Kolombangara Surveying a Forgotten Second World War Fortress

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Kolombangara Surveying a Forgotten Second World War Fortress Kolombangara Surveying a forgotten Second World War fortress Early this year, a team set out to survey long- overlooked fortifications on the island of Kolombangara. Their work is shedding new light on preparations to repel an anticipated Allied invasion, as Nikolaus Hochstein Cox reveals. ABOVE An expedition to Kolombangara resulted in a series of Second World War Japanese tunnels being surveyed for the first time. Here, Nikolaus Cox Hochstein Nikolaus Martin Potts; Hochstein Cox and Andy Hawkins examine what appears to have been an air-raid shelter. IMAGES: 30 CURRENTWORLDARCHAEOLOGY Issue 103 SOLOMON ISLANDS LEFT Kolombangara today. Its summit towers over the neighbouring atolls. refusal to yield Japanese-held territory without a fight. From June 1943, this Hiroshiman cavalry officer and tank commander led Japan’s ‘Southern Detachment’, which was tasked with mounting delaying actions on New Georgia and Arundel (now Kohiqo) Islands, south of Kolombangara. Sasaki managed to hold off four Allied divisions with a significantly smaller and under-equipped Japanese contingent for a remarkable length of time. However, on 5 August 1943, after the Americans Martin Potts had taken New Georgia’s Munda airfield, Sasaki fell back to Kolombangara. PHOTO: PHOTO: Alongside his command, surviving he battle for the Solomon compelling its Japanese occupiers to documents indicate he withdrew the 13th Islands remains one of the evacuate. In their haste to escape, they and 229th Infantry Regiment, 10th, 52nd, Second World War’s most abandoned everything too heavy to carry and 58th Artillery Battalion, 17th Military important campaigns in within dugouts prepared to repel an Police (the notorious Kempei-tai), and the Pacific Theatre. It halted invasion that never came. the 8th Combined SNLF – a detachment Imperial Japan’s advance and brought the Those artefacts lay untouched for of the Kaigun Tokubetsu Rikusentai, or firstT Allied victories on land. Following the 77 years, before being rediscovered Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF), of the devastating Japanese defeat at Midway, by an archaeological expedition in Imperial Japanese Navy. Allied landings on the Solomon Island February 2020. It was led by Nikolaus This increased the Kolombangara of Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 struck Hochstein Cox, who had been working garrison to 12,000 men. The island’s the next blow against the Axis forces. The as a Cambridge Archaeological Unit north-eastern coast became the 229th ensuing island-hopping jungle fighting archaeologist, and consisted of Major Infantry’s regimental headquarters, which between Allied soldiers and outnumbered (retired) Andy Hawkins, MBE QGM, monitored enemy activity in ‘The Slot’ – but tenacious Japanese occupiers has conflict archaeologist and Durand Group the wartime nickname for New Georgia become infamous. Traces of this brutal founding member, and Martin Potts, Sound. Meanwhile, Kolombangara’s episode linger as coral-encrusted expedition cameraman. southern shore hosted a combined army shipwrecks and an annual ‘iron harvest’ of This survey came about after Nikolaus’ and navy presence focused on an airfield unexploded shells. For all the fame of the friend Robert Prebble worked on beside the Vila River. This became the Solomon Islands campaign, though, parts Kolombangara in 1995, becoming the first hub of Japanese control in the Western of this story remain untold – moments non-islander to be shown a stone-carved Province, hosting the 13th Infantry’s never recorded by the Allies nor discussed dugout, which Prebble remembered being regimental headquarters, alongside by the defeated Japanese; a legacy of littered with artefacts and described as the artillery battalions and Kempei-tai, occupation known only from forgotten a Japanese field hospital. Despite this the 12th Company of the 229th, and ruins in deep rainforest. first-hand account of significant remains, reputedly the Navy’s own 8th Combined there was little published information SNLF. Such tempting targets attracted Island conflict about how the island slotted into the daily Allied artillery and aerial attacks. archaeology larger picture of the Second World War With New Georgia and Arundel in Allied Kolombangara is conspicuous among – Kolombangara had been relegated hands, Sasaki assumed that Kolombangara the Solomon Islands’ Western Province. to the footnotes of military history. would be next. Previously, the Allied Its jungle-covered slopes rise to a cloud- But even from this sparce evidence a strategy had been to advance one island shrouded summit 1,770m above sea level, story eventually emerged, involving at a time without ‘leapfrogging’ Japanese- leaving it towering above the surrounding a determined Japanese general, and a occupied territory, making Kolombangara atolls. In late 1943, Kolombangara became mystery concerning a unit of troops the clear target. Sasaki’s men dug in, the seat of Imperial Japanese power in among his force. constructing gun emplacements and the Solomon Islands and was fortified to dugouts to protect the airfield and resist the Allied advance northwards until Fortress Kolombangara garrison. Allied intelligence – in the form Japan’s fortunes could be restored. This