A Note on Some Epiphytic Plants for Their Repellent Activities Against Tribolium Castaneum Adults S.B
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EpiphyticUniv. j. zool. plants Rajshahi. against Univ. T. Vol. castaneum 28, 2010 pp. 77-80 ISSN 1023-610477 http://journals.sfu.ca/bd/index.php/UJZRU © Rajshahi University Zoological Society Scientific Note A note on some epiphytic plants for their repellent activities against Tribolium castaneum adults S.B. Chhabi1, M. Asaduzzaman1, S. Das1 and N. Islam2 1Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205; Bangladesh; 2Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh Repellents, fumigants, feeding deterrents, growth 1984), a cytotoxin from L. parasiticus (Zhou et al., inhibitors and insecticides of natural origin are 1993), and phenolics from L. longiflorus (Indrani rational alternatives to synthetic insecticides. et al., 1985) have been reported so far. Other Some plants draw a special attention for their low biological activities have also been reported, such lethal and other environment-friendly activities as, antihypertensive effect (Obatomi et al., 1996), (Talukder & Howse, 1995). Epiphytes or air plants antiviral activity of L. parasiticus (Kusumoto et al., that do not normally root in the soil but grow upon 1992), anti-diabetic properties of L. bengwensis another living plant, draw attention as a source of (Obatomi et al., 1994). V. roxburghii contains bioactive potentials. Use of these plants in the heptacosane and octacosanol that show anti- traditional system of folk medicine is well known inflammatory activity (Okuda et al., 1987). No (Mallavadhani et al., 2003). Epiphytes of information was available on the biological activity Bangladesh remain untouched from investigation of D. roxburghii. However, previous workers for their bioactive potentials. In this proposition six investigated these plants giving emphasis mostly epiphytic plants viz. Dendrophthoe falcate (L.f.) on the chemical constituents and their medicinal Ettingsh. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Drynaria profile but a very few were given touch on roxburghii (Bory) J. Sm., Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham., agricultural openings, and information on their Vanda roxburghii R. Br. and Loranthus longiflorus various biological activities is still scanty. Here Desr., were taken into consideration for evaluating repellent activity tests of these plants have been their repellent activities. attempted to evaluate their efficacy as environment-friendly pest control agents. Mallayadhani et al. (2006) mentioned that D. falcata has estrogen receptor binding activity. In Epiphytic plants D. falcata of family Loranthaceae, the Ayurvedic medicine C. reflexa is said to be C. reflexa of family Convolvulaceae, D. roxburghii useful in diseases of eye and heart (Chopra et al., of family Polypodiaceae, F. lacor of family 1956). F. lacor stem bark is used in gastric and Moraceae, V. roxburghii of family Orchidaceae ulcer (Bajracharya et al., 1978; Bhattarai et al., and L. longiflorus of family Loranthaceae were 2000; Pandey, 2001; Rai et al., 2004). Its milky collected from Rajshahi and Chapai Nawabganj latex of stem is used in typhoid and heavy fever, Districts and were identified at the Bangladesh dysentery and boils (Oli, 2001). Decoction of buds National Herbarium, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. is considered for ulcer and leucorrhoea (Chopra et The materials were dried in a well-ventilated room al. 1956), gargle in salivation (Malla, 1994), boils, under shade from 3 to 7 days and powdered in a pimples and blisters (Manandhar, 1985). Dried hand grinder. The powdered materials were buds of F. lacor are used to treat harsa (Nakarmi, weighed and placed in separate conical flasks to 2001) and seeds are tonic in nature and used in add chloroform (30g × 100ml × 3 times) and treatment of stomach disorder (Bhatt, 1977). filtration was done at 24 h interval. The output Loranthus species in semiparasitic plants are extracts were transferred to glass vials and known to produce variety of bioactive compounds; preserved in a refrigerator at 4°C until used. i.e., sesquiterpene lactones for the treatment of schizophrenia (Okuda et al., 1987) and (+)- The insect used in this study was the red flour catechin, 3,4- dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol and beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamyl alcohols for the Tenebrionidae). The stock culture was maintained in the laboratory at 30 ± 0.5ºC. The whole-wheat antimicrobial and antifungal properties (Sadik et 0 al., 2003). Many other chemical components such