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2844-2859, 2011 Issn 1995-0756 2844 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Probability Of Karun-3 River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Karun-3 Dam Zaniar Tokmechi Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. Zaniar Tokmechi: The Probability Of Karun-3 River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Karun-3 Dam. ABSTRACT Karun-3 dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Karun river in the province of Khuzestan, Iran. It was built to help meet Iran's energy demands as well as to provide flood control. The Karun has the highest discharge of Iran's rivers. Historically Khuzestan is what historians refer to as ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiya, which is present in the modern name. Khuzistan, meaning the Land of the Khuzi refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the Susian people, Old Persian Huza or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb of King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription as Hauja or Huja. This is in conformity with the same evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed the name Sindh into Hind /Hindustan. In Middle Persian the term evolves into Khuz and Kuzi The pre-Islamic Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of the province as Khwuzestan. In this paper, the probability of environmental pollution due to heavy metals caused by Karun-3 dam failure is studied. Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. Different dam cross sections and various loading conditions are considered to study the effects of these factors on the seismic behavior of the dam. Results show that the effect of the highest cross section is not the most significant for heavy metals pollution at the dam down stream. Pollution coefficient due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always the determinant pollution. While, in all sections Sx and Sy are the determinant parameter affecting downstream heavy metal pollution and normally are bigger than Sz. And, Sz which can never be a determinant. According to results, when the earthquake accelerations are bigger, maximum pollution coefficient due to tensile stress at dam basement is increased. While, the pollution due the maximum compressive stress at dam basement depends on both earthquake acceleration and loading condition. Key words: Environmental pollution, Seismic Response, Karun-3 dam, ZENGAR, FEM. Introduction Basra Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and covers an area of 63,238 km². Other The Karun-3 dam is a concrete double arch major cities include Behbahan, Abadan, Andimeshk, type, 205 m (673 ft) high from the foundation and Khorramshahr, Bandar Imam, Dezful, Shushtar, 185 m (607 ft) high from the river bed. Its foundation Omidiyeh, Izeh, Baq-e-Malek, Mah Shahr, Dasht-i width is 29.5 m (97 ft). Figure 1 shows Karun-3 dam. Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, Ramhormoz, Shadegan, Khozestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It Susa, Masjed Soleiman, Minoo Island and Hoveizeh. is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Figure 2 shows the place of Khozestan in Iran. Corresponding Author Zaniar Tokmechi, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +98-918-873-1933, Fax: +98-871-3229437 2845 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011 Fig. 1: Karun-3 Dam Fig. 2: Khozestan Place in Iran The seismic action on dams is the most important According to the statistics, the construction to be considered in dams safety studies and its effects regions in many areas, are notable for their high on the environmental pollution [13]. In 21st century, environmental pollution [12,10,11]. Therefore, hydraulic power exploitation and hydraulic environmental studies affected by the seismic safety of engineering construction have been improved in many large dams is one of the key problems that need to be countries. Some high dams over 200m, even 300m in solved in the design of dams. While, difficulties exist height, have been built in many areas of the world [7]. in determining the seismic response of dams [13]. The Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into most important difficulty is dams complex geometry a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, and forms, motivated by the topography and harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical geotechnical character of the implantation zone and systems or living organisms [8,1]. Pollution can take controlling the project pollution effects. the form of chemical substances or energy, such as According to the previous studies, usually 2D noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of models corresponding to the higher section the dam pollution, can be foreign substances or energies [2] or have been used in the structural seismic analyses of the naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are dams (Fenves and Chopra, 1984). While, normally considered contaminants when they exceed natural there is a lot of variation in the dam foundation leve[3,6]. Pollution is often classed as point source or geometry which can be extremely make the study of no point source pollution. the dam downstream pollution difficult. Pollution has always been with us. According to In this paper, the probability of environmental articles in different journals soot found on ceilings of pollution caused by Karun-3 dam failure is studied. prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate analyze the probability of pollution at dam ventilation of open fires. The forging of metals appears downstream. Different dam cross sections and various to be a key turning point in the creation of significant loading conditions are considered to study the effects air pollution levels outside the home. (Core samples of of these factors on the probability of environmental glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution pollution due to seismic behavior of the dam. associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production. 2846 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2844-2859, 2011 Materials and Methods became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River Karun is navigable all the way to Karun-3 Dam: Ahwaz (above which, it flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar Karun-3 dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Karun king, Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, river in the province of Khuzestan, Iran. It was built to Naseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahwaz/Naseri help meet Iran's energy demands as well as to provide prospered to the present day. flood control. The Karun has the highest discharge of Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in Iran's rivers. Iran's parliament, the Majlis, and 6 representatives in The purpose of the dam is for power generation the Assembly of Experts. and flood control. The Karun III power generators are connected to the national power network as the peak Etymology: power generation. With this power plant being operated, with the capacity of 2,280 MW, and an Khouzi is referred to as people who make raw average annual electric power generation of 4,137 sugar from sugar cane fields of northern Sassanian GWh, a major portion of the electric power shortage in planes up to Dez River side in Dezful. Khouzhestan the country will be met. has been the land of Khouzhies who used to cultivate The arch dam design is an ideal one for a dam sugar cane even to day in Haft Tepe.The name built in a narrow, rocky gorge to hold back water in a Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi", refers to reservoir. Because of the arch shape, the force of the the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" backed up water presses downward against the dam people (Old Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" and has the effect of strengthening the dam foundation. (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) in the same evolutionary manner that Old Persian changed the Khozestan Province: name Sindh into Hind"). The name of the city of Ahwaz also has the same origin as the name Historically Khuzestan is what historians refer to Khuzestan., being an Arabic broken plural from the as ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The compound name, "Suq al-Ahwaz" (Market of the Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiya, Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced which is present in the modern name. Khuzistan, the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times. meaning the Land of the Khuzi refers to the original The southern half of the province (south of the inhabitants of this province, the Susian people, Old Ahwaz Ridge) was still known as "The Khudhi or The Persian Huza or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb khooji" until the reign of the Safavid king Tahmasp I of King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of and the 16th century. By the 17th century, it had come the Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription to be known—at least to the imperial Safavid chancery as Hauja or Huja. This is in conformity with the same as Arabistan. The great history of Alamara-i Abbasi by evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed Iskandar Beg Munshi, written during the reign of Shah the name Sindh into Hind /Hindustan.
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