Throughout the Solomon Islands of maps now available in the National ‘turning point’ was not to be, however, Campaign, General Minoru (Noboru) Archives as well as Cambridge’s University and by August 1943 Kolombangara was Sasaki was renowned, even by the Allied Library (accessed by Amy Bigwood, encircled by Allied forces, eventually forces whose advance he stymied, for his expedition researcher) – followed this www.world-archaeology.com CURRENTWORLDARCHAEOLOGY 31 LEFT General Minoru Sasaki, seen here in a photograph taken in 1939, was responsible for the defence of the Solomon Islands. Cox Hochstein / Nikolaus Matzliach David by and edited colour to restored photo ABOVE Survey revealed a series of six dugouts in the jungle at Teme, to the east of the main concentration of Japanese forces at the Vila airfield. IMAGES: defensive build-up with interest, plotting slaughter. His men were exhausted to ‘wither on the vine’, but 12,000 troops the positions of the gun emplacements, and suffering the effects of prolonged amounted to a force the Imperial General the hospitals and living quarters, vessel combat in gruelling conditions against Headquarters could not afford to abandon. moorings, and aircraft disbursement a determined enemy. So Halsey decided During the night, from 28 September to grounds. One notable absence from these to bypass Kolombangara and strike the 3 October 1943, the entire garrison was Allied maps, though, is the position of lightly defended enemy positions on evacuated in Daihatsu landing barges and the SNLF unit supposedly deployed to the Vella Lavella Island, to the northwest, torpedo boats, which ran the gauntlet of island. If this formidable fighting force thereby sparing his men the ordeal of watchful American cruisers in The Slot. had participated in preparations for the assaulting the fortified nexus of Japanese The evacuation proved costly for the defence of Kolombangara, where was it operations. This plan was executed on 12 Japanese; 29 small boats were sunk and based? August, when an assault on Vella Lavella one destroyer was damaged, but 9,400 saw its disorganised defenders overrun. men were rescued. These survivors were Wither on the vine Success allowed the Allies to consolidate redeployed to Bougainville, where they As it turned out, the Japanese soldiers their control of the surrounding islands, continued to resist the Allies until Japan’s on Kolombangara laboured in vain. leaving Kolombangara’s 12,000 defenders capitulation in 1945. American Admiral Halsey had seen his untouched, but also isolated from their men suffer appalling casualties on New nearest comrades at Bougainville. Sasaki’s legacy Georgia and wished to avoid further Halsey expected the surrounded soldiers Just as General Sasaki faded into obscurity after the war, so too his measures to defend Kolombangara disappeared beneath its jungle. Although the 1st Battalion, 27th Infantry (United States Army) came ashore three days after the Japanese evacuation, they moved on swiftly, finding only discarded artillery pieces, abandoned Mitsubishi Zeroes on the runway, and Japanese troops who had been too unwell to evacuate. The Americans turned the island over to a contingent of Fijian soldiers, who in turn handed it back to British colonial LEFT Although the subterranean elements of the dugouts generally survived well, in most cases the entrance ways had collapsed. This one leads into a passage named Snake Tunnel by the survey team. In Martin Potts this case, though, opening the entrance revealed the tunnel immediately beyond was flooded. PHOTO: 32 CURRENTWORLDARCHAEOLOGY Issue 103 SOLOMON ISLANDS endured, in the form of dugouts that were burrowed into the hills of Teme and replete with in-situ artefacts. According to the allied maps, this area to the east of the Vila was never considered an enemy strongpoint. But it appeared possible that the dugout Robert visited in 1995 was part of an extensive subterranean defensive system. To assess this, contact was made with a local landowner, Stenrick Riapitu, and it was agreed that we would undertake the first archaeological survey of his land. Five dugouts at Teme Between 28 February and 14 March 2020, our survey located six Japanese dugouts and we entered five. All six dugouts ran along the inland face of a coastal ridge, on a southeast to northwest
Recommended publications
  • Frontier Technologies for Sustainable Development
    E/2018/50/Rev.1 ST/ESA/370 Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Economic and Social Survey 2018 Frontier technologies for sustainable development United Nations New York, 2018 Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN/DESA) is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department’s mission is to promote and support international cooperation in the pursuit of sustainable development for all. Its work is guided by the universal and transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, along with a set of 17 integrated Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. UN/DESA’s work addresses a range of cross- cutting issues that affect peoples’ lives and livelihoods, such as social policy, poverty eradication, employment, social inclusion, inequalities, population, indigenous rights, macroeconomic policy, development finance and cooperation, public sector innovation, forest policy, climate change and sustainable development. To this end, UN/DESA: analyses, generates and compiles a wide range of data and information on development issues; brings together the international community at conferences and summits to address economic and social challenges; supports the formulation of development policies, global standards and norms; supports the implementation of international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; and assists States in meeting their development challenges through a variety of capacity development initiatives. In carrying out its work, UN/DESA engages with a variety of stakeholders around the world—non-governmental organizations, civil society, the private sector, research and academic organizations, philanthropic foundations and intergovernmental organizations—as well as partner organizations in the United Nations system.