DOCSLIB.ORG

Origin of Capes and Shoals Along the Southeastern Coast of the United States: Reply

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Origin of Capes and Shoals Along the Southeastern Coast of the United States: Reply VERNON J. HENRY, JR. Marine Institute and Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Sapelo Island, Georgia 31327 Origin of Capes and Shoals along the Southeastern Coast of the United States: Reply The comments of E. M. Hopkins concerning tive field testing. We felt the latter mode of several aspects of our recent paper are ap- origin to be worthy of serious consideration, preciated. They raise some interesting ques- deductively based on landform analysis and in- tions that can only be answered by detailed field terpretation of the events and processes that studies and suggest that a problem of semantics have occurred since the late Pleistocene. Our apparently exists concerning the use or mean- hypothesis considers that the Carolina capes ing of the subject terms. and shoals are such only as a consequence of the We should have defined the terms capes and last rise of the sea; the capes being the subaerial shoals in the sense used in our article. Accord- manifestations of the original geological ing to the Glossary of Geology and Related Sciences deposit and the shoals being the submarine (American Geological Institute, 1957, p. 43 counterparts. Certainly, modifications have oc- and 264) a cape is "a relatively extensive land curred and are now occurring in both environ- area jutting seaward from a continent or large ments. In the shoal areas, for example, island which prominently marks a change in, or cut-and-fill processes are at work, and wave and interrupts notably, the coastal trend; a promi- current ripple formation have probably nent feature"; and a shoal is defined as "a part obliterated all vestiges of the original features, of the area covered by water, of the sea or lake at least superficially. or river, when the depth is little; a bank always Although each of the Carolina capes has a covered, though not deeply." Other, similar, corresponding shoal, this is not to imply that definitions are given and one could take issue capes and shoals are not found independent of with a shoal always being covered by water or, the other, or that capes and shoals found else- for that matter, the difference between a bar where do not have other modes of origin. A and a shoal. For the purpose of our report, detailed study of the geometry and internal however, the definitions given here provide a structure of the Carolina shoals and capes is reasonable enough description for the features needed before proof of origin can be ascer- in question. In essence, a cape is a subaerial tained or the subsequent development under- feature while a shoal, largely, is a submarine stood. It is hoped that subbottom profiling and feature. It is important to understand that the deeper sampling will help provide much of the above definitions are nongenetic and, hence, information required. do not imply any particular mode of origin or chronological relationships; rather, they are based on topographic or spatial expression. Re- placing the word "capes" with "shoreline per- REFERENCES CITED pendicular shoals," as suggested by Hopkins, does not provide any clearer meaning or more American Geological Institute, 1957, Glossary of accurate description for these features. geology and related sciences: Washington, Whether the Carolina shoals are contempo- D.C., National Academy of Sciences-National rary submarine features epigenetically related Research Council Pub. 501, 325 p. to the capes, or relict subaerial features now MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY MARCH 9, 1971 mostly submerged and being modified by ma- CONTRIBUTION No. 222 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF rine processes, is yet to be proved by quantita- GEORGIA MARINE INSTITUTE Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 3541-3542, December 1971 3541 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/82/12/3541/3418065/i0016-7606-82-12-3541.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Autogenic Landform Change in a Fluvial-Aeolian Interacting Field
