2844 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756

This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Probability Of -3 River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Karun-3 Dam

Zaniar Tokmechi

Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, .

Zaniar Tokmechi: The Probability Of Karun-3 River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Karun-3 Dam.

ABSTRACT

Karun-3 dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Karun river in the province of Khuzestan, Iran. It was built to help meet Iran's energy demands as well as to provide flood control. The Karun has the highest discharge of Iran's rivers. Historically Khuzestan is what historians refer to as ancient , whose capital was in . The Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiya, which is present in the modern name. Khuzistan, meaning the Land of the Khuzi refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the Susian people, Old Persian Huza or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb of King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription as Hauja or Huja. This is in conformity with the same evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed the name Sindh into Hind /Hindustan. In Middle Persian the term evolves into Khuz and Kuzi The pre-Islamic Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of the province as Khwuzestan. In this paper, the probability of environmental pollution due to heavy metals caused by Karun-3 dam failure is studied. Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. Different dam cross sections and various loading conditions are considered to study the effects of these factors on the seismic behavior of the dam. Results show that the effect of the highest cross section is not the most significant for heavy metals pollution at the dam down stream. Pollution coefficient due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always the determinant pollution. While, in all sections Sx and Sy are the determinant parameter affecting downstream heavy metal pollution and normally are bigger than Sz. And, Sz which can never be a determinant. According to results, when the earthquake accelerations are bigger, maximum pollution coefficient due to tensile stress at dam basement is increased. While, the pollution due the maximum compressive stress at dam basement depends on both earthquake acceleration and loading condition.

Key words: Environmental pollution, Seismic Response, Karun-3 dam, ZENGAR, FEM.

Introduction Basra Province and the . Its capital is Ahwaz and covers an area of 63,238 km². Other The Karun-3 dam is a concrete double arch major cities include , Abadan, , type, 205 m (673 ft) high from the foundation and , Bandar Imam, , , 185 m (607 ft) high from the river bed. Its foundation , , Baq-e-Malek, Mah Shahr, Dasht-i width is 29.5 m (97 ft). Figure 1 shows Karun-3 dam. Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, , , Khozestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It Susa, Masjed Soleiman, and Hoveizeh. is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Figure 2 shows the place of Khozestan in Iran.

Corresponding Author Zaniar Tokmechi, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +98-918-873-1933, Fax: +98-871-3229437 2845 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

Fig. 1: Karun-3 Dam

Fig. 2: Khozestan Place in Iran

The seismic action on dams is the most important According to the statistics, the construction to be considered in dams safety studies and its effects regions in many areas, are notable for their high on the environmental pollution [13]. In 21st century, environmental pollution [12,10,11]. Therefore, hydraulic power exploitation and hydraulic environmental studies affected by the seismic safety of engineering construction have been improved in many large dams is one of the key problems that need to be countries. Some high dams over 200m, even 300m in solved in the design of dams. While, difficulties exist height, have been built in many areas of the world [7]. in determining the seismic response of dams [13]. The Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into most important difficulty is dams complex geometry a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, and forms, motivated by the topography and harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical geotechnical character of the implantation zone and systems or living organisms [8,1]. Pollution can take controlling the project pollution effects. the form of chemical substances or energy, such as According to the previous studies, usually 2D noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of models corresponding to the higher section the dam pollution, can be foreign substances or energies [2] or have been used in the structural seismic analyses of the naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are dams (Fenves and Chopra, 1984). While, normally considered contaminants when they exceed natural there is a lot of variation in the dam foundation leve[3,6]. Pollution is often classed as point source or geometry which can be extremely make the study of no point source pollution. the dam downstream pollution difficult. Pollution has always been with us. According to In this paper, the probability of environmental articles in different journals soot found on ceilings of pollution caused by Karun-3 dam failure is studied. prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate analyze the probability of pollution at dam ventilation of open fires. The forging of metals appears downstream. Different dam cross sections and various to be a key turning point in the creation of significant loading conditions are considered to study the effects air pollution levels outside the home. (Core samples of of these factors on the probability of environmental glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution pollution due to seismic behavior of the dam. associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production.

