DOCSLIB.ORG

Foreign Direct Investment, Local Suppliers and Employment in Györ, Hungary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Foreign Direct Investment, Local Suppliers and Employment in Györ, Hungary SEED WORKING PAPER No. 10 Series on Globalization, Area-based Enterprise Development and Employment Case Study of Area Responses to Globalization: Foreign Direct Investment, Local Suppliers and Employment in Györ, Hungary by Maarten Keune András Toth InFocus Programme on Boosting Employment through Small EnterprisE Development Job Creation and Enterprise Department International Labour Office Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2001 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the ILO Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0)20 7631 5500; e-mail: [email protected]], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 [Fax: (+1) (978) 750 4470; e-mail: [email protected]] or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. ISBN 92-2-112382-0 First published 2001 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address. Visit our website: http://www.ilo.org/publns Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland ii Foreword This study examines the success of one region in western Hungary to attract direct foreign investment in new manufacturing plants by large multinationals, particularly in the automotive industry. It attempts to separate out the role of favourable endowments in that success, such as proximity to Austria and advantageous transportation networks, from the role of local and national policy regarding physical and human capital investments, financial incentives, and efforts in other areas to recruit foreign investors. The report provides best estimates of the immediate contribution of the new plants in terms of direct job creation. But it also tries to assess the potential role of these global corporations in improving the area’s ability to compete in the global economy, measuring, for example, the extent of local sub-contracting and supplier relationships, technology transfer, and worker training. In this evaluation, the extent to which foreign investment has become embedded in the local economy and the efforts that may be needed to leverage further local economic interactions feature strongly among the policy conclusions drawn by the authors from this case study. Both Maarten Keune, European University Institute, Florence and András Toth, Institute for Political Science, Budapest, have published extensively on regional development and transition economics in Central East European countries. They collected first-hand information for this study by interviewing government officials, managers of foreign-owned and locally-owned manufactures, and representatives of local civil and representative groups. They also place the Györ experience in context by reviewing national policies on liberalization, foreign-investment promotion, and regional development. This report is one in a series of studies on area-based responses to the challenges and opportunities posed by growing integration of the world’s capital and product markets undertaken as part of the ILO’s Action Programme on Globalization, Area-based Enterprise Development, and Employment in 1998/99. Work on this topic continues under the auspices of the InFocus Programme on Boosting Employment through Small Enterprise Development. The manuscript was prepared by Anne Drougard. Christine Evans-Klock Director InFocus Programme on Boosting Employment through Small Enterprise Development iii iv Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................ ii List of tables ...................................................................................................................................................vi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................1 2. The transition period in Hungary .............................................................................................................5 3. Pre-transition development in Györ .........................................................................................................8 4. Foreign direct investment in Györ and its effects on the local economy ........................................................................................................13 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................13 4.2 Four main types of manufacturing FDI................................................................................................13 4.3 Motives for foreign investment in Györ ................................................................................................16 4.4 FDI and its effect on the local economy ...............................................................................................17 5. The case of Audi........................................................................................................................................20 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................20 5.2 The choice of Györ as the location for Audi Hungária Kft...................................................................21 5.3 The development of Audi Motor Hungária ...........................................................................................22 5.3.1 The initial investment plan and its expansion ................................................................................22 5.3.2 The engine plant.............................................................................................................................23 5.3.3 The car assembly plant...................................................................................................................23 5.4 Company results and plans for the future.............................................................................................24 5.5 Audi’s supplier relations.......................................................................................................................25 5.6 The relationship with the city................................................................................................................26 6. Local vs. national labour market performance .....................................................................................26 7. The role of local policies and institutions ...............................................................................................31 7.1 The development of infrastructure........................................................................................................31 7.2 Education..............................................................................................................................................33 7.3 Promotion of enterprise development...................................................................................................34 7.4 Interest representation of business and employees...............................................................................36 8. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................................39 References .....................................................................................................................................................42 v List of tables Table 1: Main economic indicators 1990-1997................................................................................................... 6 Table 2: Yearly inflow of foreign investment (millions of USD, direct and portfolio investments) ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Szombathely Zalaszentiván
    Railway network development plans in West-Hungary GYSEV & the SETA project Szilárd Kövesdi, CEO of GYSEV Contents of presentation About GYSEV Connection between GYSEV and SETA GYSEV developments (planned and ongoing) Who we are 1872 Baron Victor von Erlanger won concession contract to construct a rail line between Győr-Sopron- Neufeld/Leitha 1876 Starting year of rail operation 1921 At the end of the 1st World War, part of the lines became Austrian territory (border- redrawing) 1923 Hungarian-Austrian state contract allowed the operation with Hungarian State’s major ownership Network and service area GYSEV rail network till 2001 - Győr-Sopron-Ebenfurth - Fertőszentmiklós-Neusiedl Network and service area GYSEV rail network from 2001 - Győr-Sopron-Ebenfurth - Fertőszentmiklós-Neusiedl - Sopron-Szombathely Network and service area GYSEV rail network from 2006 - Győr-Sopron-Ebenfurth - Fertőszentmiklós-Neusiedl - Sopron-Szombathely - Szombathely-Körmend- Szentgotthárd Network and service area GYSEVData about yearrail 2012: network fromFreight transport 2011: 5 M tons - LogisticsGyőr: -270.000Sopron tons moved-Ebenfurth - NumberFertőszentmiklós of trains operated: -Neusiedl - PassengerSopron: -Szombathely121,000 train Freight: 21,000 train - PassengerSzombathely Public transport-Körmend: - Szentgotthárd3.39 M passenger (HU) 1.39 M passenger (AT) - OwnPorpác property- linesCsorna: 116 km- Rajka Lines with property - management:Szombathely 387 kmZalaszentiván - StaffKörmend: 2,000 employees-Zalalövő (HU) - Szombathely 150 employees -(AT)Kőszeg
    [Show full text]
  • EU Strategy for the Danube Region
    EU Strategy for the Danube Region Consolidated Input Document of the Danube Countries for the Revision of the EUSDR Action Plan FINAL VERSION 5th July 2019, handed over to the European Commission / DG Regio on 5th July 2019 1/103 Table of Contents PRELUDE ........................................................................................................................................... 3 PART A: ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Scope of the Revision Process of the EUSDR Action Plan ...................................................... 4 1.1. EUSDR History ................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. The Reasons for revising the Action Plan ........................................................................ 5 1.3. The scope of the revision ................................................................................................. 8 2. Description of the Revision Process of the EUSDR Action Plan ............................................. 8 3. Results and recommendations from the evaluation ........................................................... 10 4. Proposals for drafting a Narrative for the Danube Region .................................................. 14 5. Strategic Objectives for increasing the Quality of Living in the Danube Region ................ 15 5.1. Spatial Trends in the Danube Region ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Social Polarisation in Tatabánya and Its Region
    Szirmai_kiseroszinnel_Urban 1-4.qxd 2016.06.13. 15:37 Page 135 Social Polarisation in Tatabánya and its Region JúLIA SCHUCHMANN Introduction TATABáNYA IS THE CENTRAL TRANSDANUBIAN REGION’S SECOND MOST POPULOUS TOWN OF COUNTY RANK, WITH A POPULATION OF 67,000 IN 2013. THE LARGEST CITY IN THE REGION IS SZéKESFEHéRVáR WITH MORE THAN 100 THOUSAND INHABITANTS (100,570 PEOPLE). THE LOCATION TRANSPORTATION GEOGRAPHY OF TATABáNYA AND ITS URBAN AREA IS EXCELLENT. ITS DISTANCE FROM THE SLOVAKIAN AND AUSTRIAN BORDER IS 50 AND 100 KILOMETRES, RESPECTIVELY. IT LIES 70 KILOMETRES AWAY FROM BUDAPEST. TATABáNYA IS SITUATED ALONG THE PAN-EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CORRI - DOR CONNECTING BERLIN WITH ISTANBUL AND VENICE WITH LVOV. PART OF THE CORRIDOR IS THE M1 MOTORWAY THAT LINKS VIENNA WITH BUDAPEST. IT IS ACCESSIBLE NOT ONLY THROUGH EXPRESS ROAD BUT ALSO VIA RAIL, WHICH IS ALSO AN INTERNATIONAL LINE, NAMELY AN EXPRESS LINE FROM BUDAPEST TO VIENNA AND MUNICH. TATABáNYA’S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCA - TION IS UNIQUE AMONG HUNGARIAN NEW TOWNS BECAUSE BUDAPEST’S ATTRACTION CAN BE STRONGLY FELT HERE (IN TERMS OF ECONOMY, LABOUR MARKET, AND CULTURE). THE TOWN HAS TIGHT FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS WITH THE CAPITAL. THESE TIES APPEAR IN THE COMMUTING CHARACTERISTICS OF TATABáNYA RESIDENTS, IN ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS, AND IN THE UTILISATION OF THE CAPITAL’S CULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL SERVICES. TATABáNYA IS AN IMPOR - TANT SUB-CENTRE OF THE BUDAPEST METROPOLITAN AREA THAT HAS ITS THE STUDY HAS BEEN REALISED WITHIN THE CONFINES OF THE RESEARCH ENTITLED “SOCIAL POLARISATION IN THE HUNGARIAN AND EASTERN-CENTRAL EUROPEAN ‘NEW TOWN’ REGIONS: IMPACTS OF TRANSITION AND GLOBALISATION” (K 106169), FUNDED BY THE NATIONAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION OFFICE.
    [Show full text]
  • Expressway M 86, Szombathely - Csorna Section Environmental Performance Assessment
    Expressway M86, Szombathely– Csorna Section Msz: 43.036 Environmental Performance Assessment Executive Summary EXPRESSWAY M 86, SZOMBATHELY - CSORNA SECTION ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Made by: „UTIBER – UNITEF ’83” Consortium Employer: 2013. 1 Expressway M86, Szombathely– Csorna Section Msz: 43.036 Environmental Performance Assessment Executive Summary SENIOR DESIGNER Szakály Krisztina 13 -12295 Certified Environmental Engineer Environmental Expert UTIBER Kft. DESIGNERS: Design preliminaries, base technical data Coordination, documentation UTIBER Kft. UTIBER Kft. Protection of groundwaters and sub-surface waters Protection of surface waters Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina 13-1908 13 -12295 13-1908 13 -12295 UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. Air protection Noise control Silló Szabolcs 13-13573 Silló Szabolcs 13-13573 COACHING TEAM Kft. COACHING TEAM Kft. Wildlife protection Landscape protection Tölgyesi Magdolna Mogyorós Péter Mogyorós Péter SZ-015/2012. 13-13547 SZ-015/2012. MOTT MACDONALD MAGYARORSZÁG Kft. MOTT MACDONALD MAGYARORSZÁG Kft. Built environment Waste management Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina Veresné Sz. Hortenzia Szakály Krisztina 13-1908 13 -12295 13-1908 13 -12295 UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. UNITEF’83 Zrt. UTIBER Kft. 2 Expressway M86, Szombathely– Csorna Section Msz: 43.036 Environmental Performance Assessment Executive Summary Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Győr: How to Compete with Capital Cities © European Investment Bank, 2019
    v city, transformed GYŐR How to compete with capital cities Éva Gerőházi Iván Tosics city, transformed GYŐR 1 GYŐR How to compete with capital cities Éva Gerőházi Iván Tosics Győr: How to compete with capital cities © European Investment Bank, 2019. All rights reserved. All questions on rights and licensing should be addressed to [email protected] The findings, interpretations and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Investment Bank. Get our e-newsletter at www.eib.org/sign-up pdf: QH-04-18-863-EN-N ISBN 978-92-861-3887-4 doi:10.2867/026239 eBook: QH-04-18-863-EN-E ISBN 978-92-861-3885-0 doi:10.2867/62510 4 city, transformed GYŐR Located between three European capital cities, Győr has to work hard to attract investment and jobs. The Hungarian city has set itself up to attract innovative companies, creating new urban values such as education-based innovation, a high-quality urban environment and a lively cultural sphere. Here’s how a “secondary city” builds on its industrial past even as it breaks away from its dependence on it. Győr is a Hungarian “secondary city” close to Vienna, Bratislava and Budapest. These three capital cities attract most of the development potential in the area, making it difficult for smaller cities such as Győr to attract the headquarters of international companies or to develop large-scale new urban areas. Győr’s response has been to focus on “smart specialisation” in line with its broader innovation-based development concept.
