Transformation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU): a New Vision for the 21 St Century, Or Political Rhetoric?
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Transformation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU): A New Vision for the 21 st Century, or Political Rhetoric? A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Political Science, Universität Trier, Germany, in partial fulfilment of the Requirements For the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) May 2004 Submitted By: Olympio Francisco K.N. B.A. (Hons) Univ. of Ghana, Legon Am Trimmelter Hof 93/004 M.A. Universität Trier, Germany 54296 Trier Germany ii Dedication To the selfless and the incorruptible in the service of the African cause iii Contents Figures............................................................................................................................. iv Tables .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................ v Prologue ......................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ xi Method of Work............................................................................................................ 13 Part I Background to Analysis..................................................................................... 17 General Introduction and Summary............................................................................. 18 Regional Integration in Africa: Some Explorations of State of the Art ....................... 51 The Periphery Cannot Hold ......................................................................................... 59 Pre-Colonial Africa .................................................................................................. 59 Colonial Bureaucracy, Appropriation, Alienation and Underdevelopment............. 63 Post-Colonialism: Too fragile at birth or too badly nurtured?................................. 66 Das Ding an Sich : State, Society and Politics in Africa.............................................. 71 Part II Organisation of African Unity (OAU)............................................................ 75 The OAU's Labyrinth Path to Continental Unity, Security and Development............ 76 Political Reality, Identity Politics and Pan-Africanism ............................................... 87 The OAU and the African Crisis ................................................................................. 92 Some Case Studies....................................................................................................... 95 The Chad Crisis........................................................................................................ 95 The OAU's Intervention in Chad ........................................................................ 102 The Rwanda Genocide ........................................................................................... 106 The Prelude ......................................................................................................... 106 The Turning Point: Revolution, Resistance and Independence.......................... 108 The Second Republic: A Long Fateful Path to Genocide?................................. 109 The OAU and the Arusha Peace Process: Too little, too slow?.......................... 112 Evaluation and Conclusion ........................................................................................ 117 Part III African Transformations and Integration Analysis .................................. 123 Epochenwende : Post-Cold War Transformations and Integration in Africa ............. 124 A Classic Case Study: The East African Community (EAC) (1967-1977)............... 140 The Constitutive Act of the African Union (CAAU): Another False Start?.............. 144 NePAD, Africa's Great Leap Forward? ..................................................................... 153 Africa's Transformations and Integration in the Context of Globalisation................ 166 Sub-regional Economic Communities as Integral Cores........................................... 173 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ..................................... 177 The Southern African Development Community (SADC)........................................ 191 The East African Community (EAC) ........................................................................ 204 The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)............................................................................. 210 Evaluation and Conclusion ........................................................................................ 215 Part IV Africa in Global Political Setting: Balkanised, Marginalized and Subcontracted?............................................................................................................ 219 The Role of Trans-National Actors............................................................................ 220 The UN-system: The Role of UN Economic Commission for Africa................... 221 The Role of the Bretton Woods Institutions .......................................................... 224 The Role of the European Union (EU) .................................................................. 227 iv The G8: A Partner or a Standard Setter?................................................................ 229 The Role of Non-State Actors................................................................................ 233 Evaluation and Conclusion .................................................................................... 234 Part V Regional Policy Making and Implementation in Africa ............................. 238 African Policy Infrastructure vs. Political Realities and Risks: the past, the present and future............................................................................................................................. 239 The Monrovia Declaration......................................................................................... 241 The Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa ....................... 243 The Abuja Treaty ....................................................................................................... 248 Beyond Lack of Political Will ................................................................................... 250 Political Risk Analysis and Policymaking in Africa.................................................. 253 The Way Forward: Integrated Political Risk Analysis (IPRA) ................................. 258 Evaluation and Conclusion ........................................................................................ 267 Epilogue: Broad Based Transformations for Realising Africa's Visions .............. 269 Some Salient Thoughts and ‘Postulates’................................................................... 275 Notes and References.................................................................................................. 279 Sources…………….………………………………………………………………… 303 Figures Figure 1: Treaties, Conventions, Protocols and Charters ............................................... 24 Figure 2: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)....................................................... 39 Figure 3: Integrated Political Risk Analysis ................................................................. 260 Tables Table 1: Economic and Demographic Indicators for the ECOWAS ............................ 189 Table 2: Economic and Demographic Indicators for the SADC .................................. 195 Table 3: Economic and Demographic Indicators for the EAC..................................... 208 Table 4: Economic and Demographic Indicators for the AMU.................................... 212 v List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ACPC African Caribbean and Pacific Countries ADB African Development Bank AEC African Economic Community AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act AHSG Assembly of Heads of States and Government AHSG Authority of Heads of State and Government AMU Arab Maghreb Union ANC African National Congress APRM African Peer Review Mechanism ARIA Assessing Regional Integration in Africa AST Actions Social Tchadienne AU The African Union BBTG Broad Based Transitional Government CAAU Constitutive Act of the African Union CEAO Communauté Economique de l’Afrique I’Ouest CCFAN Conseil de Commandement des Forces Armeé du Nord CEMAC Central African Monetary and Economic Union CEPGAL Economic Community of the Countries of the Great Lakes CET Common External Tariff CFI Capital Flows Initiative CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CHSG Conference of Heads of States and Government CMA The Common Monetary Area COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSSDC Conference on Security, Stability and Development Co- operation CSM Conseil Supérieur Militaire DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EAC East African Community ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU The European Union FAN Forces Armeé du Nord FDI Foreign Direct Investment FROLINAT Front de Libération National du Tchad GDP Gross Domestic Product GUNT Transitional Government of National Unity HIPC Highly Indebted Poorest Countries IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IFC International Finance Corporation IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority IMF The International Monetary Fund