2846 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

Materials and Methods became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River Karun is navigable all the way to Karun-3 Dam: Ahwaz (above which, it flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar Karun-3 dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Karun king, Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, river in the province of Khuzestan, Iran. It was built to Naseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahwaz/Naseri help meet Iran's energy demands as well as to provide prospered to the present day. flood control. The Karun has the highest discharge of Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in Iran's rivers. Iran's parliament, the Majlis, and 6 representatives in The purpose of the dam is for power generation the Assembly of Experts. and flood control. The Karun III power generators are connected to the national power network as the peak Etymology: power generation. With this power plant being operated, with the capacity of 2,280 MW, and an Khouzi is referred to as people who make raw average annual electric power generation of 4,137 sugar from sugar cane fields of northern Sassanian GWh, a major portion of the electric power shortage in planes up to Dez River side in Dezful. Khouzhestan the country will be met. has been the land of Khouzhies who used to cultivate The arch dam design is an ideal one for a dam sugar cane even to day in .The name built in a narrow, rocky gorge to hold back water in a Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi", refers to reservoir. Because of the arch shape, the force of the the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" backed up water presses downward against the dam people (Old Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" and has the effect of strengthening the dam foundation. (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) in the same evolutionary manner that Old Persian changed the Khozestan Province: name Sindh into Hind"). The name of the city of Ahwaz also has the same origin as the name Historically Khuzestan is what historians refer to Khuzestan., being an Arabic broken plural from the as ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The compound name, "Suq al-Ahwaz" (Market of the Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiya, Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced which is present in the modern name. Khuzistan, the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times. meaning the Land of the Khuzi refers to the original The southern half of the province (south of the inhabitants of this province, the Susian people, Old Ahwaz Ridge) was still known as "The Khudhi or The Persian Huza or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb khooji" until the reign of the Safavid king Tahmasp I of King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of and the 16th century. By the 17th century, it had come the Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription to be known—at least to the imperial Safavid chancery as Hauja or Huja. This is in conformity with the same as Arabistan. The great history of Alamara-i Abbasi by evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed Iskandar Beg Munshi, written during the reign of Shah the name Sindh into Hind /Hindustan. In Middle Abbas I the Great, regularly refers to the southern half Persian the term evolves into Khuz and Kuzi The pre- of the province as "Arabistan" and its ruler as the "wali Islamic Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of of Arabistan," from whence Shah Abbas received the province as Khwuzestan. troops. Some tribes from as far away as Yemen had The Persians settlers had by the 6th century BC, settled the southern half of the province since the 7th mixed with the native Elamite population. The century AD, giving rise to some of the most prominent assimilation, however, does not seem to have Arab poets such as Abu Nuwas Ahwazi. They remain concluded until after the Islamic invasion of the 7th an integral part of Khuzistan up to now. century, when the Muslim writers still mention Khuzi There has been many attempts at finding other to be the primary language of the inhabitant of the sources for the name, none however being tenable. province. The seat of the province has for the most of its Geography And Climate: history been in the northern reaches of the land, first at Susa (Shush) and then at Shushtar. During a short spell The province of Khuzestan can be basically in the Sasanian era, the capital of the province was divided into two regions, the rolling hills and moved to its geographical center, where the river town mountainous regions north of the Ahwaz Ridge, and of Hormuz-Ardasher, founded over the foundation of the plains and marsh lands to its south. The area is the ancient Hoorpahir by Ardashir I, the founder of the irrigated by the Karoun, Karkheh, Jarahi and Maroun Sassanid Dynasty in 3rd century AD. This town is now rivers. The northern section maintains a Persian (Lur, known as Ahwaz. However, later in the Sasanian time Bakhtiari, Khuzi) majority, while the southern section and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat had an Arabic speaking majority until the great flood returned and stayed at Shushter, until the late Qajar of job seekers from all over Iran inundated the oil and period. With the increase in the international sea commerce centers on the coasts of the Persian Gulf commerce arriving on the shores of Khuzistan, Ahwaz since the 1940s. Presently, Khouzestan has several

