Population Density and Distribution of the New
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Phylogenetic and Phenetic Systematics of The
195 PHYLOGENETICAND PHENETICSYSTEMATICS OF THE OPISTHOP0ROUSOLIGOCHAETA (ANNELIDA: CLITELLATA) B.G.M. Janieson Departnent of Zoology University of Queensland Brisbane, Australia 4067 Received September20, L977 ABSTMCT: The nethods of Hennig for deducing phylogeny have been adapted for computer and a phylogran has been constructed together with a stereo- phylogran utilizing principle coordinates, for alL farnilies of opisthopor- ous oligochaetes, that is, the Oligochaeta with the exception of the Lunbriculida and Tubificina. A phenogran based on the sane attributes conpares unfavourably with the phyLogralnsin establishing an acceptable classification., Hennigrs principle that sister-groups be given equal rank has not been followed for every group to avoid elevation of the more plesionorph, basal cLades to inacceptabl.y high ranks, the 0ligochaeta being retained as a Subclass of the class Clitellata. Three orders are recognized: the LumbricuLida and Tubificida, which were not conputed and the affinities of which require further investigation, and the Haplotaxida, computed. The Order Haplotaxida corresponds preciseLy with the Suborder Opisthopora of Michaelsen or the Sectio Diplotesticulata of Yanaguchi. Four suborders of the Haplotaxida are recognized, the Haplotaxina, Alluroidina, Monil.igastrina and Lunbricina. The Haplotaxina and Monili- gastrina retain each a single superfanily and fanily. The Alluroidina contains the superfamiJ.y All"uroidoidea with the fanilies Alluroididae and Syngenodrilidae. The Lurnbricina consists of five superfaniLies. -
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ISSN 0375-1511 Rec. zool. Surv. India: 113(Part-4): 213-227,2013 REPORT ON THE SOIL FAUNA OF BHADRAK AND BALASORE DISTRICT, ORISSA RiNKU GoswAMi, MAYA GHOSH AND DEBDULAL SAHA Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053 INTRODUCTION In this study, the assessment of soil fauna in Soil is one of the basic natural resoiirces that the study areas aimed at obtaining a general supports life on Earth. It is a huge ecosystem, overview of soil fauna in the ecosystems of the which is the habitat to several living organisms. region. Perusal of published literature shows no Historically, most of the efforts on biodiversity such systematic study was conducted in these studies focused, especially on aboveground plant areas of our study zone previously. and animal species (Wardle, 2006). However, it is Soil Fauna and their Function in Soil well recognized that in most terrestrial There are many animal groups inhabiting soil ecosystems, the belowground biota supports system. It has been reported that of the total much greater diversity of organisms than does the nirmber of described species on Earth (~1,500,000), aboveground biota, because soils are the central as many as 23 per cent are soil animals (Decaens et. organising entities in terrestrial ecosystems al., 2006). Estimated nirmbers of soil species include (Coleman, and Whitman, 2005). Soil fauna is a 30,000 bacteria; 1,500,000 fungi; 60,000 algae; 10,000 highly diverse group of organisms living within protozoa; 500,000 nematodes; and 3,000 the soil and make soil alive by their activity. -
Checklist of New Zealand Earthworms Updated from Lee (1959) by R.J
Checklist of New Zealand Earthworms updated from Lee (1959) by R.J. Blakemore August, 2006 COE fellow, Soil Ecology Group, Yokohama National Univeristy, Japan. Summary This review is based on Blakemore (2004) that updated the work completed over 40 years earlier by Lee (1959) as modified by Blakemore in Lee et al. , (2000) and in Glasby et al. (2007/8) based on the information presented at the "Species 2000" meeting held Jan. 2000 at Te Papa Museum in Wellington, New Zealand. In the current checklist Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Megascolecidae sensu Blakemore (2000b) are all given separate family status. Whereas Lee (1959) listed approximately 193 species, the current list has about 199 taxa. Because many of the natives have few reports, or are based on only a few specimens, approximately 77 are listed as "threatened" or "endangered" in Dept. Conservation threatened species list (see www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001~Plants-and-Animals/006~Threatened-species/Terrestrial-invertebrate-(part-one).asp April, 2005) and three species are detailed in McGuinness (2001). Further studies such as those of Springett & Grey (1998) are required. Currently I seek funding to complete my database into an interactive guide to species, to use to conduct surveys in New Zealand. Some of the changes in Blakemore (2004) from Lee (1959) are: • Microscolex macquariensis (Beddard, 1896) is removed from the list because it is known only from Macquarie Island, which is now claimed as Australian territory (see Blakemore, 2000b). • Megascolides orthostichon (Schmarda, 1861) is removed from the fauna as Fletcher (1886: 524) reported that “on the authority of Captain Hutton” this species was not from New Zealand and may be from Mt Wellington in Tasmania (see Blakemore, 2000b). -
