharmacologically active agent, releasing Superoxide dismutase), 45 the biological activity thereof only when the covalent bond agents useful for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion linking the nitric oxide Scavenger (e.g., dithiocarbamate) to injury (e.g., Selectin inhibitors, Irf1, and the like); said pharmacologically active agent is cleaved (e.g., by an nitric oxide Synthase inhibitors (e.g., N'-methyl-L-arginine, esterase, amidase or other Suitable enzyme). Cleavage of the aminoguanidine, N'-(iminoethyl)-L-ornithine, thiocitrul covalent bond linking the dithiocarbamate to Said pharma line and other citrulline derivatives, N-nitro-L-arginine, 50 cologically active agent also releases free dithiocarbamate, N'-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, N'-amino-L-arginine, which provides effective nitric oxide Scavenging activity and other arginine derivatives, isothiourea and its directly at the Site where nitric oxide production is com derivatives, and the like, monly induced as a result of the disease State being treated as well as a variety of other agents, Such as acyclovir, and/or as a result of the treatment itself. alendronate Sodium, amlodipine, amplicillin, azelaic acid, 55 In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present a Zithromycin, be clomethas one, be tame thaSone, invention, there are provided methods for reducing the Side bicalutamide, buSpirone, carisoprodol, carvedilol, cefaclor, effects induced by administration of pharmacologically cefadroxil, cefixime, cefprozil, ceftibuten, cefuroxime active agent(s) to a Subject, said method comprising axetil, cephalexin, cetirizine hydrochloride, cimetidine, covalently attaching a Suitable nitric oxide Scavenger (e.g., ciprofloxacin, cisapride, clarithromycin, clavulanate, 60 dithiocarbamate) to said pharmacologically active agent(s) clonazepam, clotrimazole, codeine, conjugated estrogens, prior to administration to Said Subject. cyclobenzaprine, desogestrel, deXraZOxane, diazepam, dicy In accordance with still another embodiment of the clomine HCI, digoxin, diltiazem, dirithromycin, doxazosin, present invention, there are provided methods for enhancing doxycycline, enalapril, erythromycin, erythromycin base, the effectiveness of pharmacologically active agent(s), said erythromycin Stearate, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, ethyno 65 method comprising covalently attaching a Suitable nitric diol diacetate, etodolac, famotidine, fluconazole, fluoxetine, oxide Scavenger (e.g., a dithiocarbamate) to said pharmaco fluvastatin, furosemide, gemfibrozil, glipizide, glyburide, logically active agent. 5,916,910 23 24 In accordance with a still further embodiment of the tegrating agents Such as corn Starch, potato Starch or alginic present invention, there are provided improved methods for acid; (3) binding agents Such as gum tragacanth, corn Starch, the administration of pharmacologically active agent(s) to a gelatin or acacia, and (4) lubricating agents Such as magne Subject for the treatment of a pathological condition, the sium Stearate, Stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be improvement comprising covalently attaching a dithiocar uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to bamate to Said pharmacologically active agent prior to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal administration of Said pharmacologically active agent to Said tract and thereby provide a Sustained action over a longer Subject. period. For example, a time delay material Such as glyceryl Those of skill in the art recognize that the nitric oxide monoStearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. They Scavenger-containing Scavengers described herein can be may also be coated by the techniques described in the U.S. delivered in a variety of ways, Such as, for example, orally, Pat. Nos. 4,256,108; 4,160,452; and 4,265,874, to form intravenously, Subcutaneously, parenterally, rectally, by oSmotic therapeutic tablets for controlled release. inhalation, and the like. In Some cases, formulations for oral use may be in the Depending on the mode of delivery employed, the nitric form of hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient oxide Scavengers contemplated for use herein can be deliv 15 is mixed with an inert Solid diluent, for example, calcium ered in a variety of pharmaceutically acceptable forms. For carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin. They may also be in example, the Scavenger can be delivered in the form of a the form of Soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingre Solid, Solution, emulsion, dispersion, micelle, liposome, and dient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, the like. peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. Thus, in accordance with still another embodiment of the The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of present invention, there are provided physiologically active a Sterile injectable Suspension. This Suspension may be composition(s) comprising compound(s) having the Struc formulated according to known methods using Suitable ture I in a Suitable vehicle rendering said compound(s) dispersing or wetting agents and Suspending agents. The amenable to oral delivery, transdermal delivery, intravenous Sterile injectable preparation may also be a Sterile injectable delivery, intramuscular delivery, topical delivery, nasal 25 Solution or Suspension in a non-toxic parenterally delivery, and the like. acceptable diluent or Solvent, for example, as a Solution in Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can 1,3-butanediol. