High-Calcium, High-Reflectance Limestone Resources of Illinois

High-calcium, high-reflectance limestone resources of Illinois

JONATHAN H. GOODWIN 1 Illinois State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building, 615 East Peabody Drive, JAMES W. BAXTER J Champaign, Illinois 61820

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION northern third of Illinois, where most rocks younger than the Silurian have been eroded High-calcium (>95 wt % CaCO.,) lime- Limestone having high chemical purity away, or were never deposited, carbonate stone units commonly occur in pre-Penn- (>95 wt % CaCO.,) and high reflectance rocks in the Ordovician and Silurian Sys- sylvanian rocks that crop out along the (>70%, unfiltered, relative to MgO stan- tems are predominantly dolomitic. Mississippi and Ohio Rivers in the western dard) is increasing in importance as a par- In the following sections of this report, and southern parts of Illinois. The Missis- ticular mineral commodity. Scrubbing of the high-purity, high-reflectance limestone sippian Glen Dean, Haney, Ste. Genevieve, sulfur-dioxide from flue gases of coal-fired resources of the state will be outlined in St. Louis, Salem, Ullin, and Burlington power plants and other specialized chemical order of decreasing geologic age. Figure 2 Limestones; the Devonian Wapsipinicon, applications commonly require high-purity shows a summary of the age, origin, and Grand Tower, and Backbone Limestones; limestone. High-reflectance limestone is in- thickness of pre-Pennsylvanian rocks in Il- the Silurian St. Clair Limestone; and the creasingly used as filler in paint, plastics, linois. Ordovician Dunleith Limestone all contain linoleum, and paper. Increasing costs of high-calcium limestone intervals more than petroleum-based raw materials and energy Samples and Tests 10 ft (3.3 m) thick. suggest that demand for high-calcium and Aggregate is now produced from most of high-reflectance limestones may increase Many chemical analyses tabulated in this these units, but significant new exploration substantially in the next decade. Increasing report have been published previously by targets for quarriable stone exist in Cal- land-use conflicts in urbanized areas and in the Geological Survey in compilations of houn and possibly Jersey Counties for the areas of prime agricultural land, high costs analyses prepared by J. E. Lamar (1957, Dunleith Limestone, in Union County for of surface reclamation of mined lands, the 1959, 1966). Additional analyses were the Backbone Limestone, and in Alexander high value of high-purity and high-reflec- compiled from other Survey publications County for the Dunleith. Possibilities for tance limestone products, and the second- and from previously unpublished analyses. underground mining exist in Adams ary use of underground space all suggest Reflectance measurements reported here County for the Burlington Limestone and in that use of underground mining methods were made on composite samples ground Pulaski County for the Ullin. Limited high- may soon be more common for limestone and briquetted from suites of field samples volume markets for products from these deposits in Illinois (Baxter, 1980). on file in the Samples Library of the Geolog- undeveloped sources and, in some cases, In the past three years, the Illinois State ical Survey or from butts of the original transportation problems may constrain Geological Survey has received many re- powders submitted for chemical analysis to rapid commercial development of these de- quests for information about high-purity, the Chemical Group of the Survey. All posits. high-reflectance limestone resources in the samples for reflectance measurement were Reflectance measurements by the Illinois State of Illinois. Much of the information ground sufficiently to pass a U.S. Standard State Geological Survey on high-calcium gathered to answer these requests is com- No. 200 sieve. limestone samples from most of these de- piled in this report. Reflectance measurements were made posits range from 57.6% for the Wapsipini- Figure 1 is a generalized map of the bed- using a Photovolt Corporation reflectance con Limestone from Rock Island County to rock geology of Illinois. Important high- spectrophotometer complying with ASTM 88.9% for the Burlington Limestone in purity limestone resources in Illinois are Standard E-97 and TAPPI tentative stan- Adams County. Values for some of the de- confined almost totally to rocks older than dard T646M-54. Each sample for posits exceed 80% and therefore compare the Pennsylvanian System and are exposed reflectance measurement was pressed into a favorably with reflectance specifications for around the margins of the state, especially briquet, using a brass sleeve and wooden filler and coating clays. near the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In the plunger with pressure applied against a

This article is based on a paper presented at a symposium entitled "Industrial Minerals of the Upper Midwest," held in April 1980.

Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part I, v. 92, p. 621—628, 5 figs., 1 table, September 1981.

621

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 622 GOODWIN AND BAXTER

Reflectance values for 5.0 mm clay used as paper coatings range from 86.5% to 88.5%.