    [Show full text]
  • Csorna 180331
    CSORNA-KAPUVÁR 2018. március 31. XXVI/13. A tartalomból Programok 6. oldal Cégregiszter 7. oldal Apróhirdetések 8-9. oldal Állásbörze 10-15. oldal Ezen a héten több, mint 135 vállalkozás választotta a Szuperinfót! Köszönjük hirdetőink bizalmát! 2 2018. március 31. impresszum Szuperinfó Csorna-Kapuvár - ingyenes információs hetilap Kiadó: INFÓREKLÁM Kft. 9300 Csorna, Arany J. u. 5. Tel.: 96/260-176 Felelős kiadó: Tárkányi Mária ügyvezető Megjelenik: Csorna, Kapuvár, Fertőd, Fertőszentmiklós, Beled városokban és további 40 településen 24.000 példányban. Lapzárta: keretes hirdetések: kedd 12.00 óra, apróhirdetések: szerda 12.00 óra Szerkesztőség, hirdetésfelvétel: 9300 Csorna, Arany J. u. 5. Tel./Fax: 96/260-176 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.inforeklam.hu, www.szuperinfo.hu, Sokszorosítás: ADC Hungary Kft. Terjesztés: Arrabona Post Kft. A Szuperinfó Csorna-Kapuvár lap hirdetési hetilapként fizetett hirdetéseket tartalmaz, melyek valódiságát szerkesztőségünk nem vizsgálja, a megjelent hirdetések tar - talmáért felelősséget nem vállalunk. Jogszabályokba ütköző, etikailag kifogásolható hirdetések közlésétől szerkesztőségünk elzárkózik. Az újságban megjelenő politikai vagy társadalmi célú hirdetések nem tükrözik a szerkesztőség vagy a kiadó véleménnyét. Kiadó a hirdetések tartalmáért, azok valódiságáért, harmadik személynek okozott jogsérelemért felelősséget nem vállal. Hirdetésekkel kapcsolatos reklamációt a megjelenést követő 5 napon belül fogadjuk, az általunk okozott hibáért maximum a hirdetés díjának mértékéig vállaljuk a felelősséget. Médiapartnerünk: 2018. március 31. 3 4 2018. március 31. 2018. március 31. 5 6 Mit? Hol? Mikor? 2018. március 31. programok a környéken Márc. 31. szombat 22:00 óra Ápr. 21. szombat 19:00 óra Csorna, Termál parkoló Fertőd, Esterházy-kastély, Mari - További programok Húsvéti Delta buli onettszínház Tavaszi Fesztivál – Klasszikus kor- infoRábaköz.hu Ápr.
    [Show full text]
  • Planned Hungarian Rail and Road Developments
    Planned Hungarian rail and road developments Gergely GECSE Ministry of National Development, Hungary 15th May 2018, Bled, EUSDR PA1b SG Planned Hungarian rail developments (2016-2022) 2 Source: National Infrastructure Development Plc. Main Hungarian TEN-T core rail constructions till 2022 • Hungarian section of Budapest – Belgrade: • GSM-R communication and ETCS2 train development of 160 km long single-track section to control infrastructure on TEN-T and other lines double-track, 120-160 km/h, 225 kN, ETCS2 (planned finish: 2022.Q4) railway line (planned finish: 2022.Q4) • Budapest – Pusztaszabolcs: development of 44 km long double-track section to 160 km/h, 225 kN, ETCS2 (planned finish: 2020.Q4) • Budapest – Hatvan: development of 55 km long double-track section to 120-160 km/h, 225 kN, ETCS2, accessibiliy (planned finish: 2020.Q4) • Püspökladány – Debrecen: development of 49 km long double-track section to 120-160 km/h, 225 kN, ETCS2, accessibiliy (planned finish: 2021.Q2) • Budapest Southern Danube Railway bridge: 2 old 3 new superstructures (planned finish: 2020. Q4) 3 Based on Government Decree 1247/2016 (V.18.) and other decisions Planned Hungarian road developments (2016-2022) 4 Source: National Infrastructure Development Plc. Hungarian road constructions towards state borders till 2022 Slovakia: Slovenia: • M30 2x2 new motorway between Miskolc and • M70 expressway between M7 motorway and HU/SK border towards Kosice (planned finish: HU/SI border 2x1 2x2 lanes towards Maribor 2022.Q1) (planned finish: 2019. Q4) • Komarom road bridge 2x1 lanes (planned finish: 2020.Q1) Croatia: • M15 expressway between M1 motorway and • M6 new 2x2 lanes new expressway Bóly – HU/SK border towards Bratislava 2x1 2x2 lanes HU/HR border towards Osijek (planned finish: 2021.Q3) (planned finish: 2020.Q1) Austria: Romania: • M85 new 2x2 lanes expressway Csorna – • Main road 48.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 9 Concession Experience in the Road