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Assessment
    Social Assessment Project Title: Western Province Ridges to Reef: Planning to Enhance the Conservation of Biodiversity Conservation Plan Applicant: World Wide Fund for Nature, Solomon Islands Because the project will implement activities in areas with Indigenous Peoples, a Social Assessment has been prepared, to demonstrate how the project will comply with CEPF’s Safeguard Policy on Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous Peoples in the project area A total of 18 indigenous tribes are known within the proposed project area of Kolombangara Island. However, the below list will be confirmed during consultation meetings with KIBCA (Kolombangara Island Biodiversity and Conservation Association), communities, other local partners, and stakeholders within the project site. Therefore, the list below may increase or decrease after the consultation meetings. KIBCA reports that approximately 6,000 people currently reside on Kolombangara Island 1. Koloma 2. Ngava 3. Vumba 4. Qoza 5. Kona 6. Sarelata 7. Paleka 8. Kumbongava 9. Bantongo 10. Jito 11. Siporae 12. Sikipozo 13. Padezaka 14. Matakale 15. Vasiluku 16. Sirebe 17. Vuri 18. Leanabako If funds permit, some awareness activities may also be carried out on Ghizo Island. Over the years, people from other islands/countries have either settled on or have been relocated to Ghizo Island for a host of reasons. Identifying indigenous peoples within the project area is thus a rather complicated task. Eleven major rural/semi-rural communities exist on Ghizo Island, excluding the town of Gizo itself. Saeraghi, Vorivori and Bibolo are descendants of the original settlers and owners of Ghizo Island. Paeloge and Suvania/Simboro settlers are immigrants from Simbo Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Land and Maritime Connectivity Project: Road Component Initial
    Land and Maritime Connectivity Project (RRP SOL 53421-001) Initial Environmental Examination Project No. 53421-001 Status: Draft Date: August 2020 Solomon Islands: Land and Maritime Connectivity Project – Multitranche Financing Facility Road Component Prepared by Ministry of Infrastructure Development This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to any particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Solomon Islands: Land and Maritime Connectivity Project Road Component – Initial Environmental Examination Table of Contents Abbreviations iv Executive Summary v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the Project 1 1.2 Scope of the Environmental Assessment 5 2 Legal and Institutional Framework 6 2.1 Legal and Planning Framework 6 2.1.1 Country safeguard system 6 2.1.2 Other legislation supporting the CSS 7 2.1.3 Procedures for implementing the CSS 9 2.2 National Strategy and Plans 10 2.3 Safeguard Policy Statement 11 3 Description of the Subprojects 12 3.1 Location and Existing Conditions – SP-R1 12 3.1.1 Existing alignment 12 3.1.2 Identified issues and constraints 14 3.2 Location and Existing Conditions – SP-R5 15 3.2.1 Location
    [Show full text]
  • The Naturalist and His 'Beautiful Islands'
    The Naturalist and his ‘Beautiful Islands’ Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific David Russell Lawrence The Naturalist and his ‘Beautiful Islands’ Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific David Russell Lawrence Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Lawrence, David (David Russell), author. Title: The naturalist and his ‘beautiful islands’ : Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific / David Russell Lawrence. ISBN: 9781925022032 (paperback) 9781925022025 (ebook) Subjects: Woodford, C. M., 1852-1927. Great Britain. Colonial Office--Officials and employees--Biography. Ethnology--Solomon Islands. Natural history--Solomon Islands. Colonial administrators--Solomon Islands--Biography. Solomon Islands--Description and travel. Dewey Number: 577.099593 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover image: Woodford and men at Aola on return from Natalava (PMBPhoto56-021; Woodford 1890: 144). Cover design and layout by ANU Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2014 ANU Press Contents Acknowledgments . xi Note on the text . xiii Introduction . 1 1 . Charles Morris Woodford: Early life and education . 9 2. Pacific journeys . 25 3 . Commerce, trade and labour . 35 4 . A naturalist in the Solomon Islands . 63 5 . Liberalism, Imperialism and colonial expansion . 139 6 . The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital . 169 7 . Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900 .