An Integrative Taxonomic Approach to the Identification of Three New New Zealand Endemic Earthworm Species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta)
Zootaxa 2994: 21–32 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) An integrative taxonomic approach to the identification of three new New Zealand endemic earthworm species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta) STEPHANE BOYER1,3, ROBERT J. BLAKEMORE2 & STEVE D. WRATTEN1 1Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, New Zealand 2National Museum of Science and Nature in Tokyo, Japan 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This work adds three new species to the ca. 200 currently known from New Zealand. In Acanthodrilidae is Maoridrilus felix and in Octochaetidae are Deinodrilus gorgon and Octochaetus kenleei. All three are endemics that often have restrict- ed ranges; however, little is yet known of their distribution, ecology nor conservation status. DNA barcoding was conduct- ed, which is the first time that New Zealand endemic holotypes have been so characterized. The barcoding region COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) as well as the 16S rDNA region were sequenced using tissue from the holotype specimen to provide indisputable uniqueness of the species. These DNA sequences are publically available on GenBank to allow accurate cross checking to verify the identification of other specimens or even to identify specimens on the basis of their DNA sequences alone. Based on their 16S rDNA sequences, the position of the three newly described species in the phy- logeny of New Zealand earthworms was discussed. The description of new species using this approach is encouraged, to provide a user-friendly identification tool for ecologists studying diverse endemic faunas of poorly known earthworm species. -
Molecular Identification and Distribution of Native and Exotic
Molecular identification and distribution of native and exotic earthworms in New Zealand human-modified soils Young-Nam Kim, Nicholas Dickinson, Mike Bowie, Brett Robinson, Stéphane Boyer To cite this version: Young-Nam Kim, Nicholas Dickinson, Mike Bowie, Brett Robinson, Stéphane Boyer. Molecular iden- tification and distribution of native and exotic earthworms in New Zealand human-modified soils. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, The New Zealand Ecological Society, 2017, 41 (2), pp.218-225. 10.20417/nzjecol.41.23. hal-02303406 HAL Id: hal-02303406 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02303406 Submitted on 2 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 218 New Zealand Journal of Ecology,DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.41.23 Vol. 41, No. 2, 2017 Molecular identification and distribution of native and exotic earthworms in New Zealand human-modified soils Young-Nam Kim1, Nicholas Dickinson1, Mike Bowie1, Brett Robinson2 and Stephane Boyer1,3* 1Department of Ecology, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand 2 Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand 3Applied Molecular Solutions Research Group, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published online: 1 March 2017 Abstract: Important knowledge gaps remain with regards to the ecology and the systematics of New Zealand’s native earthworms. -
Response of Endemic and Exotic Earthworm Communities to Ecological Restoration
Response of endemic and exotic earthworm communities to ecological restoration. Running head: Endemic or exotic earthworms after restoration Stéphane Boyer1,2,3*, Young-Nam Kim3, Mike H. Bowie3, Marie-Caroline Lefort1,2, Nicholas M. Dickinson3, 1Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, 139 Carrington Road, Mt Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand 2Bio-Protection Research Centre, PO Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand. 3Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, PO Box 85084,Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Authors contribution SB conceived the study, coordinated the sampling and wrote the manuscript; SB, YNK conducted molecular analyses and identified the specimens based on morphology; SB, YNK, MB, NMD collected and hand sorted the specimens in the field; SB, MCL performed the statistical analyses; SB, YNK, MB, MCL, NMD edited the publication. Implication for practice • Restoration of native vegetation in New Zealand leads to increased recolonization of endemic earthworm that disappeared following conversion to agriculture • Restoration of natural vegetation does not cause the disappearance of exotic earthworms, which persist for at least 30 years • The proportion of endemic versus exotic earthworm (based on either abundance or biomass) were the best indicators of restoration age and likely good predictors of restoration success • Native and exotic earthworms coexist under restored vegetation in New Zealand • Continued spread of exotic earthworms through agricultural land may be detrimental to endemic species Abstract PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2017v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 3 May 2016, publ: 3 May 2016 1 New Zealand has 23 exotic and more than 200 endemic earthworm species. -
Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea)
Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 2013, 44(2): 107–127 The major megadrile families of the World reviewed again on their taxonomic types (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) R. J. BLAKEMORE Robert J. Blakemore, C/- Biodiversity Lab., Dept. Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, S. Korea E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. A critique of recent clado-molecular phylogenies notes shortcomings of starting materials, methods applied, and, therefore, their conclusions; hence this review. A new group, Exquisiclitellata, is newly defined as those ‘non-crassiclitellate’ members of the superorder Megadrilacea (viz., Moniligastridae Claus, 1880, plus Alluroididae Michaelsen, 1900 and Syngenodrilidae Smith & Green, 1919). Support for restitution and elevation of American Diplocardiinae Michaelsen, 1900 and Argilophilini Fender & McKey-Fender, 1990 are again raised. ICZN priority requires revival of Typhoeus Beddard, 1883 over synonym Eutyphoeus Michaelsen, 1900 and the sub-family Typhoeinae (corr. of Typhaeinae Benham, 1890) is re- established. Hoplochaetellinae sub-family nov. is proposed as a development of Octochaetidae s. lato in India. Wegeneriellinae sub-fam. nov. accommodates the holoic members of a restricted Neogastrini Csuzdi, 1996 from W. Africa and S. America. Caribbean family Exxidae Blakemore, 2000 and related Trigastrinae Michaelsen, 1900 are both retained. A contingency table of Megascolecidae s. stricto sub-families and types is presented with some revived and a few new sub- families proposed, particularly from Australasia. These are Diporochaetinae, Megascolidesinae, Celeriellinae, and Woodwardiellinae sub-fams. nov. Synonymy of Perichaetidae Claus, 1880 over Megascolecidae Rosa, 1891 is deferred for reasons of nomenclatural stability. For the large African family Eudrilidae Claus, 1880, a new sub-family, Polytoreutinae, is advanced and the status of abandoned Teleudrilini Michaelsen, 1891 and overlooked Hippoperidae Taylor, 1949 are noted. -
Earthworms (Annelida: Clitellata: Megadrili) of Solan, a Constituent of Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, India
Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 63 (1): 19–50 (2020) doi: 10.3897/travaux.63.e49099 CHECKLIST Earthworms (Annelida: Clitellata: Megadrili) of Solan, a constituent of Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, India Shakoor Ahmed1, 2, Jatinder Mohan Julka2, Hirdesh Kumar1 1 Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India 2 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India Corresponding author: Shakoor Ahmed ([email protected]) Received 4 December 2019 | Accepted 9 March 2020 | Published 30 June 2020 Citation: Ahmed S, Julka JM, Kumar H (2020) Earthworms (Annelida: Clitellata: Megadrili) of Solan, a constituent of Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, India. Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 63(1): 19–50. https://doi.org/10.3897/travaux.63.e49099 Abstract The present work is an update on the earthworm fauna of Solan District, Himachal Pradesh State, a constituent of Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. It is based on the field collection and published litera- ture data. Hereby, it is provided an updated list of 32 species belonging to 18 genera and seven families, namely Moniligastridae, Lumbricidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Benhamiidae, Octochaetidae and Megascolecidae. These mainly include exotic and native peregrine species, including exotic per- egrine Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895), which was recently recorded for the first time from India. A systematic account of earthworm species with their distribution and a dichotomous key is provided for their identification. Keywords dichotomous key, distribution, endemic, exotic, native, taxonomy Introduction The exploration of earthworm fauna in the state Himachal Pradesh dates back to 1907, when Michaelsen described Perionychella simlaensis (=Perionyx simlaensis) Copyright Ahmed, Julka & Kumar. -
Seasonal Distribution and Abundance of Earthworms (Annelida
OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Seasonal distribution and abundance of earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) in relation to the edaphic factors around Udupi Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), Udupi District, southwestern coast of India T.S. Harish Kumar, M. Siddaraju, C.H. Krishna Bhat & K.S. Sreepada 26 March 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 3 | Pages: 11432-11442 10.11609/jot.3806.10.3.11432-11442 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies and Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints contact <[email protected]> Threatened Taxa Seasonal distributon and abundance of earthwormsJournal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2018 | 10(3): 11432–11442Kumar et al. Seasonal distribution and abundance of earthworms Communication (Annelida: Oligochaeta) in relation to the edaphic factors ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) around Udupi Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Udupi District, southwestern coast of India OPEN ACCESS T.S. -
Effects of Stock Type, Irrigation and Effluent Dispersal on Earthworm