LIMESTONE RESOURCES

Ordovician System

In southwestern Illinois, near the top of the Champlainian Series of the Ordovician System within the Galena Group, the Moredock Member of the Dunleith Forma- tion in the Kimmswick Subgroup contains abundant high-calcium limestone. Figure 3 illustrates the regional lithologic relation- ships of the Galena Group. At Thebes (locality 1, Fig. 4), a 35-ft section of the Moredock Member of the Dun- leith Formation is exposed in the cut of an abandoned rail line (Lamar, 1959). Over- burden here includes overlying rocks of the Galena and Maquoketa Groups; underground mining methods probably will be required to produce stone at this locality. The site is within 200 ft (65 m) of the banks of the Mississippi River, and rail and truck transport facilities are nearby. The type locality of the Moredock Member of the Dunleith Formation (Tem- pleton and Willman, 1963) is in the Missis- sippi River bluffs near Valmeyer in Monroe County (cen. N line, SW, Sec. 3, T. 3 S., R. 11 W.; locality 3, Fig. 4). At Valmeyer, Co- lumbia Quarry Company produces finely- ground specialty products from high- liiiliiii^ Post-Pennsylvanian calcium limestone mined from the More- Pennsyvanian dock Member. At Batchtown, in Calhoun County (lo- Mississippian cality 2, Fig. 4), the Moredock Member of Devonian the Dunleith is exposed in outcrop in the bluffs of the Mississippi River in Sections Silurian 32 and 31, T. 11 S., R. 2 W. (Rubey, 1952). Ordovician The lower 25 ft (7.6 m) of the outcrop contain minor chert in thin bands, but the overlying 55 ft (16.8 m) is generally quite pure. The middle 30 ft (9.1 m) of the outcrop is especially pure and thick-bedded. Road and rail transportation facilities in Calhoun County are extremely limited, but the outcrops are adjacent to the Mississippi River 50 km and barge-loading facilities could easily be developed. Baxter (1970) reported three small out- Figure 1. Generalized bed-rock geologic map of Illinois (after Willman and Frye, 1970). crops of the Dunleith Formation in Jersey County. At the one locality described by Baxter (1970), only 19 ft (5.8 m) of the glass plate. Four briquets were prepared Photovolt Corporation were used for the Dunleith is exposed, but as much as 45 feet from each sample. The powder from each comparative reflectance measurements. The (13.7 m) more section may be present in the briquet was returned to the sample and standards were not compared with an MgO grassy slope above the outcrops. To the east remixed before preparing the next briquet. primary standard for reflectance brightness of the outcrop area along the shores of the Secondary standards supplied by the measurements. Illinois Waterway, the Maquoketa Shale

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 LIMESTONE RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS 623

GREATEST ERA, PERIOD, EPOCH, THICKNESS ERATHEM SYSTEM SERIES ORIGIN AND CHARACTER (ft)'

CHESTERIAN Marine, deltaic — cyclical de- 1400 posits of limestone, sandstone, shale

MISSISSIPPIAN VALMEYERAN Marine, deltaic — limestone, 2000 siltstone, shale, chert, sandstone

KINDERHOOKIAN Marine — shale, limestone, silt- 150 stone

Marine — shale, limestone UPPER 300

wwwwv/wwww Unconformity

Marine — largely limestone, DEVONIAN MIDDLE some shale 450 PALEOZOIC V\AA/\A/VA/WVNAA/W< Major unconformity

LOWER Marine — cherty limestone, 1300 chert

CAYUGAN Marine — shale, siltstone, lime- 100 stone

NIAGARAN Marine — dolomite, limestone, 1000 SILURIAN shale, local reefs

ALEXANDRIAN Marine — dolomite, limestone, 150 shale

wwwwwwww Unconformity

Marine — shale, limestone, silt- CINCINNATIAN stone, dolomite 300

wwwwwwwww Unconformity • ORDOVICIAN Marine —- limestone, dolomite, CHAMPLAINIAN sandstone 1400

wwWwwwv/wwi Major unconformity •

CANADIAN Marine — dolomite, sandstone 1000

Marine — sandstone, dolomite, CAMBRIAN CROIXAN shale 4000

wwvwwwwww Major unconformity

PRECAMBRIAN Intrusive igneous rocks — mostly granite

ISGS 1980 Figure 2. Summary of the age, thickness, and origin of pre-Pennsylvanian Paleozoic rocks in Illinois (from Willman and others, 1975).

