On the Use of Inhibitors of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate
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Evaluation of Fluralaner and Afoxolaner Treatments to Control Flea
Dryden et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:365 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1654-7 RESEARCH Open Access Evaluation of fluralaner and afoxolaner treatments to control flea populations, reduce pruritus and minimize dermatologic lesions in naturally infested dogs in private residences in west central Florida USA Michael W. Dryden1*, Michael S. Canfield2, Kimberly Kalosy1, Amber Smith1, Lisa Crevoiserat1, Jennifer C. McGrady1, Kaitlin M. Foley1, Kathryn Green2, Chantelle Tebaldi2, Vicki Smith1, Tashina Bennett1, Kathleen Heaney3, Lisa Math3, Christine Royal3 and Fangshi Sun3 Abstract Background: A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two different oral flea and tick products to control flea infestations, reduce pruritus and minimize dermatologic lesions over a 12 week period on naturally infested dogs in west central FL USA. Methods: Thirty-four dogs with natural flea infestations living in 17 homes were treated once with a fluralaner chew on study day 0. Another 27 dogs living in 17 different homes were treated orally with an afoxolaner chewable on day 0, once between days 28–30 and once again between days 54–60. All products were administered according to label directions by study investigators. Flea populations on pets were assessed using visual area counts and premise flea infestations were assessed using intermittent-light flea traps on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and once between days 28–30, 40–45, 54–60 and 82–86. Dermatologic assessments were conducted on day 0 and once monthly. Pruritus assessments were conducted by owners throughout the study. No concurrent treatments for existing skin disease (antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, anti-fungals) were allowed. -
Does Allelopathy Have a Role in the Ecology of Chenopodium Murale?
Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 37–45 ISSN 0003-3847 Helsinki 27 February 2004 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2004 Does allelopathy have a role in the ecology of Chenopodium murale? Ahmed A. El-Khatib1, Ahmed K. Hegazy2 & Hanaa K. Galal1 1) Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, 82524 Sohag, Egypt 2) Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt Received 10 Jan. 2003, revised version received 3 June 2003, accepted 12 June 2003 El-Khatib, A. A., Hegazy, A. K. & Galal, H. K. 2004: Does allelopathy have a role in the ecology of Chenopodium murale? — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 37–45. Bioassays on Chenopodium murale demonstrated that root and shoot aqueous extracts reduced the seed germination, seedling establishment, plant growth and metabolite production of four target species. Leaf area and dry matter production showed a decreasing trend in response to the different treatments. Similar effects were found for pigment, carbohydrate and protein contents. In general, inhibition percentage was a function of extract concentration and plant tissue type. Shoot treatment was more strongly inhibitory than root treatment. The target species arranged from the most affected to the least affected were Melilotus indicus–Trifolium alexandrinum–Triticum pyramidal–Lycopersicon esculentum–Cucumis sativus. Key words: allelopathy, Chenopodium murale, ecology, inter-specific competition, phytotoxicity Introduction winter weed and is considered a pest in agro-eco- systems, roadsides etc. Galal (2000) studied the The importance of allelopathy in nature has plant sociological characteristics of a C. murale and attracted ecologists’ attention with the main reported its negative association with many species, goal of using the phenomenon in interpretation even with those with similar ecological require- in many disciplines related to plant community ments. -
Allelopathy; a Brief Review
Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org ©2020 JNAS Journal-2020-9-1/1-12 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2020 JNAS ALLELOPATHY; A BRIEF REVIEW Javed Kamal Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Corresponding author: Javed Kamal Email: [email protected] Mobile: 00923046886850 ABSTRACT: Allelopathy is a well known area of active research in ecology. However, its importance in agro-ecology is still underappreciated. This review sets out to address this situation and introduce this new and developing field to a wider research audience and to stimulate new research in it. The review starts with an introduction, followed by discussions of allelochemicals, the role of allelopathy in crop production, Allelopathy related problems in crop production, and Suggestions for future research. It also describes broader research into allelopathy in agriculture and the biosciences, and literature resources on the subject. We hope that it will encourage more scientists to initiate research into this exciting new field. Keywords: Allelopathy, Agro-ecology, Bio-sciences, Crop production, Ecology. INTRODUCTION Allelopathy is a natural phenomenon, defined as: “The inhibition of growth in one species of plants by chemicals produced by another species” Or, more widely: “The biochemical interactions among all types of plants, including microorganisms” The word allelopathy derives from two roots: allelon, meaning “of each other”; and pathos, meaning “to suffer”. The “inhibitory” chemical is released into the environment by one plant, where it then affects the growth and development of its neighbors. All living things need certain resources to live and grow, and plants require sunlight, nutrients, water, and air. -
Allelopathy Be Used to Efficiently Resist the Invasion of Exotic Plants in Subtropical Forests?
