Ziggurat and Elamite
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Republic of Iraq
Republic of Iraq Babylon Nomination Dossier for Inscription of the Property on the World Heritage List January 2018 stnel oC fobalbaT Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 State Party .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Province ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Name of property ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Geographical coordinates to the nearest second ................................................................................................. 1 Center ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 N 32° 32’ 31.09”, E 44° 25’ 15.00” ..................................................................................................................... 1 Textural description of the boundary .................................................................................................................. 1 Criteria under which the property is nominated .................................................................................................. 4 Draft statement -
Neo Babylonian Rule
Neo Babylonians Rule “The Most Accomplished Empire” *Clears throat* Thank you. Thank you ever so much distinguished colleagues and professors for inviting me to speak to you today. As many of you know I'm professor Olivia Eichman of archeological studies at Stanford University. I have also worked at various dig sites in ancient sumers regions. All of these excavations lead me to countless degrees in antiquity. Enough about me already, I'm here to talk to you about about the great Mesopotamian Empires. But which empire was the greatest? Was it the Akkadians with the first empire? Or the Assyrians who reigned the longest? Neither of these empires strike me as the most accomplished. The Neo Babylonian’s Empire was the most accomplished empire by far and when you leave this room today I guarantee you will think as highly of them as I do too. Why do I think that the Neo Babylonians are the most accomplished? For starters, their ruler knew how to keep his empire safe. He had many safety precautions. One way Nebuchadrezzar II insured safety among his people was by surrounding their city in a wall so great in size two chariots could ride on it side by side. But that isn't all. No. Nebuchadnezzar II built another wall inside of the other wall for added protection. Both walls were named after Mesopotamian gods and goddesses. One of the gates that was built was called Ishtar gate, named after the goddess of war and love. To top it all off the walls were surrounded by a moat. -
Crossroads 360 Virtual Tour Script Edited
Crossroads of Civilization Virtual Tour Script Note: Highlighted text signifies content that is only accessible on the 360 Tour. Welcome to Crossroads of Civilization. We divided this exhibit not by time or culture, but rather by traits that are shared by all civilizations. Watch this video to learn more about the making of Crossroads and its themes. Entrance Crossroads of Civilization: Ancient Worlds of the Near East and Mediterranean Crossroads of Civilization looks at the world's earliest major societies. Beginning more than 5,000 years ago in Egypt and the Near East, the exhibit traces their developments, offshoots, and spread over nearly four millennia. Interactive timelines and a large-scale digital map highlight the ebb and flow of ancient cultures, from Egypt and the earliest Mesopotamian kingdoms of the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, to the vast Persian, Hellenistic, and finally Roman empires, the latter eventually encompassing the entire Mediterranean region. Against this backdrop of momentous historical change, items from the Museum's collections are showcased within broad themes. Popular elements from classic exhibits of former years, such as our Greek hoplite warrior and Egyptian temple model, stand alongside newly created life-size figures, including a recreation of King Tut in his chariot. The latest research on our two Egyptian mummies features forensic reconstructions of the individuals in life. This truly was a "crossroads" of cultural interaction, where Asian, African, and European peoples came together in a massive blending of ideas and technologies. Special thanks to the following for their expertise: ● Dr. Jonathan Elias - Historical and maps research, CT interpretation ● Dr. -
The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, C.3500 – 1000 BC
The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, c.3500 – 1000 BC Volume I, Part III K. J. Roach Doctor of Philosophy, (Near Eastern) Archaeology 2008 The University of Sydney Chapter 5 – Summary of Style Distribution across the Elamite Sites The purpose of this chapter is to detail and outline the specific glyptic style distribution at each site included in the Corpus. This survey has two main objectives. The first is the summation and discussion of the Elamite styles from each site, and thereby the revision and reassessment of the ‘glyptic material’ survey presented for each site in the initial site survey section (Chapter 2), by detailing the site glyptic material in the terms of the new Elamite stylistic paradigm here presented. The second intention is to provide some of the background information and data, be it contextual, stylistic and chronological, regarding the function of various glyptic items at each site and across Elam, thereby enabling the following discussion on glyptic function (Chapter 6). The style distribution (how many styles and in what proportions) of each site will be presented, and thereby the basic chronological distribution of the glyptic material, with any necessary discussion where this information strongly contradicts the established chronological periodisation of a site, will be outlined. The glyptic material types (seals/sealings) and the specific materials will be presented, as will any information regarding seal function from provenance (that is, grave or temple context etc.) or type (sealing type especially). For the most part, this information may be presented and detailed in graphs, figures and tables. 5.1 Susa As already mentioned and explained, Susa has contributed by far the most items to the Corpus. -