Group overlying the Dunleith is exposed in but the nearest railheads are at Jerseyville MgCO:i. Reflectance values for all samples the bluffs. Underground mining methods or Alton, about 15 mi (24 km) distant. are below normally accepted values for would be required to fully exploit the lime- Chemical analyses and reflectance values paper fillers, but some beneficiation might stone resources of the Dunleith. To the west of samples from the Dunleith Formation are result from selective mining. and north of the outcrop zone, the Dunleith shown in Table 1. All of the analyzed sam- is probably buried beneath the alluvium of ples, except those from Columbia Quarry Silurian System the Illinois River floodplain and the bluff is Company's Valmeyer mine (locality 3), ex- 1 to 2 mi (1.6 to 3.2 km) from the river ceed 98.5 wt % CaCO.]. Both samples from Dolomite and argillaceous or cherty shore. State highways to Alton are nearby, the Valmeyer mine contain more than 2.5% dolomite are the predominant rock types of

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 624 GOODWIN AND BAXTER

of Illinois, probably because of pre- Pennsylvanian erosion in northern Illinois. Lower and Middle Devonian rocks in Il- linois are primarily carbonates and siliceous rocks, whereas the Upper Devonian rocks are mainly shales and siltstones. Rocks of the Lower Devonian are characterized by large amounts of chert and fine-grained silica. Tripoli and ganister deposits mined in Alexander County in southern Illinois are Lower Devonian in age. Backbone Limestone. In Jackson and Union Counties in extreme southern Illinois (Fig. 4, localities 5 and 6), the Middle De- vonian Backbone is a pure, relatively high- reflectance limestone up to 43 ft (13 m) thick (Table 1; Lamar, 1959). The Union County outcrops are deep inside the Shaw- nee National Forest, far from rail and highway transport; however, the Jackson Figure 3. Diagrammatic N-S cross section showing facies of the Galena Group (Or- County outcrops are near the western edge dovician) in western Illinois. Contact between the northern dolomitic and southern lime- of the Shawnee National Forest, close to stone facies, shown by a vertical dashed line near Galesburg, is gradational. Heavy,, hori- excellent rail and highway transport. Both zontal dashed line in southern facies marks the approximate top of the Moredock Member, areas would probably require underground Dunlieth Formation (after Templeton and Willman, 1963). mining because of thick overburden and environmental considerations involved with surface mining. the Silurian System in much of Illinois. In possible to develop a large source of high- Grand Tower Limestone. In Union northeastern and northwestern Illinois, the quality limestone if a nonpetroliferous reef County, the lower Middle Devonian Grand Racine Formation of the Niagaran Series could be found. For the present, burial Tower Limestone crops out near Mountain commonly contains reef structures of ex- depths of these reefs are too great for eco- ceptionally pure dolomite surrounded by nomical development. flanking beds of pure dolomite grading into Beneath the Moccasin Springs Forma- argillaceous and cherty dolomite in inter- tion, at the base of the Niagaran Series in reef areas. southern Illinois, the St. Clair Limestone In the southern third of Illinois, especially contains up to 150 ft (45.7 m) of thick- in Marion, Clinton, Washington, south- bedded, coarsely crystalline, fossiliferous, eastern St. Clair, and northeastern Ran- dark red and green mottled limestone dolph Counties, the Moccasin Springs For- (Willman and others, 1975; Lamar, 1959). mation contains at least 28 large pinnacle The St. Clair crops out in Alexander reefs made of coral, algal, and stromato- County (in SE, NW, Sec. 12, T. 13 S.., R. 3 poroid debris. The reefs are commonly sev- W.; Fig. 4, locality 4), where it is 23.5 ft (7 eral hundred feet thick and the thickest m) thick. Underground development would known approach 1,000 ft (300 m). Pinnacle be necessary because of thick overburden. reefs of the Moccasin Springs Formation Transportation is not so favorably located have well-defined flank structures. Inter- as at the Dunleith localities at Thebes. The reef rocks are mostly red and gray mottled nearest major highway is more than 2 mi limestone, calcareous siltstone, argillaceous (3.2 km) distant and the nearest rail line limestone, and green shale, but the reefs are about 1.5 mi (2.4 km). The main channel of commonly pure limestone (Lowenstam, the Mississippi River is more than 3 mi (5 1949). Nearly all of the presently known km) from the St. Clair outcrops in the pinnacle reefs produce oil and/or gas, either bluffs. from the reef carbonates or from overlying Chemical analysis (Table 1, locality 4) structures draped over the reefs (Bristol, shows that the St. Clair Limestone barely