2847 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

minority and ethnic groups of Lors-Bakhtiyaris- ghashghayee- Arabs and Persians from periods of History history that arabs were not mentioned anywhere. Khuzestan has great potentials for agricultural Pre-Islamic History: expansion, which is almost unrivaled by the country's other provinces. Large and permanent rivers flow over The province of Khuzestan is one of the centers the entire territory contributing to the fertility of the of ancient civilization, based around Susa. The first land. Karun, Iran's most effluent river, 850 kilometers large scale empire based here was that of the powerful long, flows into the Persian Gulf through this province. 4th millennium BC Elamites. The agricultural potential of most of these rivers, Archeological ruins verify the entire province of however, and particularly in their lower reaches, is Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization, a hampered by the fact that their waters carry salt, the non-Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking amount of which increases as the rivers flow away kingdom, and "the earliest civilization of Persia". from the source mountains and hills. In case of the As was stated in the preceding section, the name Karun, a single tributary river, Rud-i Shur ("Salty Khuzestan is derived from the Elamites (Ūvja). River") that flows into the Karun above Shushtar In fact, in the words of Elton L. Daniel, the contributes most of the salt that the river carries. As Elamites were "the founders of the first Iranian empire such, the freshness of the Karun waters can be greatly in the geographic sense." Hence the central enhanced if the Rud-i Shur could be diverted away geopolitical significance of Khuzestan, the seat of from the Karun. The same applies to the Jarahi and Iran's first empire. Karkheh in their lower reaches. Only the Marun is In 640 BC, the Elamites were defeated by exempt from this. Ashurbanipal coming under the rule of the Assyrians The climate of Khuzestan is generally hot and who brought destruction upon Susa and Chogha occasionally humid, particularly in the south, while Zanbil. But in 538 BC Cyrus the Great was able to re- winters are much more pleasant and dry. Summertime conquer the Elamite lands. The city of Susa was then temperatures routinely exceed 50 degrees Celsius proclaimed as one of the Achaemenid capitals. Darius (record striking temperatures of over 60 degrees air the Great then erected a grand palace known as temperature also occur with up to 90 degrees surface Apadana there in 521 BC. But this astonishing period temperature) and in the winter it can drop below of glory and splendor of the Achaemenian dynasty freezing, with occasional snowfall, all the way south to came to an end by the conquests of Alexander of Ahwaz. is known to master the Macedon. And after Alexander, the Seleucid dynasty hottest temperatures on record for a populated city ruled the area. Figure 3 and 4 show some historical anywhere in the world. Many sandstorms and dust places in Khozestan. storms are frequent with the arid and dessert style terrains.

Fig. 3: Daniel's shrine, located in Khuzestan

Fig. 4: The ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil

2848 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

As the Seleucid dynasty weakened, Mehrdad I the model the earthquake loading condition (Omran and Parthian (171-137 BC), gained ascendency over the Tokmechi, 2008). According to this method, region. During the Sassanid dynasty this area thrived hydrodynamic pressure of water can be derived by the tremendously and flourished, and this dynasty was equation 1. responsible for the many constructions that were erected P  C. . wH (1) in Ahwaz, Shushtar, and the north of Andimeshk. h During the early years of the reign of Shapyyyur II where αh is the maximum horizontal acceleration of (A.D. 309 or 310-379), Arabs crossed the Persian Gulf the earthquake, γw is water mass density , H is the water from Bahrain to "Ardashir-Khora" of Fars and raided the depth and C is a coefficient which is given by: interior. In retaliation, Shapur II led an expedition Cm Z Z Z Z through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the C  ( (2  )  (2  ) (2) Arab tribes of "Taghleb", "Bakr bin Wael", and "Abd 2 H H H H Al-Qays" and advanced temporarily into Yamama in where Z is the depth of the point from the water surface central Najd. The Sassanids resettled these tribes in and Cm is a coefficient which is given by: Kerman and Ahwaz. Arabs named Shapur II, as "Shabur 90   Dhul-aktāf" after this battle. Cm  0.73( ) (3) 90 The existence of prominent scientific and cultural where is the upstream slope. centers such as Academy of Gundishapur which The inertia load due to the vertical acceleration of gathered distinguished medical scientists from Egypt, the earthquake can be also given by: India, and Rome, shows the importance and prosperity of this region during this era. The Jondi-Shapur Medical E  v.W (4) School was founded by the order of Shapur I. It was repaired and restored by Shapur II (a.k.a. Zol-Aktaf: where αv is the maximum vertical acceleration of "The Possessor of Shoulder Blades") and was completed the earthquake and W is the weight of the dam. and expanded during the reign of Anushirvan. In this study, a sample earthquake condition properties have been taken as shown in Table 1 (Omran and Earthquake and ZENGAR Method: Tokmechi, 2008). Also, eight different loading conditions, mentioned in Table 2, have been considered Earthquake as a special and challengeable load to study the seismic response of the dam (Omran and condition is one of the most significant loads that is Tokmechi, 2008). considered in the dam designing and its effects could not be negligible. In this paper, ZENGAR method is used to