PLATE I . Jug of the 15Th Century B.C. from Kourion UNIVERSITY MUSEUM BULLETIN VOL
• PLATE I . Jug of the 15th Century B.C. from Kourion UNIVERSITY MUSEUM BULLETIN VOL . 8 JANUARY. 1940 N o. l THE ACHAEANS AT KOURION T HE University Museum has played a distinguished part in the redis- covery of the pre-Hellenic civilization of Greece. The Heroic Age de- scribed by Homer was first shown to have a basis in fact by Schliemann's excavations at Troy in 1871, and somewhat later at Mycenae and Tiryns, and by Evans' discovery of the palace of King Minos at Knossos in Crete. When the first wild enthusiasm blew itself out it became apparent that many problems raised by this newly discovered civilization were not solved by the first spectacular finds. In the period of careful excavation and sober consideration of evidence which followed, the University Mu- seum had an important part. Its expeditions to various East Cretan sites did much lo put Cretan archaeology on the firm foundation it now enjoys. Alter the excavations at Vrokastro in East Crete in 1912 the efforts of the Museum were directed to other lands. It was only in 1931, when an e xpedition under the direction of Dr. B. H. Hill excavated at Lapithos in Cyprus, that the University Museum re-entered the early Greek field. The Cyprus expedition was recompcsed in 1934, still under the direc- tion of Dr. Hill, with the assistance of Mr. George H. McFadden and the writer, and began work at its present site, ancient Kourion. Kourion was 3 in classical times lhe capital of cne of the independent kingdoms of Cyprus, and was traditionally Greek. -
Three Conquests of Canaan
ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case. -
12. White Temple and Its Ziggurat Uruk (Modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. C. 3500 – 3000 B.C.E. Mud Brick. (2 Images) • Article
12. White Temple and its ziggurat Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. C. 3500 – 3000 B.C.E. Mud brick. (2 images) Article at Khan Academy dedicated to the sky god Anu, this temple would have towered well above (approximately 40 feet) the flat plain of Uruk, and been visible from a great distance—even over the defensive walls of the city where city life began more than five thousand years ago and where the first writing emerged—was clearly one of the most important places in southern Mesopotamia A ziggurat is a built raised platform with four sloping sides—like a chopped-off pyramid. Ziggurats are made of mud-bricks—the building material of choice in the Near East, as stone is rare Ziggurats were not only a visual focal point of the city, they were a symbolic one, as well—they were at the heart of the theocratic political system (a theocracy is a type of government where a god is recognized as the ruler, and the state officials operate on the god’s behalf). So, seeing the ziggurat towering above the city, one made a visual connection to the god or goddess honored there, but also recognized that deity's political authority Excavators of the White Temple estimate that it would have taken 1500 laborers working on average ten hours per day for about five years to build the last major revetment (stone facing) of its massive underlying terrace (the open areas surrounding the White Temple at the top of the ziggurat) o Proabably some sort of forced labor involved The sides of the ziggurat were very broad and sloping but broken up by recessed stripes or bands from top to bottom (see digital reconstruction, above), which would have made a stunning pattern in morning or afternoon sunlight. -
"A Collaborative Study of Early Glassmaking in Egypt C. 1500 BC." Annales Du 13E Congrès De L’Association Internationale Pour L’Histoire Du Verre
Lilyquist, C.; Brill, R. H. "A Collaborative Study of Early Glassmaking in Egypt c. 1500 BC." Annales du 13e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre. Lochem, the Netherlands: AIHV, 1996, pp. 1-9. © 1996, Lochem AIHV. Used with permission. A collaborative study of early glassmaking in Egypt c. 1500 BC C. Lilyquist and R. H. Brill Our study of early glass was begun when we discovered that Metropolitan Museum objects from the tomb of three foreign wives of Tuthmosis I11 in the Wadi Qirud at Luxor had many more vitreous items than had been thought during the last 60 years. Not only was there a glass lotiform vessel (fig. 34)', but two glassy vessels (fig. lo), and many beads and a great amount of inlay of glass (figs. 36-40). As it became apparent that half of the inlays had been colored by cobalt (that rare metal whose provenance in the 2nd millennium BC is still a mystery), and when the primary author realized that most of the Egyptian glass studies published up to then had used 14th113th century BC or poorly dated samples, rather than 15th cen- tury BC or earlier glass, a collaborative project was begun at The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The Corning Museum of Glass. The first goal was to build a corpus of early dated glasses, compositionally analyzed. As we proceeded, we therefore-decided to explore glassy materials contempo- rary with, or earlier than, our "pre-Malkata Palace" glasses as we called them (i.e., pre-1400 BC; figs. 1, 3-5,7-9). -
Babylon and Sumer 5000 B.C. Peak 626 B.C 5600 Years. Abandoned at 600A.D