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Islands Herpetology, No. V, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. A
    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 11 Article 1 Number 3 – Number 4 12-29-1951 Pacific slI ands herpetology, No. V, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. A check list of species Vasco M. Tanner Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Tanner, Vasco M. (1951) "Pacific slI ands herpetology, No. V, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. A check list of species," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 11 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol11/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. U8fW Ul 22 195; The Gregft fiasib IfJaturalist Published by the Department of Zoology and Entomology Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Volume XI DECEMBER 29, 1951 Nos. III-IV PACIFIC ISLANDS HERPETOLOGY, NO. V GUADALCANAL, SOLOMON ISLANDS: l A CHECK LIST OF SPECIES ( ) VASCO M. TANNER Professor of Zoology and Entomology Brigham Young University Provo, Utah INTRODUCTION This paper, the fifth in the series, deals with the amphibians and reptiles, collected by United States Military personnel while they were stationed on several of the Solomon Islands. These islands, which were under the British Protectorate at the out-break of the Japanese War in 1941, extend for about 800 miles in a southeast direction from the Bismarck Archipelago. They lie south of the equator, between 5° 24' and 10° 10' south longitude and 154° 38' and 161° 20' east longitude, which is well within the tropical zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Species-Edition-Melanesian-Geo.Pdf
    Nature Melanesian www.melanesiangeo.com Geo Tranquility 6 14 18 24 34 66 72 74 82 6 Herping the final frontier 42 Seahabitats and dugongs in the Lau Lagoon 10 Community-based response to protecting biodiversity in East 46 Herping the sunset islands Kwaio, Solomon Islands 50 Freshwater secrets Ocean 14 Leatherback turtle community monitoring 54 Freshwater hidden treasures 18 Monkey-faced bats and flying foxes 58 Choiseul Island: A biogeographic in the Western Solomon Islands stepping-stone for reptiles and amphibians of the Solomon Islands 22 The diversity and resilience of flying foxes to logging 64 Conservation Development 24 Feasibility studies for conserving 66 Chasing clouds Santa Cruz Ground-dove 72 Tetepare’s turtle rodeo and their 26 Network Building: Building a conservation effort network to meet local and national development aspirations in 74 Secrets of Tetepare Culture Western Province 76 Understanding plant & kastom 28 Local rangers undergo legal knowledge on Tetepare training 78 Grassroots approach to Marine 30 Propagation techniques for Tubi Management 34 Phantoms of the forest 82 Conservation in Solomon Islands: acts without actions 38 Choiseul Island: Protecting Mt Cover page The newly discovered Vangunu Maetambe to Kolombangara River Island endemic rat, Uromys vika. Image watershed credit: Velizar Simeonovski, Field Museum. wildernesssolomons.com WWW.MELANESIANGEO.COM | 3 Melanesian EDITORS NOTE Geo PRODUCTION TEAM Government Of Founder/Editor: Patrick Pikacha of the priority species listed in the Critical Ecosystem [email protected] Solomon Islands Hails Partnership Fund’s investment strategy for the East Assistant editor: Tamara Osborne Melanesian Islands. [email protected] Barana Community The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) Contributing editor: David Boseto [email protected] is designed to safeguard Earth’s most biologically rich Prepress layout: Patrick Pikacha Nature Park Initiative and threatened regions, known as biodiversity hotspots.