BioInvasions Records (2019) Volume 8, Issue 3: 487–499 CORRECTED PROOF Research Article Can allelopathy be used to efficiently resist the invasion of exotic plants in subtropical forests? Jin Zheng1, Qiao-Jing Ou1, Tai-Jie Zhang2, Wei-Jie Liang1, Bo-Hui Li1 and Chang-Lian Peng1,* 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Zheng J, Ou Q-J, Zhang T-J, Liang W-J, Li B-H, Peng C-L (2019) Can Abstract allelopathy be used to efficiently resist the invasion of exotic plants in subtropical Mature subtropical forests can resist the invasion of Mikania micrantha, a notorious forests? BioInvasions Records 8(3): 487– exotic invasive plant, but the underlying mechanism for this resistance is still debated. 499, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2019.8.3.03 In this study, we explored whether allelochemicals produced by the dominant Received: 13 March 2019 species in a subtropical forest were sufficient to inhibit the invasion of M. micrantha. Accepted: 3 July 2019 Allelopathic effects of three tree species (Syzygium rehderianum, Cryptocarya concinna and C. chinensis) on the germination and vegetative growth of M. micrantha Published: 12 August 2019 were investigated. The results showed that aqueous extracts from the leaves of all Handling editor: Margarita Arianoutsou tree species had allelopathic inhibitory effects on M. -
ALLELOPATHY in TREES and FORESTS a Selected Bibliography Dr
ALLELOPATHY IN TREES AND FORESTS A Selected Bibliography Dr. Kim D. Coder, Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia 4/99 Allelopathy in trees and forests is an important health care issue. Allelopathy is the chemical modification of the site by an individual to enhance interference effectiveness. Allelopathy also in- volves the ecological communications between species which can positively or negatively influence growth, behavior, reproduction, and survival of associated species. To assist people in appreciating the scientific literature on this subject, this selected bibliography was developed. This bibliography is not intended to be all-inclusive of allelopathy research literature, but tries to include every major investigative trail being followed in the last few decades. Older works were not included because they are broadly cited in many current papers. This bibliography cites only those works in English. This bibliography is for assisting professionals interested in allelopathy to quickly identify both original research papers and scientific review articles about allelopathy as related to trees and forests. Ahlgren, CE, and Ahlgren, IF. 1981. Some effects of different forest litters on seed germination and growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11:710-714. al Humaid, AI, and Warrag, MOA. 1998. Allelopathic effects of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) foliage on seed germination and seedling growth of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Journal of Arid Environments 38:237-243. Bisla, SS, Nandal, DPS, and Narwal, SS. 1992. Influence of aqueous leaf extracts of eucalyptus and poplar on the germina- tion and seedling growth of winter crops. Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Allelopathy in Agroecosystems, P. -
NEXGARD SPECTRA, INN-Afoxolaner-Milbemycin Oxime
EMA/704200/2014 EMEA/V/C/003842 Nexgard Spectra (afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime) An overview of Nexgard Spectra and why it is authorised in the EU What is Nexgard Spectra and what is it used for? Nexgard Spectra is a veterinary medicine used to treat infestations with fleas, ticks, as well as demodectic and sarcoptic mange (skin infestations caused by two different types of mites) in dogs when prevention of heartworm disease (caused by a worm that infects the heart and blood vessels and is transmitted by mosquitoes), lungworm disease, eye worm and/or treatment of gut worms (hookworms, roundworms and whipworm) is also required. Nexgard Spectra contains the active substances afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime. How is Nexgard Spectra used? Nexgard Spectra is available as chewable tablets in five different strengths for use in dogs of different weights. It can only be obtained with a prescription. The appropriate strength of tablets should be used according to the dog’s weight. Treatment for fleas and ticks should be repeated at monthly intervals during the flea or tick seasons; Nexgard Spectra can be used as part of the seasonal treatment of fleas and ticks in dogs infected with gut worms. A single dose of Nexgard Spectra is given to treat gut worms. After which, further flea and tick treatment should be continued with a monovalent product containing a single active substance. For demodectic mange, treatment should be repeated monthly until the mange is successfully treated (as confirmed by two negative skin scrapings one month apart) whereas for sarcoptic mange treatment is given monthly for two months, or longer based on clinical signs and skin scrapings. -
Daily Report 12.09.2013 Lecture Summaries Allelopathy