    Fifth Intl Planetary Dunes Workshop 2017 (LPI Contrib. No. 1961) 3001.pdf IN DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: THE AUTOGENIC LANDFORM CHANGE IN A FLUVIAL-AEOLIAN INTERACTING FIELD. B. Liu 1 and T. Coulthard 2, 1 College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen Univer- sity, Xiamen, Xiang’an South Road, 361102 China, [email protected], 2 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7SR United Kingdom, [email protected]. Aeolian and fluvial systems are usually studied in- doubtedly due to the influence of climatic change, tec- dependently which leaves many questions unresolved tonics or even human activities. Nevertheless, this as- in terms of how they interact. When sand dunes and sumption could has prevented researchers from consid- rivers coincide with each other, the interaction of sedi- ering that large scale of landform instability may be ment transport fluxes between the two systems may inherent and driven by internal forces in the system in lead to change in either or both systems therefore can dynamic equilibrium. Hence, a sudden landscape significantly change surface morphology. An inventory change may be inherent in the normal development of a is presented from 230 globally distributed study sites fluvial-aeolian interacting field and that a change in an from locations where fluvial and aeolian systems inter- external variable is not always required for a signifi- act with each other. At each location key attributes, cant geomorphic event to occur but depends on the wind/river direction, net sand transport direction, dune system intrinsic geomorphic threshold. If this geo- morphology, river channel pattern were identified and morphic threshold condition can be identified, not only relationships between each factors were analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Landform Geography (4 Credit Hours) Course Description: Hydrolo
    GEOGRAPHY 201 LANDFORM GEOGRAPHY BULLETIN INFORMATION GEOG 201 - Landform Geography (4 credit hours) Course Description: Hydrology, soil science, and interpretation of physical features formed by water, wind, and ice, with emphasis on environmental change Note: Three hours of lecture and one two-hour laboratory per week. Instructor Contact Information: SAMPLE COURSE OVERVIEW This course is an introduction to landforms; that is, the physical features on the Earth's surface such as valleys, hill-slopes, beaches, sand dunes, and stream channels. Students will learn, from the study of landforms, of past environmental conditions, how they have changed, and the processes involved, including human actions and natural agents. Students also will learn about soils, hydrology, and processes of landform creation by water, wind, ice, and gravity. ITEMIZED LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon successful completion of Geography 201 students will be able to: 1. Explain scientific methods and terminology including hypothesis formulation and testing, experimental design, the method of multiple working hypotheses, and opposite concepts such as inductive vs. deductive reasoning and empirical vs. theoretical methods. 2. Interpret topographic maps and geospatial data such as remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). 3. Collect and analyze laboratory and field measurement data to describe Earth materials, soil properties, sediment grain-size distributions, and landform features. 4. Evaluate the merits of various theories of landscape change, such as catastrophism, uniformitarianism, and neo-catastrophism, and to explain how landforms are created and change over various time scales. 5. Comprehend the environmental history of Earth’s surface from the recent geologic past to present with an emphasis on Quaternary processes and changes (the Quaternary is the current geological period that began ~2 million years ago), and interactions between climate, humans, and environmental response during and after the Neolithic period of human culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Processes and Landforms-Transport and Deposition
    Glacial Processes and Landforms—Transport and Deposition☆ John Menziesa and Martin Rossb, aDepartment of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; bDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Introduction 2 2 Towards deposition—Sediment transport 4 3 Sediment deposition 5 3.1 Landforms/bedforms directly attributable to active/passive ice activity 6 3.1.1 Drumlins 6 3.1.2 Flutes moraines and mega scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) 8 3.1.3 Ribbed (Rogen) moraines 10 3.1.4 Marginal moraines 11 3.2 Landforms/bedforms indirectly attributable to active/passive ice activity 12 3.2.1 Esker systems and meltwater corridors 12 3.2.2 Kames and kame terraces 15 3.2.3 Outwash fans and deltas 15 3.2.4 Till deltas/tongues and grounding lines 15 Future perspectives 16 References 16 Glossary De Geer moraine Named after Swedish geologist G.J. De Geer (1858–1943), these moraines are low amplitude ridges that developed subaqueously by a combination of sediment deposition and squeezing and pushing of sediment along the grounding-line of a water-terminating ice margin. They typically occur as a series of closely-spaced ridges presumably recording annual retreat-push cycles under limited sediment supply. Equifinality A term used to convey the fact that many landforms or bedforms, although of different origins and with differing sediment contents, may end up looking remarkably similar in the final form. Equilibrium line It is the altitude on an ice mass that marks the point below which all previous year’s snow has melted.
