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A Content Analysis of Gender Themes in Full-Length Animated Disney Feature Films

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A Content Analysis of Gender Themes in Full-Length Animated Disney Feature Films South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 The Gendered World of Disney: A Content Analysis of Gender Themes in Full-length Animated Disney Feature Films Beth A. Wiersma South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the American Film Studies Commons, American Popular Culture Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, Sociology Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wiersma, Beth A., "The Gendered World of Disney: A Content Analysis of Gender Themes in Full-length Animated Disney Feature Films" (2000). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1906. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1906 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Gendered World of Disney: A Content Analysis of Gender Themes in Full-Length Animated Disney Feature Films BY Beth A. Wiersma A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillmeni of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Major in Sociology South Dakota State University 2000 11 The Gendered World of Disney: A Content Analysis of Gender Themes in Full-Length Animated Disney Feature Films This dissertation is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree and is. acceptable for meeting the dissertation requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this dissertation does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. Or.' Donna l-fess Dissertation Advisor Date Dr. Donna Hess Head, Sociology Date Ill Abstract The Gendered World of Disney: A Content Analysis of Gender Themes in Full-Length Animated Disney Feature Films Beth A. Wiersma December 1, 2000 Research has focused on the gender messages portrayed in television programs, cartoons, advertisements, literature, picture books, and fairy tales. One venue that has not received as much attention in the research is the Disney 1 full-length animated feature films. This is a qualitative study of the gender themes and portrayal of gender roles in full-length animated feature films by The Walt Disney Company. The findings in this research indicate there has been little change in the stereotyped portrayals of Disney characters from the release of the first full-length animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 to the release of Toy Story in 1995. Male characters continue to outnumber female characters. Women are portrayed as performing more in-home labor, less out-of-home employment, and hold little familial or societal power. Small changes are noted in the presentation of character traits for both male and female characters. Perspectives from the sociology of knowledge and the social 1 Disney and The Walt (?isney Companyare registered trademarks of The Walt Disney CorJ!pany. IV construction of reality serve as a theoretical framework to explain Disney's continual stereotyped portrayalof gender roles. Within this framework this study demonstrates how the abstract processes of objectification and legitimation occur in the production of gender typifications in the Disney films. The study concludes with a discussion of emerging gender themes and suggestions for future research concerning Disney films. V TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acceptance Page .................................................................................................. ii Abstract.................... ............................................................................................ iii List of Tables.. .........................- ............................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 The Problem ............................................................................................... 2 Purpose of Study............................. ................................................ � .......... 3 Significanceof Study .................................................................................. 4 Looking Forward......................... ............................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review................................ .......................· ........................ 6 Introduction ................................................................................................ 6 Socialization and Gender Roles ................................................................. 6 Gender and the Media.......... ...................................................................... 7 Gender Typifications .................................................................................. 9 Summary .................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 3 Theoretical Perspective................. ................................................. 14 Introductions.......... ................................................. � .................................. 14 · The Social Construction Framework ........................................................ 16 Phases in the Social Construction of Reality........................... ................. 17 Phase I: Externalization.. ........................' .. ..................................... 18 Phase II: Objectivation.... ............................................................... 19 vi Phase Ill: Internalization ................................................................ 23 Phase IV: Renovation .................................................................... 27 The Social Construction of Reality and Disney Films ............................... 30 Summary .................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 4 Methodology .................................................................................... 35 Introduction .................................. � ..........................................·................. 35 Population and Sample ............................................................................ 36 Design of this Study ................................................................................. 38 Data Collection and Categorization .......................................................... 39 Coding the Characters ............................................................................. 41 Character Traits and Indicators ................................................................ 43 Data Reduction and Analysis ................................................................... 45 Reliability of the Coding Frame ................................................................ 46 Chapter 5 Findings ........................................................................................... 47 Male to Female Ratios ............................................................................. 47 Categories of Female Characters ............................................................ 49 Physical Appearance of Female Characters ............................................ 51 Categories of male Characters and Physical Appearance ....................... 54 In-Home Labor ......................................................................................... 58 Out-of-Home Employment. ....................................................................... 61 Societal Power ...........................· ........ �........ .............................................. 64 Familial Power............. .......... · .......... � ........................................................ 67 vu Emerging Themes .................................................................................... 69 Terms Used to Refer to Women .................................................... 69 Descriptors of Female Characters ................................................. 70 Physical Appearance Descriptors: Female Characters ................. 71 Physical Appearance Descriptors: Male Characters.............. ........ 74 Rescues: Female Characters ........................................................ 76 Rescues: Male Characters ............................................................ 79 Emotional Characters....... ........................................................................ 81 Crying: Female Characters ............................................................ 81 Crying: Male Characters ................................................................ 84 Female Dependency on Males...... ........................................................... 85 Bravery and Strength: Male Characters ................................................... 87 Bravery and Strength: Female Characters ............................................... 89 Flirting ...................................................................................................... 91 Heterosexual Couplings ........................................................................... 96 Human Couples ............................................................................
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