flour was sterilized at 60 C for 36 hours in an as triterpenoids from L. grewinkii (Rahman et al., oven. A standard mixture of whole-wheat flour and 1973), and L. falcatus (Anjaneyulu et al., 1977), powdered dry yeast in a ratio of 19:1 (Zyromska- flavonoids from the leaves of L. kaoi (Lin & Lin, Rudzka, 1966) was used as food medium. In 1999) and from L. europaeus (Harvala et al., regular intervals the eggs were collected by sieving the food medium by two sieves of 500 and 78 Chhabi et al. 250 mesh sizes for separating the adults and licheniformis, and fungi namely Aspergillus niger eggs, respectively following the methods of Khan and Trichoderma reesei (Aggarwal & Dutt, 1935). and Selman (1981). A huge number of beetles The extract of F. lacor exhibited inhibition in were thus reared to get a regular supply of the adiorespirometry assay using ACTEC system with newly formed adults. rifampin as positive control and the allied species F. retusa L., F. lacor Ham. and F. cunia Ham. ex The repellency test used was adopted from the Roxb. found potent for curing leprosy; F. religiosa method of McDonald et al. (1970) with some L., F. rumphii Bl. and F. heterophylla L. for modifications by Talukder and Howse (1993, asthma; and all these materials are used in the 1994). Half filter paper discs (Whatman No. 40, 9 folklore medicine of Puerto Rico (Kirtikar & Basu, cm diameter) were prepared and five doses 1935). The stembark of F. lacor contains (4.938, 2.469, 1.235, 0.617 and 0.309 µg cm-2) of ß-sitosterol, a-D-glucose and meso-inositol, the all the CHCl extracts were applied separately 3 leaves contain petunidin di-glycoside and onto each of the half-disc and allowed to dry out in quercentin 3-galactoside and the fruits contain the air for 10 min. Each treated half-disc was then cyanidin rhamnoglycoside and polysaccharides, attached lengthwise, edge-to-edge, to a control which have been found bioactive (Kirtikar & Basu, half-disc with adhesive tape and placed in a Petri 1935). Loranthus species are known to produce dish (9 cm dia.). Ten adult insects were released variety of bioactive compounds (Okuda et al., in the middle of each filter paper circle each dose 1987) and the antimicrobial and antifungal was tested three times. Insects that settled on properties (Sadik et al., 2003). each half of the filter paper disc were counted after 1 h and then at hourly intervals for 5 h. The Table 1. Percent repellency of T. castaneum adults by average of the counts was converted to percent` chloroform extracts of six epiphytic plants repellency (PR): PR = 2(C - 50), where C is the Plant Dose Percent repulsion (PR) percentage of insects on the untreated half of the (µg cm-2) 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h disc. Positive values expressed repellency and 4.938 60 0 -93.4 -93.4 -73.4 negative values attractant activity. The data were 2.469 -26.6 -33.4 -33.4 -13.4 31.05 finally subjected to arcsin transformation for the D. falcata 1.235 -46.6 -26.6 -40 -33.4 -33.4 calculation of ANOVA and interpretation for the 0.617 20 20 13.4 33.4 26.6 0.309 -6.6 -13.4 -20 -13.4 -20 repellency was made by the F values through 5, 1 4.938 80 73.4 93.4 100 100 and 0.1% levels of significance. 2.469 100 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 C. reflexa 1.235 73.4 93.4 86.6 80 86.6 The repellent activity results of the six epiphytes 0.617 6.6 -20 33.4 20 13.4 against T. castaneum were promising since five 0.309 80 86.6 66.6 53.4 80 test materials among six found strongly effective 4.938 100 86.6 73.4 100 100 (Table 1 and 2). Except the D. falcata extract 2.469 66.6 26.6 53.4 46.6 40 D. C. reflexa, D. roxburghii, F. lacor, V. roxburghii roxburghii 1.235 93.4 100 100 93.4 93.4 and L. longiflorus extracts were found potent and 0.617 33.4 26.6 33.4 33.4 33.4 their repellency due to differences between doses 0.309 66.6 26.6 33.4 40 26.6 4.938 33.4 46.6 46.6 40 33.4 were highly significant (P<0.001), however, 2.469 53.4 66.6 46.6 53.4 60 differences between time intervals for all the F. lacor 1.235 46.6 60 73.4 53.4 66.6 epiphytic extracts were statistically non-significant 0.617 13.4 13.4 26.6 6.6 -6.6 (P >0.05). According to the intensity of repellency 0.309 73.4 60 80 93.4 53.4 the extracts could be arranged in a descending 4.938 -6.6 -46.6 0 6.6 -6.6 2.469 93.4 100 100 100 100 order as: V. roxburghii>L. longiflorus> D. roxburghii> V. C. reflexa> F. lacor. These findings are supported roxburghii 1.235 40 53.4 40 40 53.4 0.617 6.6 0 6.6 0 -13.4 by some previous workers, however none of the 0.309 26.6 13.4 46.6 53.4 46.6 biological activities reported was on repellency by 4.938 60 40 46.6 60 46.6 any of the six test plants.