    [Show full text]
  • Landforms and Their Evolution
    CHAPTER LANDFORMS AND THEIR EVOLUTION fter weathering processes have had a part of the earth’s surface from one landform their actions on the earth materials into another or transformation of individual Amaking up the surface of the earth, the landforms after they are once formed. That geomorphic agents like running water, ground means, each and every landform has a history water, wind, glaciers, waves perform erosion. of development and changes through time. A It is already known to you that erosion causes landmass passes through stages of development changes on the surface of the earth. Deposition somewhat comparable to the stages of life — follows erosion and because of deposition too, youth, mature and old age. changes occur on the surface of the earth. As this chapter deals with landforms and What are the two important aspects of their evolution ‘first’ start with the question, the evolution of landforms? what is a landform? In simple words, small to medium tracts or parcels of the earth’s surface are called landforms. RUNNING WATER In humid regions, which receive heavy rainfall If landform is a small to medium sized running water is considered the most important part of the surface of the earth, what is a of the geomorphic agents in bringing about landscape? the degradation of the land surface. There are two components of running water. One is Several related landforms together make overland flow on general land surface as a up landscapes, (large tracts of earth’s surface). sheet. Another is linear flow as streams and Each landform has its own physical shape, size, materials and is a result of the action of rivers in valleys.
    [Show full text]
  • Hogback Is Ridge Formed by Near- Vertical, Resistant Sedimentary Rock
    Chapter 16 Landscape Evolution: Geomorphology Topography is a Balance Between Erosion and Tectonic Uplift 1 Topography is a Balance Between Erosion and Tectonic Uplift 2 Relief • The relief in an area is the maximum difference between the highest and lowest elevation. – We have about 7000 feet of relief between Boulder and the Continental divide. Relief 3 Mountains and Valleys • A mountain is a large mass of rock that projects above surrounding terrain. • A mountain range is a continuous area of high elevation and high relief. • A valley is an area of low relief typically formed by and drained by a single stream. • A basin is a large low-lying area of low relief. In arid areas basins commonly have closed topography (no river outlet to the sea). Mountains • Typically occur in ranges. • Glaciated forms –Horn –Arête • Desert Mountains – Vertical Cliffs – Alluvial Fans 4 Mountain Landforms: Horn Deserts: Vertical Cliffs and Alluvial Fans 5 Valleys and Basins • River Valleys – U-shape (Glacial) – V-shape (Active Water erosion) – Flat-floored (depositional flood plain) • Tectonic (Fault) Valleys (Basins) – Tectonic origin – San Luis Valley – Jackson Hole – Great Basin U-shaped Valley: Glacial Erosion 6 V-shaped Valley: Active water erosion Flat-floored Valley: Depositional Flood Plain 7 Desert and Semi-arid Landforms • A plateau is a broad area of uplift with relatively little internal relief. • A mesa is a small (<10 km2)plateau bounded by cliffs, commonly in an area of flat-lying sedimentary rocks. • A butte is a small (<1000m2) hill bounded by cliffs Plateau, Mesa, Butte 8 Colorado National Monument Canyonlands 9 Desert and Semi-arid Landforms • A cuesta is an asymmetric ridge in dipping sedimentary rocks as the Flatirons.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOG 100 Physical Geography
    College of San Mateo Official Course Outline 1. COURSE ID: GEOG 100 TITLE: Physical Geography C-ID: GEOG 110 Units: 3.0 units Hours/Semester: 48.0-54.0 Lecture hours; and 96.0-108.0 Homework hours Method of Grading: Grade Option (Letter Grade or P/NP) Recommended Preparation: Eligibility for ENGL 838 or ENGL 848 Eligibility for ESL 400, MATH 110 2. COURSE DESIGNATION: Degree Credit Transfer credit: CSU; UC AA/AS Degree Requirements: CSM - GENERAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS: E5a. Natural Science CSU GE: CSU GE Area B: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND QUANTITATIVE REASONING: B1 - Physical Science IGETC: IGETC Area 5: PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: A: Physical Science 3. COURSE DESCRIPTIONS: Catalog Description: This course is a spatial study of the Earth’s dynamic physical systems and processes. Topics include: Earth-sun geometry, weather, climate, water, landforms, soil, and the biosphere. Emphasis is on the interrelationships among environmental and human systems and processes and their resulting patterns and distributions. Tools of geographic inquiry are also briefly covered; they may include: maps, remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS). 4. STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOME(S) (SLO'S): Upon successful completion of this course, a student will meet the following outcomes: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the size, shape, and movements of the Earth in space and their importance to environmental patterns and processes 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the atmospheric, geomorphological, and biotic processes that shape the Earth’s surface environments 3. Demonstrate an understanding of the global distribution of the world’s major climates, ecosystems, and physiographic (landform) features 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Landform Characterization with Geographic Information Systems
    Landform Characterization with Geographic Information Systems Jacek S. BI Abstract landforms therefore often include the way they were formed, The ability to analyze and quantify morphology of the sur- their composition, and the environment in which they were face of the Earth in terms of landform characteristics is es- formed. sential for understanding of the physical, chemical, and The ability to map landforms is an important aspect of biological processes that occur within the landscape. How- any environmental or resource analysis and modeling effort. ever, because of the complexity of taxonomic schema for Traditionally, mapping of the aspects of the environment has landforms which include their provenance, composition, and been accomplished through in situ surveys. The advent of function, these features are difficult to map and quantify us- aerial photography and satellite remote sensing have made ing automated methods. The author suggests geographic in- surveys of large areas easier to accomplish, although this technology still requires in situ verification and ground-tru- formation systems (GIS) based methods for mapping and classification of the landscape suqface into what can be un- thing. While remote sensing technology can provide tremen- derstood as fourth-order-of-relief features and include convex dous amounts of information about the surface of the Earth, it areas and their crests, concave areas and their troughs, open is incapable of providing all of the data needed. The most concavities and enclosed basins, and horizontal and sloping complete approach to mapping the distribution of various en- flats. The features can then be analyzed statistically, aggre- vironmental parameters requires an integrated approach that gated into higher-order-of-relief forms, and correlated with relies on remote sensing and geographically referenced field other aspects of the environment to aid fuller classification survey data, whether in cartographic or tabular format.
    [Show full text]
  • High Resolution Dune Complex Mapping for the Monitoring of Coastal Landform Change, First Landing State Park, Virginia George M
    Virginia Journal of Science Volume 58, Number 1 Spring 2007 High Resolution Dune Complex Mapping for the Monitoring of Coastal Landform Change, First Landing State Park, Virginia George M. McLeod, Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 Joe Daigneau, Engineering and Environment, Inc., 195 South Rosemont Road, Virginia Beach, VA 23452 James Collins, Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 Norma Swan, Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk VA 23529 Thomas R. Allen, Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 ABSTRACT First Landing State Park is located on the southern shore of the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The park contains a prograding shoreline and dune complex that has been steadily growing northward. Accurate three dimensional mapping of the resident coastal dune features is challenging due to the dynamic nature of the dunescape. Precise mapping within First Landing was accomplished through careful planning, employ of advanced Global Positioning System ( GPS) technology, and intensive data analysis. Mapping ensued during a period of optimal satellite signal availability and strength. Data points were collected at manual intervals with a Leica GS50+ GPS receiver, utilizing real-time kinematic (R TK) corrections from ground control stations. Vertical data accuracies of less than 5cm were achieved. Horizontal accuracies were near 1cm. The resultant data was interpolated to create realistic contour maps, triangulated irregular networks (TINS), and raster elevation models of the study area. The methods employed may be replicated at standard time intervals for the purpose of establishing a database to maintain an inventory of dune features within First Landing.