G Model PEDOBI 50442 No. of Pages 7 Pedobiologia xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Pedobiologia - Journal of Soil Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/pedobi Effects of stock type, irrigation and effluent dispersal on earthworm species composition, densities and biomasses in New Zealand pastures 2, 1,2 B.O. Manono *, H. Moller Centre for Sustainability: Agriculture, Food, Energy, Environment, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: We investigated the effects of grazing stock, irrigation and effluent dispersal on earthworm species Received 16 June 2015 compositions, densities and biomasses in 615 locations across 41 farms in the Waitaki Basin, New Received in revised form 15 September 2015 Zealand, between April and September 2012. No native megascolecid earthworms were found, but four Accepted 15 September 2015 introduced European species were encountered. Among earthworms collected, Aporrectodea caliginosa accounted for 70% of the total, 23% were Lumbricus rubellus and 4% Aporrectodea longa. When compared Keywords: with untreated locations, total earthworm density was higher by 42% in effluent only locations and 72% in Irrigation irrigated only locations. Maximum densities and biomasses occurred where both effluent and irrigation Effluent dispersal were applied. L. rubellus density was 32% higher in effluent only locations, 123% higher in irrigated only Agricultural intensification locations and 180% higher in effluent and irrigated locations than untreated locations. A. longa occurred in Earthworm density Earthworm biomass 24% of the sampled locations and appeared to be suppressed in irrigated locations. -
5.1 Noke Engineering Our Soils Scott Bartlam (Manaaki Whenua)
TE REO O TE REPO – THE VOICE OF THE WETLAND NOKE | EARTHWORMS 81 5.1 NOKE ENGINEERING OUR SOILS SCOTT BARTLAM (MANAAKI WHENUA) ___________________________________________ The importance of noke ___________________________________________ Noke in our repo ___________________________________________ Monitoring on West Maurea Island, Waikato River ___________________________________________ Monitoring noke – considerations for building your own monitoring framework ___________________________________________ Want to learn more? ___________________________________________ TE REO O TE REPO – THE VOICE OF THE WETLAND NOKE | EARTHWORMS 82 He painga tō te noke Even earthworms have their value (good things take time) THE IMPORTANCE OF NOKE Earthworms around the world are known to be extremely important in building new soil, keeping soils resilient to droughts, recycling leaf-litter/organic matter, and as food for many animal species. Aotearoa New Zealand has more than 200 species of native earthworms or noke (also known as toke) with many more of our diverse native noke species yet to be discovered and named. Some of our incredible noke can glow in the dark, possibly to scare away foraging kiwi and other hungry predators. We also have some extremely small noke, about 15 mm long and other species that are huge, up to 1.4 m long! Noke constantly burrow and recycle nutrients in our Noke (Megascolides maoricus). Photo: Gonzalo Giribet forest soils and is a crucial element in keeping our native plants, birds, and other animals thriving. Our forest noke living below the ground appear to be intrinsically connected to the forests above the ground, so when the native forest is cleared and converted to In North America, Hawaii, and Eurasia some of the intensive agriculture, native noke die. -
Conservation Status of New Zealand Earthworms, 2014
NEW ZEALAND THREAT CLASSIFICATION SERIES 10 Conservation status of New Zealand earthworms, 2014 Thomas R. Buckley, Stéphane Boyer, Scott Bartlam, Rod Hitchmough, Jeremy Rolfe and Ian Stringer Cover: Megascolides equestris, Aorangi Island, Poor Knights Islands. Photo: David Seldon. New Zealand Threat Classification Series is a scientific monograph series presenting publications related to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS). Most will be lists providing NZTCS status of members of a plant or animal group (e.g. algae, birds, spiders). There are currently 23 groups, each assessed once every 3 years. After each three-year cycle there will be a report analysing and summarising trends across all groups for that listing cycle. From time to time the manual that defines the categories, criteria and process for the NZTCS will be reviewed. Publications in this series are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. This report is available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in our catalogue on the website, refer www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science & technical. © Copyright May 2015, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 2324–1713 (web PDF) ISBN 978–0–478–15038–4 (web PDF) This report was prepared for publication by the Publishing Team; editing and layout by Lynette Clelland. Publication was approved by the Deputy Director-General, Science and Capability, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Published by Publishing Team, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, The Terrace, Wellington 6143, New Zealand. In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. CONTENTS Abstract 1 1. Summary 2 2.