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally be used in the form of a Solid, a Solution, an emulsion, a employed as a Solvent or Suspending medium. For this dispersion, a micelle, a liposome, and the like, wherein the purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including resulting composition contains one or more of the com Synthetic mono- or diglycerides, fatty acids (including oleic pounds of the present invention, as an active ingredient, in acid), naturally occurring vegetable oils like Sesame oil, admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient coconut oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, etc., or Synthetic fatty Suitable for enteral or parenteral applications. The active vehicles like ethyl oleate or the like. Buffers, preservatives, ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual antioxidants, and the like can be incorporated as required. non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, 35 Compounds contemplated for use in the practice of the pellets, capsules, Suppositories, Solutions, emulsions, present invention may also be administered in the form of Suspensions, and any other form Suitable for use. The Suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These carriers which can be used include glucose, lactose, gum compositions may be prepared by mixing the drug with a acacia, gelatin, mannitol, Starch paste, magnesium trisilicate, Suitable non-irritating excipient, Such as cocoa butter, Syn talc, corn Starch, keratin, colloidal Silica, potato Starch, urea, 40 thetic glyceride esters of polyethylene glycols, which are medium chain length triglycerides, dextrans, and other car Solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in rierS Suitable for use in manufacturing preparations, in Solid, the rectal cavity to release the drug. Semisolid, or liquid form. In addition auxiliary, Stabilizing, Since individual Subjects may present a wide variation in thickening and coloring agents and perfumes may be used. Severity of Symptoms and each drug has its unique thera The active compound(s) (e.g., one or more pharmacologi 45 peutic characteristics, the precise mode of administration cally active agents, covalently bound to a dithiocarbamate of and dosage employed for each Subject is left to the discretion Structure I) is(are) included in the pharmaceutical composi of the practitioner. tion in an amount Sufficient to produce the desired effect In general, the dosage of nitric oxide Scavenger upon the process or disease condition. containing conjugate of the invention employed as described Pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingre 50 herein falls in the range of about 0.01 mmoles/kg body dient may be in a form Suitable for oral use, for example, as weight of the Subject/hour up to about 0.5 mmoles/kg/hr. tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily Suspensions, Typical daily doses, in general, lie within the range of from dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or Soft about 10 ug up to about 100 mg per kg body weight, and, capsules, or Syrups or elixirs. Compositions intended for oral preferably within the range of from 50 lug to 10 mg per kg use may be prepared according to any method known to the 55 body weight and can be administered up to four times daily. art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and The daily IV dose lies within the range of from about 1 lug Such compositions may contain one or more agents Selected to about 100 mg per kg body weight, and, preferably, within from the group consisting of a Sweetening agent Such as the range of from 10 ug to 10 mg per kg body weight. Sucrose, lactose, or Saccharin, flavoring agents Such as In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present peppermint, oil of wintergreen orcherry, coloring agents and 60 invention, there are provided improved methods for the preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically treatment of a Subject Suffering from a pathological condi elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets containing the tion by administration thereto of pharmacologically active active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceuti agent(s), the improvement comprising covalently attaching cally acceptable excipients may also be manufactured by a dithiocarbamate to Said pharmacologically active agent known methods. The excipients used may be, for example, 65 prior to administration thereof to Said Subject. (1) inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, lactose, calcium Thus, invention method for the treatment of a subject phosphate or Sodium phosphate; (2) granulating and disin afflicted with a pathological condition comprises adminis 5,916,910 25 26 tering to a Subject an effective amount of a modified phar given ibuprofen or PDI orally at doses of 10, 20 or 50 mg/kg. macologically active agent, The rats are Sacrificed five hours later and visible gastric wherein Said pharmacologically active agent is effective damage is assessed by examining under microScope and for treatment of Said condition, and histological evaluation. wherein Said pharmacologically active agent has been modified by the covalent attachment thereto of a dithiocar EXAMPLE 6 bamate. The invention will now be described in greater detail by Evaluation of the Effects of the Conjugate of reference to the following non-limiting examples. Pyrrolidinol Dithiocarbamate and Ibuprofen (PDI) on Chronic Gastric Ulcer EXAMPLE 1. White New Zealand rabbits (male, about 1 kg) are given Preparation of the Ester Conjugate of Pyrrolidinol subcutaneously ibuprofen or PDI at a dose of 30 mg/kg for and Ibuprofen every 12 hours. The animals are sacrificed on day 4 (after the To 200 ml of methylene chloride in a 500-ml reaction 7th dose) and the visible ulcers in the stomach are examined vessel was added 24 grams of ibuprofen (C.