    [Show full text]
  • Landform Clue Hill a Naturally Raised Area of Land, Not As High Or Craggy
    Landform Clue a naturally raised area of land, not as high or craggy as a mountain http://baytrail.abag.ca.gov/vtour/map4/access/CyteHils/Cyte Hils1.htm Hill a low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1216/h/h.html Valley a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level; a large steep hill http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/hiking_brokeoff_mou ntain.htm Mountain a large area of flat land with few trees http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/intplain.html Plain a piece of land surrounded by water http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/22/world/asia/dispute- over-islands-reflect-japanese-fear-of-chinas-rise.html?_r=0 Island a very large expanse of sea, in particular, each of the main areas into which the sea is divided geographically http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/oco2/quikscat-rapidscat- 20140619/#.U-AA3-NdVik Ocean a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another such stream http://www.blm.gov/or/districts/roseburg/recreation/wild_a nd_scenic_river/ River a large body of water surrounded by land http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=119359 Lake a small body of still water formed naturally or by hollowing or embanking http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/dpwes/watersheds/ponds.htm Pond a dry, barren area of land, especially one covered with sand, that is characteristically desolate, waterless, and without vegetation http://www.oregon.gov/dsl/DO/Pages/map_bend.aspx Desert a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/archive/2009/09_07_23.html Volcano an area of relatively level high ground http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/tour/cplateau.cfm Plateau .
    [Show full text]
  • Cumberland Plateau Geological History
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area Oneida, Tennessee Geology and History of the Cumberland Plateau Geological History Rising over 1000 feet above the region around it, the Cumberland Plateau is a large, flat-topped tableland. Deceptively rugged, the Plateau has often acted as a barrier to man and nature’s attempts to overcome it. The Plateau is characterized by rugged terrain, a moderate climate, and abundant rainfall. Although the soils are typically thin and infertile, the area was once covered by a dense hardwood forest equal to that of the Appalachians less than sixty miles to the east. As a landform, this great plateau reaches from north-central Alabama through Tennessee and Kentucky and Pennsylvania to the western New York border. Geographers call this landform the Appalachian Plateau, although it is known by various names as it passes through the differ­ ent regions. In Tennessee and Kentucky, it is called the Cumberland Plateau. Within this region, the Cumberland River and its tributaries are formed. A view from any over- look quickly confirms that the area is indeed a plateau. The adjoining ridges are all the same height, presenting a flat horizon. The River Systems The Clear Fork River and the New River come together to form the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, the third largest tributary to the Cumberland. The Big South Fork watershed drains an area of 1382 square Leatherwood Ford in the evening sun miles primarily in Scott, Fentress, and Morgan counties in Tennessee and Wayne and Overlooks McCreary counties in Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Landform in Differentiation of Ecosystems at the Mesoscale (Landscape Mosaics)
    Working Paper Draft of October 29, 2004 By Robert G. Bailey, USDA Forest Service, Inventory & Monitoring Institute Role of Landform in Differentiation of Ecosystems at the Mesoscale (Landscape Mosaics) ________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: A map showing the upper four levels of Ecomap down to the section level has been published for the entire U.S. These upper levels are based on macroclimatic conditions and the plant formations determined by those conditions. Delineation of the remaining, finer-grained subdivisions has been left for local development. Within the same macroclimate, broad-scale landforms break up the climatic pattern that would occur otherwise and provide a basis for further differentiation of mesoscale ecosystems, known as landscape mosaics. This paper suggests how different levels of landform differentiation could be correlated with landscape mosaics at different levels of resolution. Introduction Ecomap (1993) is an eight-level, nested, hierarchical and multi-factor approach to classifying and mapping ecosystem units (Table 1). The approach (herein referred to as the National Hierarchy) has been adopted by the Forest Service to provide a framework on which National Forest planning and assessment could be built. 2 Maps of the coarser levels of the National Hierarchy (domain, division, province, and section) have been published (Bailey et al. 1994). Delineation of the remaining, finer-grained subdivisions (subsection, landtype association, landtype, and landtype phase) has been left for local development. Experts from each Forest Service Region trying to complete Ecomap have been provided with limited suggestions about how that should be accomplished. There is a Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory (TEUI) tech guide, but it leaves a lot of decisions-making and standards-development up to the Regions.
    [Show full text]