Daily Report 12.09.2013 Alena Nostova, Jiří Mastný, Frederick Zittrell Lecture summaries Frederick Zittrell Allelopathy Functions, Release, Interactions and Current Research Approaches (Fernandez) Definition (Inderjit et al., 2011): Suppression of the growth and/or establishment of neighboring plants by chemicals released from a plant or plant parts. → Allelochemicals: Secondary compounds of plant origin that interact with their environment and possess allelopathic activities. Other definitions also include stimulative effects, reciprocal interactions, for example with microorganisms, and autotoxicity. Characteristics of allelochemicals Present in all organs (root, shoot, leave, flower, fruit) Variable in metabolic pathway of production Different ways of release: Volatilization (into the air), leaching (solute into the ground), active exudation and decomposition Variable basis of detrimental effects on growth (enzyme activity, cell division, growth regulator activity, membrane permeability…) Methodology of Allelopathy Research General difficulty: Separation of competition and allelopathic effects. Preliminary studies: Identification and characterization of allelochemicals (chemical properties, metabolical and anatomical derivation, way of release, variability in time…) Common approach: Filter paper bioassays; addition of macerated, presumably allelochemicals containing organs of a donor plant in different developmental stages and concentrations on seedlings of target species → Detection of allelopathic potentiality of respective plant organ in respective plant community Field experiments: Direct addition of suspected substance onto the field 1 Example 1: Experimental demonstration of allelopathic effects of grass on apple seedlings Example 2: Allelopathic impact on secondary succession in Mediterranean plant communities; Bioassay approach 1. Application of needle and root macerates of 10, 5 and 2.5% concentration from Pinus halepensis of 10, 20 and 30y age on seedlings from 2 herb species. -
Cover Memo Isoxazolines Inquires
Name: Isoxazoline inquiries DATE:10/1/2018 This serves as the response to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request for records regarding adverse event reports received for afoxolaner, fluralaner, lotilaner and sarolaner. A search of CVM’s Adverse Drug Event (ADE) database was performed on 10-01-2018. The search parameters were: Active ingredient(s): afoxolaner, fluralaner, lotilaner and sarolaner Reports received: From 09-04-2013 through 07-31-2018 Case type: Spontaneous ADE report Species: All Route of administration: All For each drug (active ingredient), we have provided the ‘CVM ADE Comprehensive Clinical Detail Report Listing’, which is a cumulative listing of adverse experiences in reports submitted to CVM. General Information about CVM’s ADE Database The primary purpose for maintaining the CVM ADE database is to provide an early warning or signaling system to CVM for adverse effects not detected during pre-market testing of FDA- approved animal drugs and for monitoring the performance of drugs not approved for use in animals. Information from these ADE reports is received and coded in an electronic FDA/CVM ADE database. CVM scientists use the ADE database to make decisions about product safety which may include changes to the label or other regulatory action. CVM’s ADE reporting system depends on detection and voluntary reporting of adverse clinical events by veterinarians and animal owners. The Center's ADE review process is complex, and for each report takes into consideration confounding factors such as: Dosage Concomitant drug use The medical and physical condition of animals at the time of treatment Environmental and management information Product defects Name: Isoxazoline inquiries DATE:10/1/2018 Extra-label (off label) uses The specifics of these complex factors cannot be addressed in the CVM ADE Comprehensive Clinical Detail Report Listing. -
Nexgard, Afoxolaner
13 September 2018 EMA/665923/2018 Veterinary Medicines Division CVMP assessment report for a worksharing grouped type II variation for NEXGARD SPECTRA and NexGard (EMEA/V/C/WS1338/G) International non-proprietary name: afoxolaner / milbemycin oxime; afoxolaner Assessment report as adopted by the CVMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. Rapporteur: Jeremiah Gabriel Beechinor Co-Rapporteur: Peter Hekman 30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 5545 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2018. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 3 1.1. Submission of the variation application ................................................................... 3 1.2. Scope of the variation ........................................................................................... 3 1.3. Changes to the dossier held by the European Medicines Agency ................................. 3 1.4. Scientific advice ................................................................................................... 3 1.5. MUMS/limited market status .................................................................................. 3 2. Scientific Overview ................................................................................. -