1974). The known reefs occur at depths reaches 95% CaCO:). Because of its mottled ranging from about 1,000 ft (300 m) to coloring, the St. Clair probably is unaccept- 2,500 ft (760 m). Chemical analyses of core able as a high-reflectance limestone. samples from two reefs in Clinton County show a maximum CaC03 content of 92.20 Devonian System wt %. It is unknown whether Silurian reefs Figure 4. Locations of chemically elsewhere contain purer limestone than Rocks of the Devonian System are analyzed samples of high-calcium limestone these Clinton County reefs. It might be confined mostly to the southern two-thirds in Illinois.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 TABLE 1. CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND REFLECTANCE VALUES OF SELECTED SAMPLES OF HIGH-CALCIUM LIMESTONE FROM ILLINOIS

Locality O/Q Sample Thickness Formation CaO MgO co2 CaCo3 MgCo:, Reflectance County no. no. of name (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (%) and source analyzed interval (m)

Ordovician System 1 O NF450" 10.7 Dunleith 55.86 0.34 45.53 99.69 0.71 78.7 ± 0.15 Alexander 2 O NF4558 19.2 Dunleith 55.47 0.35 43.54 99.00 0.73 67.5 ± 0.35 Calhoun a ? 3 Q L68 Dunleith 53.63 1.65 — 95.70 3.46 N.A. Monroe Silurian System 4 O NF449" 7.2 St. Clair 53.23 0.69 41.95 95.00 1.44 N.A. Alexander Devonian System 5 O NF444" 12.2 Backbone 53.77 1.81 43.61 95.98 3.78 83.62 ± 0.17 Union 6 O NF536B" 4.3 Backbone 54.94 0.53 43.32 98.06 1.11 74.7 ± 0.26 Jackson 6 O NF536A" 8.8 Backbone 53.44 1.73 43.56 95.37 3.62 76.3 ±0.19 7 O NF457" 6.7 Grand Tower 54.67 0.78 43.20 97.56 1.63 70.02 ± 0.05 Union 8 Q NF459a 12.0 Wapsipinicon 53.38 2.06 43.76 95.26 4.31 57.6 ± 0.21 Rock Island Mississippi ian System — Valmeyeira n Series 9 C7894c 8.2 Burlington 54.83 0.29 42.47 97.86 0.61 75.8 ±0.06 Adams 10 C7879c 7.5 Burlington 54.62 1.23 43.33 97.48 2.57 75.7 ± 0.24 Adams 11 Q NF564" 8 Burlington 55.16 0.93 43.70 98.45 1.94 88.12 ±0.13 Adams 12 o PP2183 21.3 Burlington 53.79 0.73 42.17 96.00 1.53 N.A. Calhoun 13 Q SS70-1358" Aggregate Burlington 54.7 0.64 42.33 97.63 1.34 N.A. Greene stockpile 14 Q SL26-30a 4.9 Burlington 53.90 0.64 42.52 96.21 1.34 N.A. Henderson 15 Q R100a 17.1 Burlington 54.83 0.37 43.7 97.85 0.77 N.A. Pike 16 Q NF451cb 4.3 Ullin 54.68 0.89 42.31 97.58 1.86 67.2 ± 0.12 Pulaski 16 Q NF451B" 4.6 Ullin 53.97 1.19 42.91 96.31 2.49 64.6 ±0.13 16 Q NF451A" 12.5 Ullin 54.48 0.83 43.22 97.23 1.74 67.3 ± 0.12 17 NF565" 91.4 Ullin 54.83 1.03 43.65 97.86 2.15 70.4 ± 0.29 Union 18 O JB/ 24.4 Ullin 54.90 0.65 43.44 97.98 1.36 74.1 ± 0.15 Monroe 19 O NF331B' 6.7 Salem 54.17 0.39 43.01 96.68 0.82 81.0 ± 0.08 Randolph 19 o NF331Af 11.8 Salem 55.01 0.56 43.03 98.17 1.17 67.2 ± 0.43 20 Q SS70-202" Coarse Salem 55.3 0.26 43.05 98.70 0.54 N.A. Monroe aggregate 21 o JB1D' 11.6 Salem 54.99 0.45 43.14 98.14 0.94 72.8 ± 0.14 Monroe 21 o NF167C8 4.6 Salem 53.87 0.49 42.58 96.15 1.02 67.6 ± 0.05 22 Q NF1670 4.3 Salem 55.20 0.39 43.78 98.52 0.82 76.2 ± 0.27 Monroe 22 NF167Ba 3.6 Salem 54.34 0.47 43.06 96.98 0.98 67.9 ± 0.08 Q 3 22 Q NF167A 10.7 Salem 54.36 0.51 43.22 97.02 1.07 71.8 ±0.13 " 23R Q NF171Ea 3.6 St. Louis 55.05 0.54 43.43 98.25 1.13 N.A. Madison 23R NF171D" 7.7 St. Louis 54.62 0.34 42.54 97.48 0.71 72.8 ± 0.05 Q ca 23R Q NF171C 2.8 St. Louis 31.25 19.31 44.23 55.78 40.39 70.8 ± 0.50 " 23 R Q NF171B" 5.0 St. Louis 53.28 0.66 42.21 95.09 1.38 67.6 ±0.35 " 23R Q NF171A" 5.0 St. Louis 53.76 0.98 42.21 95.95 2.05 70.1 ±0.15 " 24 Q NF163L" 3.9 St. Louis 54.19 0.86 43.05 96.72 1.80 76.4 ± 0.34 St. Clair 25 Q NF160Ga 3.4 St. Louis 54.68 0.18 42.83 97.59 0.38 77.0 ±0.14 St. Clair 26 Q NF177D" 3.5 Ste. Genevieve 53.51 1.57 42.93 95.50 3.28 N.A. Hardin 26 Q NF177C" 10.4 Ste. Genevieve 49.76 2.44 41.25 88.81 5.10 56.1 ± 0.11 " 26 Q NF177B» 6.7 Ste. Genevieve 55.80 0.11 43.47 99.59 0.23 54.1 ± 0.08 " 26 Q NF177A" 5.0 Ste. Genevieve 55.07 0.52 42.57 98.29 1.09 65.7 ±0.14 " 27 Q NF453F" 5.1 Ste. Genevieve 53.83 0.95 42.75 96.08 1.99 66.8 ±0.21 Hardin 27 Q NF453E" 4.4 Ste. Genevieve 46.08 2.67 38.57 82.24 5.58 50.9 ± 0.42 " 27 Q NF453D" 3.8 Ste. Genevieve 51.76 1.13 41.45 92.38 2.36 55.1 ±0.24 27 Q NF453C" 3.2 Ste. Genevieve 53.64 0.70 42.57 95.74 1.46 63.2 ±0.26 " 27 Q NF453Bb 4.4 Ste. Genevieve 55.18 0.54 43.51 98.48 1.13 64.0 ± 0.05 27 Q NF453A" 2.9 Ste. Genevieve 50.75 3.39 43.09 90.58 7.09 58.6 ±0.45 28 Q NF175D" 17.2 Ste. Genevieve 54.41 1.16 43.42 97.11 2.43 63.0 ± 0.00 Johnson Mississippian System — Chesterian Series 29 O W208a 18.3 Glen Dean 53.45 0.69 43.08 95.40 1.44 N.A. Randolph 30 Q SS70-197" Coarse Glen Dean 55.3 0.00 43.11 98.70 0.00 N.A. Randolph aggregate 31 NF576DB 8.8 Haney 55.16 0.48 43.42 98.45 1.00 Randolph Q 6 7/ 0 ~>J. UII+ U0 70 31 NF576C 3.7 Haney 53.88 0.77 42.96 96.16 1.61 Q " Note: Where multiple specimens are collected from a single locality, analyses are listed in age order, youngest to oldest. Sources of chemical analyses are: ""Lamar, 1957;""Lamar, 1959;