Table 1. Earthquake Condition Earthquake Level Maximum Horizontal Acc. (g) Maximum Vertical Acc. (g) DBL 0.28 0.20 MDL 0.34 0.25 MCL 0.67 0.55

Table 2. Loading Conditions Loading Condition Body Weight Hydrostatic Pressure Uplift Pressure Earthquake LC1 * - * - LC2 * * * - LC3 * * * DBL (1st mode I) LC4 * * * DBL (2nd mode II) LC5 * * * MDL (1st mode) LC6 * * * MDL (2nd mode) LC7 * * * MCL (1st mode) LC8 * * * MCL (2nd mode) I: Earthquake inertia loading and dam body weight act in the same direction II: Earthquake inertia loading and dam body weight act in the apposite direction

Finite Element Method:

In this study, Constant Strain Triangle element is Where D is material property matrix, B is element used (Chandrupatla, 1997). Equation 5 is used to strain displacement matrix, and q is element nodal calculate the element stresses. The calculated stress is displacement from the global displacements vector Q. used as the value at the center of each element. For plane strain conditions, the material property   DBq (5 ) matrix is given by Equation 6.

2849 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

1  0  is formed using element stiffness matrix ke which is E   given by Equation 10. D    1 0  e T (1 )(1 2 ) k  te Ae B DB  0 0 1 2  (10 )  2 (6 ) In which, te and Ae are element thickness and Element strain-displacement matrix is given by element area, respectively. Equation 7. Results and Discusion y23 0 y31 0 y12 0  1 B   0 x 0 x 0 x  det J  32 13 21  Seismic Response: x y x y x y   32 23 13 31 21 12  (7) Using Finite Element, ZENGAR and probability

studies methods, study of the probability of In which, J is Jacobian matrix, and the points 5, 6, environmental pollution due to Karun-3 dam failure has and 7 are ordered in a counterclockwise manner. been done and different loading conditions were Jacobian matrix is given by Equation 8. considered. Fig. 5 to Fig. 15 show the probability of x13 y13  environmental pollution due to failure (Named PEP) J    x23 y23  caused by maximum compressive stress values in (8 ) different cross sections. The PEP due to maximum tensile stress values are also shown in Fig. 16 to Fig. 26. Global displacements vector Q is given by The PEP due to vertical stress distribution across dam Equation 9. basement due to different loading conditions are the KQ  F (9 ) other key factors for controlling dam safety, and they are shown in Fig. 27 to Fig. 37. In all Figures Sx, Sy and Sz In which, K and F are modified stiffness matrix and are stand for PEP due to stress along X, Y, and Z axis, force vector, respectively. The global stiffness matrix K respectively.

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (1st section) 120 100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 5: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (1st section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (2nd section) 50

40

30 Sx 20 Sy 10 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 6: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (2nd section)

2850 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (3rd section) 100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 7: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (3rd section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (4th section) 100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 8: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (4th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (5th section)

100.00

80.00

60.00 Sx 40.00 Sy 20.00 Sz 0.00 12345678 LC

Fig. 9: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (5th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (6th section)

100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 10: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (6th section)

2851 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (7th section)

100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 11: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (7th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (8th section) 60 50 40 30 Sx 20 Sy 10 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 12: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (8th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (9thsection) 100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 13: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (9th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (10th section) 80 70 60 50 40 Sx 30 Sy 20 10 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 14: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (10th section)

2852 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (11th section) 100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 15: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (11th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (1st section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 16: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (1st section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (2nd section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 17: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (2nd section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (3rd section)