-methyl-4-(2- 15 and measured with caliperS. The tissue samples are fixed in methylpropyl)benzene-acetic acid), 10 grams of neutral buffered formalin and processed for histological 2-pyrrolidinol and 0.5 grams of a Suitable coupling agent, evaluation. e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The reaction proceeds at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours with stirring. The ester EXAMPLE 7 conjugate is isolated and purified with a 60-70% yield. Evaluation on the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the EXAMPLE 2 Conjugate of Pyrrolidinol Dithiocarbamate and Conversion of the Ester Conjugate of Pyrrolidinol Ibuprofen (PDI) and Ibuprofen to the Ester Conjugate of Wistar rats (male, 200-250 g) are fasted overnight but Pyrrolidinol Dithiocarbamate and Ibuprofen 25 allowed to free access to drinking water. Ibuprofen or PDI To 100 ml of methanol in a 500-ml reaction vessel was is given orally at a dose of 1, 10, or 30 mg/kg (6 animals added 10 grams of the ester conjugate obtained from each group). After one hour, the rats are anesthetized and 0.1 Example 1. An aqueous NaOH solution (6.9 grams in 10 ml ml of lambda carrageenan (0.1% Solution) is injected into water) is added dropwise to the reaction mixture at 4 C. The the right hind foot pad. The volume of the pad is measured reaction is allowed to proceed for one additional hour at 4 by hydroplethysmometry every hour for the next five hours. C. A solution mixture of carbon disulfide (5 ml) and ethanol (15 ml) is added dropwise to the above reaction mixture with EXAMPLE 8 slow stirring at 4 C. The final product is isolated and Evaluation of the Effects of the Conjugate of purified with a yield of about 70%. 35 Pyrrolidinol Dithiocarbamate and Ibuprofen (PDI) EXAMPLE 3 on Prostaglandin Synthesis Preparation of the Ester Conjugate of L-proline and Wistar rats (male, 200-250 g) are fasted overnight but Adriamycin allowed free access to drinking water. The rats are anesthe To 200 ml of methylene chloride in a 500-ml reaction 40 tized and their backs are shaved. After an incision to the vessel was added 47.2 grams of adriamycin, 10 grams of back, a sponge (2.5x1 x0.5 cm) soaked with 2 ml of 0.5% L-proline and 0.5 grams of any Suitable coupling agent, e.g., carrageenan is implanted. Five hours later, the rats (6 dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The reaction is allowed to pro animals in each group) are given orally either ibuprofen or ceed at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours with stirring. The PDI at a dose of 30 mg/kg or vehicle control. One hour later, 45 the rat is sacrificed and the Sponge is carefully removed. The ester conjugate is isolated and purified with about 70% yield. exudate is recovered from the Sponge and the prostaglandin EXAMPLE 4 E2 level in the exudate is measured by enzyme-linked Conversion of the Ester Conjugate of L-proline and immunosorbent assay. Adriamycin to the Ester Conjugate of L-proline EXAMPLE 9 Dithiocarbamate and Adriamycin 50 To 100 ml of methanol in a 500-ml reaction vessel was Evaluation on the Protective Effects of the added 10 grams of the ester conjugate obtained from Conjugate of L-proline Dithiocarbamate and Example 3. An aqueous NaOH solution (6.9 grams in 10 ml) Adriamycin (PDA) Against Adriamycin-Induced Cardiotoxicity water is added dropwise to the reaction mixture at 4 C. The 55 reaction is allowed to proceed for one additional hour at 4 Balb/c mice (male, 20–25 g) are fed a standard diet and C. A solution mixture of carbon disulfide (5 ml) and ethanol allowed free access to drinking water. The mice are anes (15 ml) is added dropwise to the above reaction mixture with thetized and the telemetry System consisting of implantable slow stirring at 4 C. The final product is isolated and transmitters, a telemetry receiver and analog ECG adapter is purified with a yield of about 70%. 60 implanted in the peritoneal cavity of each mouse. After EXAMPLE 5 Surgery, the mice are allowed to recover for two weeks. The mice are given intravenously either adriamycin or PDA at a Evaluation of the Effects of the Conjugate of dose of 4 mg/kg through the tail vein. The treated mice are Pyrrolidinol Dithiocarbamate and Ibuprofen (PDI) observed for two weeks. The body weight, ECG and heart on the Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury 65 rate are recorded daily. At the end of the Study, the animals Wistar rats (200-250 grams, male) are fasted overnight are Sacrificed and the hearts are processed for histological but allowed free access to water. Ten rats in each group are evaluation. 