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 626 GOODWIN AND BAXTER

Glen inside the Shawnee National Forest Carbonate Company Mine in Quincy, but m) of Ullin Limestone at depths from 78 ft (Lamar, 1959; Fig. 4, locality 7). The reflectance values from these core samples (24 m) to 378 ft (115 m) (Fig. 4, locality 17; analyzed interval (Table 1) is 22 ft (7 m) (Table 1) are considerably lower. It is pos- Table 1). In southwestern Illinois, the Har-

thick and sufficiently high in CaC03 con- sible that selective mining of an interval rodsburg Member of the Ullin is exposed in tent and reflectance to warrant further ex- somewhat thinner than that analyzed might outcrops near Kidd in Monroe County (Fig. ploration in the area. The outcrops are near allow preparation of a higher-reflectance 4, locality 18; Table 1; Lineback, 1972). a railroad branch line that may be aban- product. The area where these core holes Calcium carbonate content of the Ullin doned in the future. were drilled is near a main line of the Bur- commonly exceeds 97 wt %, but reflectance Wapsipinicon Limestone. In Rock Is- lington Northern Railroad and a major U.S. values generally are below 70%. The com- land County in the Collinson Quarry near highway, but far from potential barge posite sample from locality 18 in Monroe Milan (Fig. 4, locality 8), a 39-ft (12 m) in- transport on the Mississippi River. Under- County has the highest reflectance value of terval of the lower Middle Devonian Wap- ground mining would be required to exploit any of the Ullin samples. Selective mining sipinicon Limestone (Edmund and Ander- the high-calcium limestone resources of the might permit preparation of higher-reflec-