    Louis Berger S.A. APPENDIX 9 CONCESSION EXPERIENCE IN THE ROAD TRANSPORTATION SECTOR IN CENTRAL EUROPE 1. BACKGROUND Introduction During recent years, the goal in several countries in Central Europe has been to aim to bring an increasing participation of the private sector into the development of transport infrastructure. This has occurred in differing ways, with differing results through the whole spectrum from fully privatised, and public/private partnerships to wholly publicly financed projects. This paper summarises some of the key projects which have been realised, or are under realisation, principally in the countries of Hungary, Poland and Croatia in the Road Transport Sector. The focus therefore is on selected concessions for toll motorways in these countries. Hungary Under the previous government, there was a strong policy towards promoting the development of motorways in the Republic of Hungary on a privately financed basis. With enactment of the Concessions Act, the Ministry of Transport actively promoted the development of several Concessions. Poland In the Republic of Poland, the promotion of new motorways was stimulated by the enactment of the Motorway Act in 1994. However it has taken several years to reach realisation of the first toll motorway. The Act was modified in 1999 in order to favour the developments of public-private partnerships, under the management of the Motorway Agency. Eventually, an operating Concession was agreed as part of the A4 motorway between Krakow and Katowice and the first real concession for construction and realisation of a new motorway was closed in October 2000, for a section of the A2 motorway between Poznan and Konin, on the Berlin-Warsaw axis.
    [Show full text]
  • Depending on Motorways – Transport Connections of Hungarian Industrial Parks and Their Enterprises
    Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 61 (2) (2012) 131–153. Depending on motorways – transport connections of Hungarian industrial parks and their enterprises Éva KISS and Tibor TINER1 Abstract After regime change industrial parks (IPs) with diff erent transport conditions played a prominent role in the renewal and the spatial transformation of Hungarian industry. One of the main goals of this study was to reveal a relationship between the main features and the transport connections of IPs and to demonstrate the impacts of transport infra- structures on the site selection of IPs. A further goal was to study the correspondence between the transport connections of IPs and their enterprises. The research was part of OTKA (Hungarian Scientifi c Research Fund) project (ref no. K 75906) and was based on two surveys (carried out by questionnaires). The fi rst survey was made among IPs in 2010, the second one (based on the previous research) was carried out among enterprises selected considering several aspects in 2011. During the empirical research the strong dependence of IPs on motorways and the signifi cance of transport infrastructure (espe- cially road transport) in site selection of industrial investments became obvious. All those phenomena determine the new spatial patt ern of Hungarian industry and may eff ect its possible transformation in the future. Keywords: industrial parks, transport, motorways, Hungary Introduction After regime change, radical alterations took place in the Hungarian industry which came to pass in a diff erentiated way both in space and time and led to the dramatic spatial restructuring of the industry (Kiss, É. 2010). The indus- trial parks (IPs) being new places for the industrial production contributed to that realignment considerably giving sites for dozens of industrial enterprises (Kiss, É.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of Csorna Bypass Section, Motor Road M86-M85
    Transport Study for the Danube Macro-Region – Annex II of the Final Report Construction of Csorna bypass section, motor road M86-M85 General information This project regards the construction of the second stage of the Csorna bypass, which is part of the development project of road M85. The road M85 Győr-Csorna-Nagycenk is the East-West axis of the Győr-Moson-Sopron County and crosses the road M86 Rédics-Szombathely-Rajka in the town of Csorna (see Figure 4-1). Figure 4-1: Localisation of the Csorna bypass Source: Ministry of National Development (2017) The objectives of this project are presented in general terms. It is expected that, once completed, the Csorna bypass could generate benefits in terms of: time savings, safety levels, environmental impact and vehicle operating costs. The project could improve the accessibility of the region enhancing the mobility of both passengers and freight. As regards its