5,916,910 27 28 While the invention has been described in detail with R cooperates with R to form a 5- or 6-membered ring reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be including N, R and R, and understood that modifications and variations are within the Spirit and Scope of that which is described and claimed. 5. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said dithio That which is claimed is: 5 carbamate moiety is Sarcosine dithiocarbamate, iminodiace 1. A compound comprising a dithiocarbamate-containing tic acid dithiocarbamate, diethyldithiocarbamate, nitric oxide Scavenger attached to a pharmacologically diisopropyldithiocarbamate, Sugar-linked dithiocarbamates, active agent via a covalent linkage, wherein Said covalent pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or proline dithiocarbamate. linkage is cleavable under physiological conditions, and 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R and R of Said dithiocarbamate moiety cooperate to form a 5- or wherein the dithiocarbamate component of Said compound 6-membered ring including N, R and R. has the Structure I, as follows: 7. A compound according to claim 6 wherein Said dithio carbamate moiety is pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or proline dithiocarbamate. wherein 8. A compound according to claim 6 wherein Said dithio 15 carbamate component of Said compound is L-proline dithio each of R and R is independently Selected from a Cup carbamate. to C alkyl, Substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, Substituted 9. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said cova cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, lent linkage is Selected from the group consisting of ester alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, aryl, Substituted aryl, linkages, disulfide linkages, amide linkages, ether linkages, heteroaryl, Substituted heteroaryl, alkylaryl, Substituted thioether linkages, imide linkages, Sulfate ester linkages, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, Substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, Sulfonate ester linkages, phosphate ester linkages, carbonate Substituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, Substituted linkages, O-glycosidic linkages and S-glycosidic linkages. arylalkynyl, aroyl, Substituted aroyl, acyl, Substituted 10. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said acyl, or covalent linkage is an ester linkage. R and R can cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered 25 11. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said ring including N, R., and R2, or covalent linkage is a disulfide linkage. R or R2 is a divalent moiety Selected from the group 12. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said consisting of alkylene, Substituted alkylene, covalent linkage is an amide linkage. oxyalkylene, Substituted oxyalkylene, alkenylene, and 13. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said Substituted alkenylene, wherein Said divalent moiety covalent linkage is a Sulfonate ester linkage. Serves as the same Substituent for two dithiocarbamate 14. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said Structures, thereby linking Said Structures together So as covalent linkage is a Sulfate ester linkage. to form a bis(dithiocarbamate) species, 15. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said wherein R and/or R2 further contain a Site for Said covalent linkage is a phosphate ester linkage. covalent attachment, 35 16. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said pharmacologically active agent is Selected from NSAIDs, X is 1 or 2, and analgesics/antipyretics, Sedatives/hypnotics, antianginal M is a monovalent cation when X is 1, or M is a physiologically compatible divalent or trivalent transi agents, antianxiety agents, antidepressants, antipsychotic tion metal cation when X is 2. agents, antimanic agents, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensive 40 drugs, antihist a mine / antipruritic drugs, 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein: immunosuppressants, antimetabolite cytotoxics, neuropro each of R and R=a C up to C alkyl, Substituted alkyl, tective agents, T cell inhibitors, antimigraine agents, antiar alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or Substituted thritic agents, antigout agents, anticoagulants, thrombolytic alkynyl, wherein the Substituents are Selected from agents, antifibrinolytic agents, hemorheologic agents, anti carboxyl, -C(O)H, oxyacyl, phenol, phenoxy, 45 platelet agents, anticonvulsants, agents useful for calcium pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, amino, amido, hydroxy, nitro or regulation, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antiviral Sulfuryl, or agents, antimicrobials, anti-infectives, bronchodialators, R and R cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring hormones, hypoglycemic agents, hypolipidemic agents, including N, R and R, and proteins, nucleic acids, agents useful for erythropoiesis M=Fe" or Fe". 