30 25 20 Sx 15 Sy 10 Sz 5 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 18: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (3rd section)

2853 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (4th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 19: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (4th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (5th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 20: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (5th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (6th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 21: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (6th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (7th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 22: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (7th section)

2854 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (8th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 23: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (8th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (9th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 24: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (9th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (10th section)

50 40 Sx 30 Sy 20 Sz 10 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 25: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (10th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (11th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 26: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (11th section)

2855 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

PEP due to basement stress (1st section)

60.00

40.00 LC1 20.00 LC2 LC3 0.00 LC4 -20.00 Probability LC5 -40.00 LC6 -60.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 27: PEP Due To Basement Stress (1st section)

PEP due to basement stress (2nd section)

100.00 80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 LC2 20.00 LC3 0.00 -20.00 LC4

Probability -40.00 LC5 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 28: PEP Due To Basement Stress (2nd section)

PEP due to basement stress (3rd section)

100.00

50.00 LC1 LC2 0.00 LC3

-50.00 LC4

Probability LC5 -100.00 LC6 -150.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam

Fig. 29: PEP Due To Basement Stress (3rd section)

PEp due to basement stress (4th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4 -60.00

Probability LC5 -80.00 -100.00 LC6 -120.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 30: PEP Due To Basement Stress (4th section)

2856 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011

PEP due to basement stress (5th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4

Probability -60.00 LC5 -80.00 LC6 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 31: PEP Due To Basement Stress (5th section)

PEP due basement stress (6th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4 -60.00

Probability LC5 -80.00 -100.00 LC6 -120.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 32: PEP Due To Basement Stress (6th section)

PEP due to basement stress (7th section)

80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 20.00 LC2 0.00 LC3 -20.00 LC4 -40.00 Probability LC5 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 33: PEP Due To Basement Stress (7th section)

PEP due to basement stress (8th section)

40.00 30.00 20.00 LC1 10.00 LC2 0.00 LC3 -10.00 -20.00 LC4

Probability -30.00 LC5 -40.00 LC6 -50.00 -60.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 34: PEP Due To Basement Stress (8th section)

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PEP due to basement stress (9th section)

20.00

10.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 LC3 -10.00 LC4 -20.00 Probability LC5 -30.00 LC6 -40.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the da (km)

Fig. 35: PEP Due To Basement Stress (9th section)

PEP due to basement stress (10th section)

10.00

5.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 LC3 -5.00 LC4 -10.00 Probability LC5 -15.00 LC6 -20.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 36: PEP Due To Basement Stress (10th section)

PEP due to basement stress (11th section)

5.00

0.00 LC1 LC2 -5.00 LC3

-10.00 LC4

Probability LC5 -15.00 LC6 -20.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 37: PEP Due To Basement Stress (11th section)

As it can be seen from Fig. 5 to Fig. 15, the earthquake accelerations are bigger, both PEP due to PEP due to maximum compressive stress changes maximum tensile and compressive stress of dam due to different loading conditions are similar for body are increased. different cross sections. While, comparing Fig. 20, Comparing Fig. 9 and Fig. 15, it is obvious that Fig. 22 and Fig. 25 there is no response similarity for the PEP due to maximum compressive stress is not different cross sections and the PEP due to maximum developed in the highest cross section of the dam. tensile stress changes are vary from a cross section to Also, comparing Fig. 20 and Fig. 22, it is clear that another. the PEP due to maximum tensile stress develops in It is clear from Fig. 5 to Fig. 26 that the first D-D section which is smaller than E-E section. Thus, modes of the earthquake, LC3, LC5 and LC7, the highest cross section of the dam is not the most develop PEP due to bigger compressive stress. significant cross section for analyzing. While, the second modes of the earthquake, LC4, Moreover, Fig. 15 and Fig. 18 show that the LC6 and LC8, develop bigger PEP due to tensile PEP due to maximum compressive and the maximum stress. That means for the safety study of RCC dams tensile stress are not developed in the same cross both modes of earthquake should be analyzed. In section. That's why, as it is mentioned previously, all addition, Fig. 5 to Fig. 26 show that when the