son, 1967) has an avg CaC03 content of Dolbee Creek Member of the Burlington tance products. All the Ullin localities are 95.26 wt % (Table 1). However, the Limestone in northern Adams County. near rail and truck facilities, but far from reflectance value for this stone is only Outside Adams County in western Il- barge transport. 57.6%. linois, the Burlington Limestone commonly Salem Limestone. The Salem Limestone contains abundant chert and the basal Dol- overlies the Ullin Limestone in Randolph Mississippian System (Valmeyeran Series) bee Creek Member of the Burlington is and Monroe Counties in southwestern Il- commonly too dolomitic to be considered a linois. Baxter (1960) divided the Salem into Rocks of the Valmeyeran Series of the high-calcium limestone. However, some four members, from bottom to top the Mississippian System probably contain the outcrops and quarries in the Burlington Kidd, Fults, Chalfin, and Rocher. As origi- most abundant high-calcium limestone re- outside Adams County do contain high- nally defined, the Kidd Member contained sources in Illinois. Although present in the calcium limestone. Localities in Calhoun rocks that were later included by Lineback subsurface throughout most of Illinois, (12), Greene (13), Henderson (14), and Pike (1972) in the uppermost part of the Har- rocks of the Valmeyeran Series crop out (15) Counties have significant thicknesses rodsburg Member of the Ullin. In the type mainly along the western and southern of Burlington Limestone having calcium section, the Kidd Member of the Salem, as margins of Illinois, especially in the bluffs of carbonate content exceeding 96 wt % (Ta- restricted by Lineback, includes about 22 ft the Mississippi River. ble 1, Fig. 4). Reflectance values for These (7 m) of chert-free, high-calcium, medium- Burlington Limestone. The Burlington samples have not been determined. Some of to coarse-grained biocalcarenite limestone Limestone is commonly exposed in the val- these chemical analyses of Burlington in beds 2 to 3 ft (.5 to 1 m) thick. Each of ley of the Mississippi River in Pike, Adams, Limestone may represent biased sampling the four members of the Salem contains Hancock, and Henderson Counties in wes- of chert-free stone. However, they do significant thicknesses of high-calcium ternmost Illinois. As in Iowa, the Burlington suggest that high-calcium limestone re- limestone (Fig. 4, localities 19, 21, 22). In Limestone in Illinois can be divided into sources may be found in the Burlington northernmost Randolph County near Prai- three members (Harris and Parker, 1964; outside Adams County. rie du Rocher, the upper 22 ft (6.7 m) of the Cloos and Baxter, 1981). The lowest of the Ullin Limestone. In extreme southern Rocher Member exposed in outcrop has a three members, the Dolbee Creek, contains Illinois, the Ullin Limestone overlies the reflectance of 81% and almost 60 ft (18 m) a zone of exceptionally pure, high-reflec- Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) of stone at this locality has a calcium car- tance limestone known informally as the Chouteau Limestone and the Valmeyeran bonate content of at least 96 wt % (Table 1, "Quincy Lime." Calcium Carbonate Com- Springville Shale, Borden Siltstone, and locality 19). pany, a division of J. M. Huber Corpora- Warsaw Shale, or the Fort Payne Forma- Although all members of the Salem con- tion, mines the- "Quincy Lime" at Quincy, tion. At the type section near the town of tain high-calcium limestone beds, the up- in Adams County, to produce linoleum Ullin in Pulaski County, the Ullin Lime- permost Rocher Member contains more fillers, specialty products such as poultry stone is about 630 ft (192 m) thick, but the than 75 ft (23 m) of high-calcium limestone grit, and bituminous asphalt aggregate (Fig. formation thins toward the north and west in the subsurface in Monroe County. As 4, locality 11; Table 1). Amounts of chert and pinches out beneath the overlying shown in Figure 5, the thickness of high- and dolomite increase in the "Quincy Salem Limestone. The Ullin commonly is calcium limestone in the Rocher Member Lime" in surface exposures of the Bur- divided into two members. The upper Har- decreases northward, but in extreme south- lington along the Mississippi River bluffs rodsburg Member is commonly lighter col- ern Monroe County and northernmost north and south of Quincy (Goodwin and ored, coarser grained, less cherty, and less Randolph County, near Prairie du Rocher, Harvey, 1980). However, two diamond argillaceous than the underlying Ramp these thick, high-calcium limestone beds are drill cores taken by New Jersey Zinc Com- Creek Member (Willman and others, well within reach of shallow shaft mines. pany in northern Adams County (Fig. 4, 1975). Columbia Quarry Company pro- Localities in Randolph and Monroe Coun- localities 9 and 10) penetrated the Dolbee duces crushed stone from the Ullin at its ties along the bluffs of the Mississippi River Creek Member at depths of 239 ft (73 m) No. 8 quarry in Pulaski County (Fig. 4, are near rail and highway facilities but are and 257 ft (78 m). Chemical analyses of the locality 16; Table 1). In Union County near at least one-half mile (0.8 km) from barge samples from these cores (Table 1) are simi- the town of Mill Creek, the Pure Limestone transport on the Mississippi River. lar to the "Quincy Lime" at the Calcium Company drilled a core through 300 l:t (91 St. Louis Limestone. The St. Louis