50 Stimulation, antiulcer/antireflux agents, antinauseants/ 3. A compound according to claim 1 wherein: antiemetics, Septic Shock agents, multiple Sclerosis agents, R is Selected from a C up to Cs alkyl or Substituted organ transplantation agents, Systemic lupus erythematosus alkyl, wherein the Substituents are Selected from (SLE) agents, Alzheimer's disease agents, antiparkinson carboxyl, acetyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, amino, amido, agents, pSoriasis agents, diabetes agents, stroke agents, hydroxy or nitro, and 55 agents useful for the treatment of carcinomas, agents useful R is Selected from a C up to C alkyl or Substituted for the treatment of endometriosis, agents useful for the alkyl, or treatment of uterine contraction, agents useful for the treat R cooperates with R to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring ment of diuresis, agents useful for the treatment of cystic including N, R and R, and fibrosis, agents useful for the treatment of neutropenia, 60 agents useful for the treatment of lung cancer, agents useful for the treatment of respiratory disorders, agents useful for 4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein: the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury, agents useful R is selected from a C up to C alkyl or Substituted for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, agents useful for alkyl, wherein the Substituents are Selected from the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, anti-inflammatory carboxyl, acetyl, amido or hydroxy, and 65 agents or antioxidants. R is Selected from a C up to C alkyl or Substituted 17. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said alkyl, or pharmacologically active agent is a non-Steroidal antiflam 5,916,910 29 30 matory drug, an antihypertensive agent, an antineoplastic heteroaryl, Substituted heteroaryl, alkylaryl, Substituted agent, an anti-allograft rejection agent, a neuroprotective alkylaryl, arylalkyl, Substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, agent, an immunosuppressive agent or an antioxidant. Substituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, Substituted 18. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Said arylalkynyl, aroyl, Substituted aroyl, acyl, Substituted pharmacologically active agent is aspirin, ibuprofen, acyl, or ketoprofen, diclofenac, adriamycin, cycloSporin, FK506, R and R2 can cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered LFA-1, Selectin inhibitors, tissue plasminogen activator or ring including N, R., and R, or lubeluzole. R or R2 is a divalent moiety Selected from the group 19. A composition comprising a compound according to consisting of alkylene, Substituted alkylene, claim 1 in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. oxyalkylene, Substituted oxyalkylene, alkenylene, and 20. A composition according to claim 19 wherein said Substituted alkenylene, wherein Said divalent moiety pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a Solid, Solution, Serves as the same Substituent for two dithiocarbamate emulsion, dispersion, micelle or liposome. Structures, thereby linking Said Structures together So as 21. A composition according to claim 19 wherein Said to form a bis(dithiocarbamate) species, composition further comprises an enteric coating. 15 wherein R and/or R2 further contain a Site for Said 22. In the administration of a pharmacologically active covalent attachment, agent to a Subject for the treatment of a pathological X is 1 or 2, and condition, the improvement comprising attaching a M is a monovalent cation when X is 1, or M is a dithiocarbamate-containing nitric oxide Scavenger to Said physiologically compatible divalent or trivalent transi pharmacologically active agent via a covalent linkage prior tion metal cation when X is 2. to administration of Said pharmacologically active agent to 24. A method for the treatment of a subject afflicted with Said Subject, wherein the dithiocarbamate component of Said a pathological condition, Said method comprising adminis compound has the Structure I, as follows: tering to Said Subject an effective amount of a modified pharmacologically active agent, RRN-C(S)SIM'''2'' (I) 25 wherein Said pharmacologically active agent is effective wherein for treatment of Said condition, and each of R and R is independently Selected from a Cup wherein Said pharmacologically active agent has been to Cs alkyl, Substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, Substituted modified by the covalent attachment thereto of a cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, dithiocarbamate-containing nitric oxide Scavenger, alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, aryl, Substituted aryl, wherein the dithiocarbamate component of Said com heteroaryl, Substituted heteroaryl, alkylaryl, Substituted pound has the Structure I, as follows: alkylaryl, arylalkyl, Substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, Substituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, Substituted RRN-C(S)SIM''''' (I) arylalkynyl, aroyl, Substituted aroyl, acyl, Substituted 35 wherein acyl, or each of R and R is independently Selected from a Cup R and R can cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered to Cs alkyl, Substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, Substituted ring including N, R., and R2, or cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, R or R2 is a divalent moiety Selected from the group alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, aryl, Substituted aryl, consisting of alkylene, Substituted alkylene, 40 heteroaryl, Substituted heteroaryl, alkylaryl, Substituted oxyalkylene, Substituted oxyalkylene, alkenylene, and alkylaryl, arylalkyl, Substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, Substituted alkenylene, wherein Said