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Prasad Deshmukh, Agrotechnol 2015, 4:2 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2168-9881.S1.016 4th International Conference on Agriculture & Horticulture July 13-15, 2015 Beijing, China Study of Danaus chrysippus & its conservation Prasad Deshmukh Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, India lain tiger or African Monarch or Danaus chrysippus is a one of the well distributed species of Monarch butterfly in the Indian Psubcontinent after Africa, China, Chile, Sri Lanka & other Asian countries including Bangladesh. In college of Agriculture, Baramati, we carried out a study on this well distributed African monarch. Danaus chrysippus feeds on different species of Milkweed (Asclepias). Two most common species Calotropis giganta (purple flowers) & Calotropis procera (white flowers) are commonly found host for Danaus chrysippus. In this study, we collected larvae or caterpillar of plain tiger monarch at different stages & corresponding population of it on different species of its host plant. Different phases of life cyclei.e. caterpillar, chrysalis, and adult of Danaus chrysippus were observed in Natural & lab conditions. Also, we studied about the most preferred species of Milkweed for Danaus chrysippus. Mimicry by other insects & chemical (cardiac fluid) defense mechanisms are some of the distinctive study characteristic’s about monarch butterfly. Hence this study revealed that there are many threats to the population ofDanaus chrysippus as in case of Danaus plexippus species of Monarch butterfly (An endangered Migratory species) found in Mexico & other American countries. Keeping in mind that, study of biodiversity of different species of living organisms on earth is important, we found some conservative practices that can be followed for Danaus chrysippus. Also, study of its host species is carried out for efficient conservation practices. Conservation of milkweed helps the plant life by serving as important host for “Monarch butterfly, Bees (major pollinators)” & insect carnivorous beetles which feeds on aphids. As a part of conclusion, conservation of biology & life cycle of one species is important to better place the biology of other species living on earth. Biography Prasad Deshmukh is a Research Scholar from Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, India. [email protected] Notes: Agrotechnol Volume 4, Issue 2 ISSN:2168-9881 AGT, an open access journal Agri-2015 July 13-15 Page 88.

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Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
14 TROP. LEPID. RES., 23(1): 14-21, 2013 HASSAN ET AL.: Wolbachia and Acraea encedon MORPH RATIO DYNAMICS UNDER MALE-KILLER INVASION: THE CASE OF THE TROPICAL BUTTERFLY ACRAEA ENCEDON (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) Sami Saeed M. Hassan1, 2, 3*, Eihab Idris2 and Michael E. N. Majerus4 1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Postal Code 11115, Khartoum, Sudan. 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 1560, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 3 Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, Cambridge, UK. 4 Deceased – Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge. * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract - This study aimed to provide field-based assessment for the theoretical possibility that there is a relationship between colour polymorphism and male- killing in the butterflyAcraea encedon. In an extensive, three year study conducted in Uganda, the spatial variations and temporal changes in the ratios of different colour forms were observed. Moreover, the association between Wolbachia susceptibility and colour pattern was analyzed statistically. Two hypotheses were tested: first, morph ratio dynamics is a consequence of random extinction-colonization cycles, caused by Wolbachia spread, and second, particular colour forms are less susceptible to Wolbachia infection than others, implying the existence of colour form-specific resistance alleles. Overall, obtained data are consistent with the first hypothesis but not with the second, however, further research is needed before any firm conclusions can be made on the reality, scale and nature of the presumed association between polymorphism and male-killing in A. encedon.
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(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Butterflies Are Palatable to Avian Predators
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Petition to Protect the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus Plexippus Plexippus) Under the Endangered Species Act
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Danaus Chrysippus and Its Polymorphic Mullerian Mimics in Tropical Africa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae)
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Patterns of Diversity, Abundance and Habitat Associations of Butterfly Communities in Heterogeneous Landscapes of the Department
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158 CHATURVEDI and HARIBAL: Danaus genutia Hosts TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 3(2): 158 NOT] NEW LARVAL FOOD PLANTS FOR THE COMMON TIGER BUTTERFLY IN INDIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE) NARESH CHATURVEDI and MEENA HARIBAL Bombay Natural History' Society, Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Rd., Bombay 400 023, India During August 1991, while the senior author (NC) was walking along allowing us to work in the closed area of the park, and the Nature a forest path in the Borivli National Park, Bombay, looking for larvae of History Studies Subcommittee, of the Bombay Natural History Society various butterflies, he noticed a few leaves eaten by larvae. On closer Bombay, India, for financial assistance. observation, they were identified as being of the common tiger butterfly Danaus (Sa/atura) genutia (Cramer). The caterpillars were of different LITERATURE CITED stages (2nd-3rd instars). The plant was a woody climber in bloom and flowers were of a purplish colour inside and silvery pinkish white colour Ackery, P. R., and R. I. Vane-Wright outside, arranged in an axillary umbellate cyme, with a mild fragrance. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: their Cladistics and Biology. Londor The plant was collected and later identified as Holostemma annularis K. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 425pp. Schum (Asclepiadaceae). On plucking leaves of this plant, a white latex Bell, T. R. oozed out which on coming in contact with the air became an elastic 1909. The common butterflies of the plains of India (including thos residue. Subsequently, on several occasions we observed the common met with in the hill stations of the Bombay Presidency), j tiger butterfly laying eggs on the leaves of plant.
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The Queen Butterfly, Danaus Chrysippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Khartoum, Sudan
Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 5(2): 95-102(2012) A. Entomology Email: [email protected] ISSN: 1687–8809 Received: 15/7/2012 www.eajbs.eg.net The Queen Butterfly, Danaus Chrysippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Khartoum, Sudan. Eihab Idris1* and Sami Saeed M. Hassan1, 2 1- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum. P.O. Box 321, Postal Code 11115, Khartoum, Sudan. 2- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hail. P.O. Box 1560, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Within the region of East and Central Africa, the aposematic butterfly D. chrysippus is characterized by unusual ecology, due to the co-occurrence of polymorphism, mimicry and sex ratio distortion. In this paper, we describe a survey conducted for D. chrysippus at Khartoum, based upon morphological and molecular investigations. The goal of the study was to determine whether Sudan is a part of the presumed hybrid zone of D. chrysippus in Africa, where the butterfly shows the unusual ecology. D. chrysippus was found to display considerable colour pattern polymorphism. Only one mimetic form, the batesian mimic, female Hypolimnas misippus was recorded. The population sex ratio of D. chrysippus did not show significant deviation from the 1:1 ratio. Molecular tests for the male-killing bacteria Spiroplasma yielded negative results. The study concluded that central Sudan belongs to the hybrid zone but lacks its characteristic ecology. Keywords: Aposematic polymorphism; Mimicry; sex ratio distortion; male-killing; Spiroplasma; PCR INTRODUCTION Species that use aposematism as an anti-predator strategy are expected to be monomorphic for colour pattern, in order to facilitate avoidance learning by predators; if the aposematic prey is polymorphic, naïve predators will need to experience every colour form independently.
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