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 LIMESTONE RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS 627

Rock (Fig. 4, locality 27), and the Charles Stone Company Quarry near Whitehill (Fig. 4, locality 28) have at least 50 ft (15 m) of high-calcium limestone exposed in their Outcrop of Salem Limestone faces. Table 1 shows that only at locality 28 and older formations is the full 50 ft (15 m) of high-calcium stone Rocher Member eroded in a continuous section unbroken by beds having less than 95% calcium carbonate. Reflectance values for Ste. Genevieve Limestone samples shown in Table 1 commonly are 5% to 10% below the minimum value for "high-reflectance" as defined for this report.

Mississippian System (Chesterian Series)

700 Rocks of the Chesterian Series in Illinois are quite variable in lithology. The section is dominated by sandstone, siltstone, and 800 shale, but the Glen Dean and Haney Lime- stones contain significant high-calcium limestone resources in the Chester area. In Randolph County near Menard (Fig. 4, locality 29), 60 ft (18.3 m) of limestone 300 in the Glen Dean contains more than 95 wt % calcium carbonate in a composite sam- / Depth to top (ft) ple. This sample was mistakenly listed as Menard Limestone by Bleininger and others Thickness (ft) (1912) and by Lamar (1957). About V/i mi < 25 (2.5 km) northwest of Menard State Penitentiary, the Chester Quarry Company 25-50 operates an underground mine in the Glen ÇM3 50-75 Dean Limestone (Fig. 4, locality 30). The >75 total thickness of stone mined is about 20 ft (6 m), but the middle 10 ft (3 m) of the section is exceptionally pure. At Roots, in the Figure 5. Depth to top and thickness of high-calcium limestone beds in the Rocher Mississippi River bluffs (Fig. 4, locality 31), Member, Salem Limestone, Monroe County, Illinois (after Baxter, 1960). and at Marigold, a few miles to the east, a pure oolitic facies of the Haney Limestone, known informally as the "Marigold Oo- lite," was quarried in the past (Bradbury, Limestone overlies the Salem and is a sig- tance values do not exceed 73%. Elsewhere, 1963). nificant limestone resource in the Alton and as shown in Table 1, only zones of limited Table 1 shows that the Glen Dean sam- East St. Louis metropolitan areas (Baxter, thickness in the St. Louis Limestone exceed ples (locality 30) contain the highest cal- 1965; Jacobs, 1971). In Madison County 95 wt % calcium carbonate. Although cium carbonate content of these Chesterian near Alton, Illinois, Mississippi Lime Com- transport facilities are readily available in limestones, but samples of the "Marigold pany operates an underground mine in the the East St. Louis metropolitan area, the Oolite" of the Haney (locality 31) are St. Louis Limestone (Fig. 4, locality 23), limited thickness of high-purity limestone nearly as pure. The reflectance reported for and Reliance Whiting Company wins stone beds makes the St. Louis Limestone less at- locality 31 samples was determined on a from the St. Louis at a surface mine just tractive as a potential resource for produc- composite sample that included the yel- north of Alton (Fig. 4, locality 23R). Other tion of large volumes of high-calcium, lower, slightly more impure, lower 12 ft companies have extensive surface-mining high-reflectance limestone. (3.7 m) of the Haney exposed at Roots. operations in the St. Louis in St. Clair Ste. Genevieve Limestone. In extreme Selective quarrying might allow preparation County near Dupo (Fig. 4, localities 24 and southern Illinois, the Ste. Genevieve Lime- of a product having significantly higher 25). Table 1 shows that high-calcium zones stone immediately overlies the St. Louis reflectance than the composite value. All in the St. Louis commonly are restricted in Limestone and is exploited in several places three of these sample localities are near rail thickness. At the Reliance Whiting Quarry for aggregate. The old P. R. Brown Quarry and truck transport facilities and less than (locality 23R), the upper 36 ft (11 m) of near Shetlerville (Fig. 4, locality 26), the one-half mi (0.8 km) from the Mississippi