divalent moiety Substituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, Substituted Serves as the same Substituent for two dithiocarbamate arylalkynyl, aroyl, Substituted aroyl, acyl, Substituted Structures, thereby linking Said Structures together So as acyl, or to form a bis(dithiocarbamate) species, 45 R and R2 can cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered wherein R and/or R2 further contain a Site for Said ring including N, R., and R2, or covalent attachment, R or R is a divalent moiety Selected from the group X is 1 or 2, and consisting of alkylene, Substituted alkylene, M is a monovalent cation when X is 1, or M is a oxyalkylene, Substituted oxyalkylene, alkenylene, and physiologically compatible divalent or trivalent transi 50 Substituted alkenylene, wherein Said divalent moiety tion metal cation when X is 2. Serves as the same Substituent for two dithiocarbamate 23. In the treatment of a Subject Suffering from a patho Structures, thereby linking Said Structures together So as logical condition by administration thereto of a pharmaco to form a bis(dithiocarbamate) species, logically active agent, the improvement comprising attach wherein R and/or R further contain a site for Said ing a dithiocarbamate-containing nitric oxide Scavenger to 55 covalent attachment, Said pharmacolgically active agent via a covalent linkage X is 1 or 2, and prior to administration thereof to Said Subject, wherein the M is a monovalent cation when X is 1, or M is a dithiocarbamate component of Said compound has the Struc physiologically compatible divalent or trivalent transi ture I, as follows: tion metal cation when X is 2. 60 25. A method for the preparation of a protected form of a RRN-C(S)SIM''' (I) pharmacologically active agent, Said method comprising attaching a dithiocarbamate-containing nitric oxide Scaven wherein ger to Said pharmacologically active agent via a covalent each of R and R is independently Selected from a Cup linkage, wherein the dithiocarbamate component of Said to C alkyl, Substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, Substituted 65 compound has the Structure I, as follows: cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, aryl, Substituted aryl, RRN-C(S)SIM''' (I) 5,916,910 31 32 wherein RRN-C(S)SIM''' (I) each of R and R is independently Selected from a Cup to Cs alkyl, Substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, Substituted wherein cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, each of R and R is independently Selected from a Cup alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, aryl, Substituted aryl, to Cs alkyl, Substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, Substituted heteroaryl, Substituted heteroaryl, alkylaryl, Substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, Substituted heterocyclic, alkyl, arylalkyl, Substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, Sub alkenyl, Substituted alkenyl, aryl, Substituted aryl, Stituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, Substituted heteroaryl, Substituted heteroaryl, alkylaryl, Substituted arylalkynyl, aroyl, Substituted aroyl, acyl, Substituted alkylaryl, arylalkyl, Substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, acyl, or 1O Substituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, Substituted R and R can cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered arylalkynyl, aroyl, Substituted aroyl, acyl, Substituted ring including N, R., and R2, or acyl, or R or R2 is a divalent moiety Selected from the group R and R can cooperate to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered consisting of alkylene, Substituted alkylene, ring including N, R., and R2, or oxyalkylene, Substituted oxyalkylene, alkenylene, and 15 R and R is a divalent moiety Selected from the group Substituted alkenylene, wherein Said divalent moiety consisting of alkylene, Substituted alkylene, Serves as the same Substituent for two dithiocarbamate oxyalkylene, Substituted oxyalkylene, alkenylene, and Structures, thereby linking Said Structures together So as Substituted alkenylene, wherein Said divalent moiety to form a bis(dithiocarbamate) species, Serves as the same Substituent for two dithiocarbamate wherein R and/or R2 further contain a Site for Said Structures, thereby linking Said Structures together So as covalent attachment, to form a bis(dithiocarbamate) species, X is 1 or 2, and wherein R and/or R2 further contain a Site for Said M is a monovalent cation when X is 1, or M is a covalent attachment, physiologically compatible divalent or trivalent transi 25 X is 1 or 2, and tion metal cation when X is 2. M is a monovalent cation when X is 1, or M is a 26. A method for reducing the side effects induced by physiologically compatible divalent or trivalent transi administration of a pharmacologically active agent to a tion metal cation when X is 2. Subject, Said method comprising attaching a 27. A method for enhancing the effectiveness of a phar dithiocarbamate-containing nitric oxide Scavenger to Said 30 macologically active agent, Said method comprising attach pharmacologically active agent via a covalent linkage prior ing a dithiocarbamate-containing nitric oxide Scavenger to to administration to Said Subject, wherein the dithiocarbam Said pharmacologically active agent, via a covalent linkage. ate component of Said compound has the Structure I, as follows: k k k k k