2858 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011 cross sections should be analyzed to determine the earthquake inertia loading and the dam body dam PEP due to seismic response. weight act in the opposite direction, develop According to the findings, Sy is always the bigger PEP due to tensile stress. Thus, for the determinant PEP due to compressive stress. In the environmental safety study of dams both modes other word, PEP due to stress along Y axis is the of earthquake should be analyzed. biggest compressive stress and it is bigger than both (3) When the earthquake accelerations are bigger, Sx and Sz. While, the determinant PEP due to tensile both PEP due to maximum tensile and stress depends on the cross section geometry and compressive stress of dam body are increased. loading condition (Fig. 16 and Fig. 20). However, in (4) The PEP due to maximum compressive and all sections Sx and Sy are normally bigger than Sz. tensile stresses are not developed in the highest And, Sz can never be a determinant. In normal cross section of the dam. Thus, the highest loading condition, when there is no earthquake cross section of the dam is not the most loading, the determinant PEP due to tensile stress is significant cross section for analyzing. Sx, and Sy can be ignored. (5) PEP due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always The PEP due to stress distribution across the the determinant PEP due to compressive stress. dam basement under different loading conditions for While, in all sections Sx and Sy are the all cross sections are shown in Fig. 27 to Fig. 37. determinant PEP due to tensile stresses and Even though the PEP due to stress distribution for normally they are bigger than Sz. And, Sz which different conditions extremely depend on the cross can never be a determinant. section geometry and loading condition but, they can (6) In normal loading condition, when there is no be divided into the groups for similar cross section. earthquake loading, the determinant PEP due to For example, as it can be seen from Fig. 30 to Fig. tensile stress is Sx, and Sy can be ignored. 32, there are some similarities between PEP due to (7) Even though the PEP due to stress distribution stress distribution changes for sections E-E to I-I. for different conditions extremely depend on In general, results show that when the the cross section geometry and loading earthquake accelerations are bigger, PEP due to condition but, they can be divided into the maximum tensile stress at dam basement is groups for similar cross section. increased. While, PEP due to the maximum (8) Results show that when the earthquake compressive stress at dam basement depends on both accelerations are bigger, PEP due to maximum earthquake acceleration and loading condition. tensile stress at dam basement is increased. Fig. 29 shows that the PEP due to maximum While, PEP due to the maximum compressive tensile and compressive stress at dam basement stress at dam basement depends on both develop at section D-D. Thus, the highest cross earthquake acceleration and loading condition. section is not the most important cross section and all sections of a inharmonic glen located RCC dam References should be analyzed. 1. Allahyari Pour, F., K. Mohsenifar and E. Pazira, Conclusions: 2011. Affect of Drought on Pollution of Lenj Station of Zayandehrood River by Artificial In this paper, the probability of environmental Neural Network (ANN). Advances in pollution caused by Karun-3 dam failure is studied. Environmental Biology, 5(7): 1461-1464. Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to 2. Arbabian, S. and M. Entezarei, 2011. Effects of analyze the probability of pollution at dam Air Pollution on Allergic Properties of Wheat downstream. Different dam cross sections and Pollens (Triticum aestivum). Advances in various loading conditions are considered to study Environmental Biology, 5(7): 1480-1483. the effects of these factors on the probability of 3. Arbabian, S., Y. Doustar, M. Entezarei and M. environmental pollution due to seismic behavior of Nazeri, 2011. Effects of air pollution on allergic the dam. In general the results show that: properties of Wheat pollens (Triticum aestivum). (1) The PEP due to maximum compressive stress Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(6): 1339- changes due to different loading conditions are 1341. similar for different cross sections. While, there 4. Chandrupatla, T.R., 1997. Introduction To Finite is no response similarity for different cross Elements In Engineering, Second Edition. sections and the PEP due to maximum tensile Prentice Hall Inc. stress changes are vary from a cross section to 5. Fenves, G. and A.K. Chopra, 1984. Earthquake another. Analysis and Response of Concrete Gravity (2) The first modes of the earthquake, when Dams: Report UCB/EERC-84/10. California earthquake inertia loading and the dam body University press. weight act in the same direction, develop bigger 6. Hosseini, S.J. and M. Sadegh Sabouri, 2011. PEP due to compressive stress. In addition, the Adoption of Sustainable Soil Management by second modes of the earthquake, when

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