stone exceeds 97 wt % CaCO:l, but reflec- Rigsby and Barnard Quarry at Cave in River.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 628 8 GOODWIN AND BAXTER SUMMARY 1970, Limestone and dolomite resources of Lamar, J. E., 1957, Chemical analyses of Illinois Jersey County, Illinois: Illinois State limestones and dolomites: Illinois State Illinois possesses abundant resources of Geological Survey Circular 448, 28 p. Geological Survey Report of Investigations high-calcium limestone. These resources are —•—1980, Factors favoring expanded under- 200, 33 p. most accessible around the borders of the ground mining of limestone in Illinois: Min- 1959, Limestone resources of extreme ing Engineering, v. 32, no. 10, p. 1497- southern Illinois: Illinois State Geological state in areas not buried beneath the thick, 1504. Survey Report of Investigations 211, 81 p. coal-bearing rocks of the Pennsylvanian Bleininger, A. V., and others, 1912, Porrland- 1966, High purity limestones in Illinois: Il- System of the Illinois Basin. Full utilization cement resources of Illinois: Illinois State linois State Geological Survey Industrial of available resources will require under- Geological Survey Bulletin 17, 121 p. Minerals Notes 27, 20 p. Bradbury, J. C., 1963, Limestone resources of the Lineback, J. A., 1972, Lateral gradation of the ground mining at some localities. Lower Kaskaskia Valley: Illinois State Salem and St. Louis Limestones (Middle Reflectance measurements show that of Geological Survey Circular 346, 22 p. Mississippian) in Illinois: Illinois State the formations at the sampled localities, Bristol, H. M., 1974, Silurian pinnacle reefs and Geological Survey Circular 474, 23 p. only the Burlington, Backbone, and Salem related oil production in southern Illinois: lowenstam, H. A., 1949, Niagaran reefs in Il- Limestones contain beds of sufficiently high Illinois State Geological Survey Illinois Pe- linois and their relation to oil accumulation: troleum 102, 98 p. Illinois State Geological Survey Report of reflectance to be used as fillers. Selective Cloos, M., and Baxter, J. W., 1981, Subsurface Investigations 145, 36 p. quarrying might permit production of variation in the high-calcium Dolbee Creek Rubey, W. W., 1952, Geology and mineral re- high-reflectance limestone from parts of the Limestone in Illinois: Illinois State Geologi- sources of the Hardin and Brussels quad- Moredock Member of the Dunleith Lime- cal Survey Illinois Mineral Notes 78, 23 p. rangles (in Illinois): United States Geologi- stone (Ordovician) and the Ullin Limestone Edmund, R. W., and Anderson, R. C., 1967, The cal Survey Professional Paper 218, 175 p. Mississippi River Arch: Evidence from the Templeton, J. S., and Willman, H. B., 1963, (Mississippian) in extreme southern Illinois. area around Rock Island, Illinois: 31st An- Champlainian Series (Middle Ordovician) If sufficient demand develops in the fu- nual Tri-State Field Conference Guidebook, in Illinois: Illinois Geological Survey Bulle- ture, Illinois should be in a good position to Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, 64 tin 89, 260 p. P- Willman, H. B., and Frye, J. C., 1970, Pleistocene supply its own needs and even be a net ex- Goodwin, J. H., and Harvey, R. D., 1980, Lime- stratigraphy of Illinois: Illinois State porter of high-calcium limestone. stone resources of Adams and Brown Geological Survey Bulletin 94, 204 p. Counties, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Willman, H. B., and others, 1975, Handbook of REFERENCES CITED Survey Circular 512, 20 p. Illinois stratigraphy: Illinois State Geologi- Harris, S. E., and Parker, M. C., 1964, Stratig- cal Survey Bulletin 95, 261 p. Baxter, J. W., 1960, Salem Limestone in south- raphy of the Osage Series in southeastern western Illinois: Illinois State Geological Iowa: Iowa Geological Survey Report of In- Survey Circular 284, 32 p. vestigations 1, 52 p. 1965, Limestone resources of Madison Jacobs, A. M., 1971, Geology for planning in St. MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY MARCH County, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Clair County, Illinois: Illinois State Geolog- 27, 1981 Survey Circular 390, 39 p. ical Survey Circular 465, 35 p. MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED APRIL 7, 1981

Printed in U.S.A.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/9/621/3419168/i0016-7606-92-9-621.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021