Babylon and Sumer 5000 B.C. Peak 626 B.C 5600 years. Abandoned at 600A.D. By, Mark Baxter and Chase Barden Geographic impact on society ● The Tigris and Euphrates river valleys gave birth to Ancient Mesopotamia ● Sumer and Babylon were both born to Mesopotamia ● Babylon is present day baghdad ● Babylon is surrounded by civilizations and has the persian gulf to the south Political System and Impact On Society ● Babylon and sumer had multiple kings making it a dictatorship ● An advanced culture was well established in southern Mesopotamia ● Long before the time of the earliest surviving written records (ca. 3300 B.C.). ● Probably originally governed by citizen assemblies rather than kings. ● We do not know for sure because there are no records of government Economic System ● Only the finest goods in Sumer were traded ● Freemen and slaves were the 2 social classes ● Value of land based on proximity of water ● Rare supplies are considered very valuable ● Examples are lumber, stone, gold, silver, and precious jewels Beliefs and Religious impact on culture ● Each city was home to a cult dedicated to a god ● There was multiple Gods throughout Sumer ● Sumerians were monotheistic ● ENLIL was the god of plenty and harsh justice ● Enki was the God of wisdom and sea ● An was the god of the sky Rise of civilization Sumer is believed to be made up of people who migrated from mesopotamia, and civilizations were established along the banks of the euphrates and tigris rivers. URUK in sumer is believed to be the world's first city. These cities grew and soon by 3000 B.C. -
Islamic Republic of Iran
Grids & Datums ISLAM I C REPUBL I C OF IR AN by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S. “Archaeologists suggest that during Neolithic times small numbers Reza Shah aimed to improve the status of women and to that end of hunters lived in caves in the Zagros and Alborz Mountains and in he made wearing the chador (black cloak) illegal. Like Atatürk, too, the southeast of the country. Iran’s first organized settlements were he insisted on the wearing of Western dress and moved to crush the established in Elam, the lowland region in what is now Khuzestan power of the religious establishment. However, Reza had little of the province, as far back as the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. Elam subtlety of Atatürk and his edicts made him many enemies. Some was close enough to Mesopotamia and the great Sumerian civilization women embraced his new dress regulations, but others found them to feel its influence, and records suggest the two were regular oppo- impossible to accept. nents on the battlefield. The Elamites established their capital at Shush “On his return to Iran on 1 February 1979, Khomeini told the exul- and derived their strength through a remarkably enlightened federal tant masses of his vision for a new Iran, free of foreign influence and system of government that allowed the various states to exchange true to Islam: ‘From now on it is I who will name the government’. the natural resources unique to each region. The Elamites’ system of Ayatollah Khomeini soon set about proving the adage that ‘after inheritance and power distribution was also quite sophisticated for the revolution comes the revolution’. -
Structural Analysis of Earth Construction's Vaults: Case of Underground Tombs of Chogha Zanbil
Structural analysis of earth construction’s vaults: Case of underground tombs of Chogha Zanbil Sara Hosseini (Main Author) Department of Conservation and Restoration, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch Imam Hassan Ave., Pounak, Tehran (Iran) [email protected] http://rcid.org/0000-0001-6493-1101 Hamed Niroumand (Corresponding Author) Department of Civil Engineering, Buein Zahra Technical University Buein Zahra, Qazvin (Iran) Quantitative Archaeology Laboratory, University at Autonoma Barcelona Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7765-9581 Arzuhan Burcu Gültekin Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University Yenimahalle, Ankara (Turkey) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-6468 Juan Antonio Barceló Quantitative Archaeology Laboratory, University at Autonoma Barcelona Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-471X Atasya Osmadi Construction Management Programme, School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM Penang, Penang (Malaysia) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-6642 Fatemeh Mahdavi Department of Conservation and Restoration, Tehran University of Art Valiasr St, Tehran (Iran) [email protected] http://rcid.org/0000-0003-4041-2491 Manuscript Code: 13920 Date of Acceptance/Reception: 30.11.2020/14.05.2020 DOI: 10.7764/RDLC.19.3.366 Abstract The 3300-year-old Chogha Zanbil is the largest and best-preserved five levelled pyramidal earth ziggurat outside Mesopotamia, which was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Underground tombs of Chogha Zanbil are accepted as outstanding instances in Iran and consist of vaults, which are built with special methods by Elamite architects. -
Data Collection Survey on Tourism and Cultural Heritage in the Islamic Republic of Iran Final Report
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRANIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE, HANDICRAFTS AND TOURISM ORGANIZATION (ICHTO) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON TOURISM AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT FEBRUARY 2018 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY JTB CORPORATE SALES INC. INGÉROSEC CORPORATION RECS INTERNATIONAL INC. 7R JR 18-006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON TOURISM AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ v Maps ........................................................................................................................................ vi Photos (The 1st Field Survey) ................................................................................................. vii Photos (The 2nd Field Survey) ............................................................................................... viii Photos (The 3rd Field Survey) .................................................................................................. ix List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................ x 1. Outline of the Survey ....................................................................................................... 1 (1) Background and Objectives .....................................................................................