relevance, the project is in line with the EU transport policy, the National Transport Development Strategy of Hungary and with the National Land Use Framework Plan. The project promoter is the National Infrastructure Developing Private Company Limited (i.e., NIF), the rail and road infrastructure manager of Hungary. Technical description The second stage of the Csorna bypass is 5,9 km long. It joins two adjacent sections. The first section is 4,4 km long with two lanes per carriageway. The second section is 1,5 km long with one lane per carriageway. The project includes 4 civil structures, but it is not specified the typology. The total estimated investment cost is equal to € 47,6 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Glacial River-Bed Changes on the Little Hungarian Plain, Based on Preliminary Chronological, Geological and Paleontological Data
    Open Geosci. 2015; 7:572–579 Research Article Open Access Szilvia Sávai*, Dávid Molnár, and Pál Sümegi Late glacial river-bed changes on the Little Hungarian Plain, based on preliminary chronological, geological and paleontological data DOI 10.1515/geo-2015-0038 1 Introduction Received February 24, 2014; accepted November 17, 2014 Abstract: Comprehensive chronological, geological and paleontological investigations were conducted as part of The authors carried out comprehensive paleoenvironmen- archaeological excavations in 2011 and 2012, prior to the tal research on the Csorna Plain as part of archaeologi- construction of the M85 motorway between Győr and cal excavations that took place along the M85 motorway Csorna, Hungary. These studies clearly show that the allu- between Győr and Csorna in northwestern Hungary (Fig- vial fan that underlies much of the Little Hungarian Plain ure 1) in 2011 and 2012 [1, 2]. Prior to the excavation, histor- was built up by streams owing in a southeasterly to north- ical maps and landscapes of the study area were analysed westerly direction from the nearby Bakony Hills, and con- to provide a basis for comprehensive eld-based geomor- tinued to form until the end of the last glacial period. The phologic examinations. These studies extended through- northern part of the fan, now named the Csorna Plain, out the river valley and over both banks of the recent Rába became inactive (i.e. became a fossil river-bed system) at River, leading to the development of a new paleohydro- about 25–15 ka, when the Rába and Marcal rivers changed logical model detailing the development of the area’s u- their ow direction from south–north to west–east.
    [Show full text]
  • Golf in Hungary 8
    GOLF IN HUNGARY 8 4 5 15 14 3 7 1 16 9 11 6 17 10 18 2 12 13 18 hole golf courses golf courses under construction 1. Birdland Golf & Country Club, Bükfürdô – 202 km from Budapest 13. Axus Golf & Country Club, Bakonya – 226 km from Budapest 2. European Lakes Golf & Country Club, Hencse – 209 km from Budapest 14. Boya Eagles Golf & Country Club, Debrecen – 233 km from Budapest 3. Pannonia Golf & Country Club, Alcsútdoboz – 49 km from Budapest 15. Budapest Gate Golf & Country Club, Bicske – 37 km from Budapest 4. Old Lake Golf & Country Club, Tata – 64 km from Budapest 16. Csákberény Golf Resort, Csákberény – 71 km from Budapest 5. Pólus Palace Golf & Country Club, Felsôgöd – 25 km from Budapest 17. Golfclub Imperial Balaton, Balatongyörök – 176 km from Budapest 6. Royal Balaton Golf & Yacht Club, Balatonudvari – 130 km from Budapest 18. Zala Springs Resort, Zalacsány – 201 km from Budapest 9 hole golf courses driving range (not marked) 7. Budapest Highland Golf Club, Budapest Petneházy Golf Club, Budapest 8. Princess Palace Golf & Resort Hotel, Dunakiliti – 174 km from Budapest Golftanya, Budapest Nyírség Golf Club, Nyíregyháza – 230 km from Budapest 6 hole golf courses Bujdosó tanya, Lajosmizse – 68 km from Budapest 9. Budai Golf Club, Diósd – 18 km from Budapest Club Szarvaskút, Zirc-Szarvaskút – 123 km from Budapest 10. Rogner Hotel & Spa Lotus Therme, Hévíz – 193 km from Budapest 11. Paplapos Golf & Academy, Monor – 47 km from Budapest 12. Alföld Golf Club, Szeged – 170 km from Budapest Golf in Hungary Introduction f you spend a few hours on a golf course situated in What can you do outside the golf course? Ibeautiful, natural peaceful area you can easily refresh Hungary is the land of spas, extremely rich in your body and soul.
    [Show full text]