Allelopathy As an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.04.455130; this version posted August 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 ALLELOPATHY AS AN EVOLUTIONARILY STABLE STRATEGY 2 3 Rachel M. McCoy1,2, Joshua R. Widhalm1,2, and Gordon G. McNickle1,3,* 4 5 1Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. 6 7 2Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall 8 Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. 9 10 3Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West 11 Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. 12 13 *Correspondence: G.G. McNickle, Center for Plant Biology and Department of Botany and Plant 14 Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. 15 ([email protected]) fax + 1 765 494 0363, tel. +1 765 494 4645 16 17 Running title: Allelopathy as an evolutionarily stable strategy 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.04.455130; this version posted August 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 19 ABSTRACT 20 In plants, most competition is resource competition, where one plant simply pre-empts the 21 resources away from its neighbours. -
Allelopathic Effect of Morus Alba, Populus Nigra and Euphorbia Helioscopia On
Pure Appl. Biol., 10(2): 532-538, June, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100056 Research Article Allelopathic effect of Morus alba, Populus nigra and Euphorbia helioscopia on Brassica campestris Shah Khalid1*, Amreen1, Somaeeya Bibi1, Syeda Asma Taskeen1, Hoor Shumail2 and Syed Inzimam Ul Haq1 1. Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan 2. Department of Microbiology, Women University Mardan, KPK-Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation Shah Khalid, Amreen, Somaeeya Bibi, Syeda Asma Taskeen, Hoor Shumail and Syed Inzimam Ul Haq. Allelopathic effect of Morus alba, Populus nigra and Euphorbia helioscopia on Brassica campestris. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp532-538. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100056 Received: 02/07/2020 Revised: 26/09/2020 Accepted: 03/10/2020 Online First: 20/10/2020 Abstract The current research work investigates the allelopathic potential of leaves of most common plants found in Brassica farms i.e. Morus alba, Populus nigra and Euphorbia helioscopia on seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica campestris. Fresh and dry leaves of M. alba, P. nigra and E. Helioscopia was prepared by soaking fresh chopped leaves and dry leaves in powder form (5g, 10g and 15g) were soaked in 100ml of distilled water for 48hrs and were filtered after 24hrs. The extract of M. alba, P. nigra and E. helioscopia was applied on B. campestris seeds to study its effect on germination percentage, radicle length and plumule length. The data was recorded in triplicates after 72hrs of the incubation period at 26ºC. -
Top 5 Cytologic Findings in Aspirates of Enlarged
May 2019 A Peer-Reviewed Journal | cliniciansbrief.com TOP 5 CYTOLOGIC FINDINGS IN ASPIRATES OF ENLARGED IN THIS ISSUE LYMPH NODES Top 5 Radiographic Variants Respiratory Distress & Inappetence Case Management Algorithm: Snake Envenomation Managing Aggressive & Fearful Dogs Neutropenia: A Differential Diagnosis List Volume 17 Number 5 THE OFFICIAL CLINICAL PRACTICE JOURNAL OF THE WSAVA Advantage Multi® for Dogs and for Cats (imidacloprid + moxidectin) BRIEF SUMMARY: Before using Advantage Multi ® for Dogs (imidacloprid+moxidectin) or Advantage Multi ® for Cats (imidacloprid +moxidectin), please consult the product insert, a summary of which follows: CAUTION: Federal (U.S.A.) Law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Advantage Multi for Dogs: WARNING • DO NOT ADMINISTER THIS PRODUCT ORALLY. • For the first 30 minutes after application ensure that dogs cannot lick the product from application sites on themselves or other treated animals. • Children should not come in contact with the application sites for two (2) hours after application. (See Contraindications, Warnings, Human Warnings, and Adverse Reactions for more information.) INDICATIONS: Advantage Multi for Dogs is indicated for the prevention of heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis and the treatment of Dirofilaria immitis circulating microfilariae in heartworm-positive dogs. Treats and controls Advantage Multi for Dogs kills adult fleas and is indicated for the treatment of flea infestations (Ctenocephalides felis). Advantage Multi for Dogs is indicated for the treatment and control of sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var.canis. Advantage Multi for Dogs is also indicated sarcoptic mange in dogs for the treatment and control of the following intestinal parasites species: Hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum) (Uncinaria stenocephala), Roundworms (Toxocara canis) (Toxascaris leonina) and Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis).