Lassen Volcanic National Park Weed Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for Maps and Photos
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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Lassen Volcanic Lassen Volcanic National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park Weed Management Plan and Environmental Assessment March 2008 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Lassen Volcanic Lassen Volcanic National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park Weed Management Plan and Environmental Assessment March 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR TAKING ACTION ..............................................................................................................5 1.2 DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................................................7 1.3 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................................7 1.4 COMPLIANCE.........................................................................................................................................................9 1.5 LEGAL AUTHORITIES FOR THIS PLAN......................................................................................................................9 1.6 PRIMARY ISSUES ..................................................................................................................................................10 2.0 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LAND MANAGEMENT POLICIES..............................................................11 2.1 NATIONAL PARK POLICY.....................................................................................................................................11 2.2 GENERAL AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES...........................................................12 2.3 HOW THIS PLAN WILL MEET GMP, RMP AND FMP GOALS .................................................................................13 3.0 ALTERNATIVES .....................................................................................................................................................14 3.1 ALTERNATIVE 1 – NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE, CONTINUE WITH CURRENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS ..................14 3.2 ALTERNATIVE 2 – PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE, INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN .....................................17 3.3 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT REJECTED .......................................................................................................25 3.4 ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................25 4.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................27 4.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES .........................................................................................................................................27 4.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES .....................................................................................................................................28 4.3 ARCHEOLOGY................................................................................................................................................34 4.4 VISITOR EXPERIENCES .........................................................................................................................................35 4.5 PARK OPERATIONS...............................................................................................................................................36 4.6 WILDERNESS VALUES.........................................................................................................................................36 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ...........................................................................................................37 5.1 CONCEPT OF IMPACT ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................37 5.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS .........................................................................................................................................39 5.3 IMPACT ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................................................40 5.4 MITIGATIONS.......................................................................................................................................................48 6.0 CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION .....................................................................................................50 6.1 PERSONS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND AGENCIES CONSULTED .....................................................................................50 6.2 LIST OF PREPARERS .............................................................................................................................................50 6.3 PERSONS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND AGENCIES WHO RECEIVED THIS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.......................50 7.0 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................................................53 8.0 APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................................57 8.1 MAP ....................................................................................................................................................................58 8.2 PRIORITIZATION OF EXOTIC SPECIES ...................................................................................................................59 8.3 NON-NATIVE PLANTS KNOWN TO OCCUR WITHIN OR IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK.........................................................................................................................................................................62 8.4 LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK WEED MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL .............................................................63 8.5 SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR TARGETED WEEDS ..................................................................................75 8.6 FORMS USED IN COLLECTING MONITORING DATA ...............................................................................................105 8.7 PLANNING PROCESS...........................................................................................................................................106 8.8 HERBICIDE USE PROTOCOLS AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................................................109 8.9 RELATIVE AQUIFER VULNERABILITY EVALUATION (RAVE) MODEL..................................................................121 8.10 WILTING TREATMENT......................................................................................................................................127 8.11 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .....................................................................................................................131 8.12 PLANT SPECIES OF CONCERN ...........................................................................................................................140 8.13 MINIMUM REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS WORKSHEET...........................................................................................141 8.14 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................................143 Lassen Volcanic National Park 4 Weed Management Plan and Environmental Assessment March 2008 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR TAKING ACTION The increase in distribution and dominance of exotic species has lead to competition with native species and the disruption of ecological systems (Vitousek 1986; Lovich and others 1994). Unique geomorphic sites and plant communities are particularly vulnerable to the invasion of exotic species. Systems limited by water and nutrients, such as arid lands, riparian areas, and springs play an integral role in flora and fauna composition and are the primary sites for disturbance by agriculture, ranching, and urbanization (Asplund and Gooch 1988; Atchley and others 1999). .The disruption of the geomorphological and hydrological processes by land-use practices affect the diversity of the physical environment. Successful exotic species have several characteristics in common: (1) their native habitat and the “reception” area are similar in climate, plant lifeforms, and soil; (2) they have a generalized seed dispersal mechanism (wind, water, or animal) allowing it to be carried to the “reception” area and spread; (3) they are successful in areas where few native species reproduce successfully by seed (Baker 1986); (4) they have rapid growth, flowers early, and produces a large number of seeds; (5) they have a wide range of phenotypic “plasticity” (6) its germination “polymorphism” allows some seeds to germinate immediately and others to germinate much later; and (7) their seeds have the ability to establish within a wide range of photoperiods and temperature conditions (Baker 1965; Mulligan 1965; Pimental 1986). Communities with a high frequency of disturbance and/or are adjacent to disturbed land, such as grasslands, riparian areas, waterways, roadsides, sand dunes, and some forests, are highly