    [Show full text]
  • Escaping from the Commodity Dependence Trap Through Technology and Innovation
    UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT COMMODITIES & DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2021 Escaping from the Commodity Dependence Trap through Technology and Innovation Geneva, 2021 © 2021, United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications 405 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 United States of America Email: [email protected] Website: https://shop.un.org/ The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2021/1 ISBN: 978-92-1-1130188 eISBN: 978-92-1-403046-1 ISSN: 2519-8580 eISSN: 2524-2709 Sales No.: E.21.II.D.14 COMMODITIES & DEVELOPMENT Escaping from the Commodity Dependence Trap through Technology and Innovation REPORT 2021 Acknowledgements The Commodities and Development Report 2021: Escaping from the Commodity Dependence Trap through Technology and Innovation was prepared by Janvier D. Nkurunziza (team leader), Stefan Csordás and Marco Fugazza, from the Commodities Branch of the Division on International Trade and Commodities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. O rder N um ber 87X7695 The Japanese merchant marine in World War II Parillo, Mark Philip, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Parillo, Mark Philip. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
    A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Explaining the paradox of market reform in communist China: the uneven and combined development of the Chinese Revolution and the search for ‘national salvation’ Luke Cooper University of Sussex July 2013 Thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations at the University of Sussex. 2 Abstract This thesis addresses the paradox of capitalist market reform being introduced by a politically undefeated communist state in China. It does so by developing an historical account of the Chinese polity’s relationship with the modern world. Chapter one offers a critique of existing explanations; these tend to focus narrowly on the immediate circumstances surrounding the decision to reform and thereby eschew analysis of the specific dynamics of the Chinese Revolution. In so doing, they also ignore its origins within the welter of contradictions arising from the process of capitalist internationalization, giving no causal efficacy to ‘the international’ in explaining this dramatic social transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting World War II/EQ: What Military Strategies Did the United States and Its Allies Pursue to Defeat the Axis Powers in World War II?
    Outline Ch. 36 – Fighting World War II/EQ: What military strategies did the United States and its allies pursue to defeat the Axis powers in World War II? 36.1 – Introduction After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States began mobilizing troops for war. Some of these soldiers would end up in Europe, fighting the German army. o First, though, they had to cross the Atlantic Ocean on troop ships, braving attacks by Germany’s deadly U-boat fleet. o Since the start of the war, in 1939, German U-boats had been working to disrupt and destroy Allied shipping in the Atlantic. When the United States entered the war, its Atlantic coastal waters were relatively unprotected. o During the first several months of 1942, U-boats sank dozens of American ships off the Atlantic Coast. o These losses would not continue, however. o As in World War I, the Allies reduced their losses by using the convoy system. By 1943, it was churning out enough ships to replace lost vessels and to defend against U-boat attacks. This new U.S. fleet would play a key role in naval battles and in supporting ground and air forces during World War II. 36.2. – Preparing for War in Europe In late December 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met in Washington, D.C. Their purpose was to devise a strategy to help the … o Allies [Allies: the countries that fought against the Central Powers during World War I and the countries that fought against the Axis Powers during World War II] o defeat the o Axis powers [Axis Powers: the alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II] They would concentrate most of their forces on winning back Europe, while initially fighting a defensive war against Japan in the Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • The Solomon Islands
    156°E156°E 157°E157°E 158°E158°E 159°E159°E 160°E160°E 161°E161°E 162°E162°E 163°E163°E 159°15´E Inset A 159°45´E 5°S 5°S BougainvilleBougainville Inset A (Papua(Papua NewNew Guinea)Guinea) PAPUAPAPUA NEWNEW GUINEAGUINEA TaroTaro TarekukureTarekukure ¿ CHOISEULCHOISEUL OntongOntong JavaJava CC KarikiKariki CC THETHE SOLOMONSOLOMON ISLANDSISLANDS KarikiKariki hh THETHE SOLOMONSOLOMON ISLANDSISLANDS Inset B FauroFauro oo iii iii ss PanggoePanggoe ¿ ee 5°30´S 7°S7°S ee ¿ SasamunggaSasamungga uu 7°S7°S ShortlandShortland lll M ShortlandShortland Ontong Java Atoll fMt Maetambe (1060m) a NilaNila n 159°45´E n approx 200km in VANUATUVANUATU g S ISABELISABEL tr ISABELISABEL a it 602m f ¿ MonoMono FalamaeFalamae FalamaeFalamae WaginaWagina ¿ WaginaWagina AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA ArarrikiArarriki KiaKia NEWNEW CALEDONIACALEDONIA ¿ DoveleDovele ¿ f790m 760mf VellaVella LavellaLavella AllardyceAllardyce f520m PoitetePoitete N BoliteiBolitei e SS NdaiNdai w SS aa ¿ G aa nn LiapariLiapari VonunuVonunu e nn KoriovukuKoriovuku fMt Veve (1770m) or ttt aa (T g aa KolombangaraKolombangara h ia III RanonggaRanongga e S ss 8°S8°S S o aa 8°S8°S PienunaPienuna ¿ f500m lo u bb 8°S8°S PienunaPienuna t) n ee S o u t h 869mf f843m d lll ¿ ¿ GizoGizo RinggiRinggi¿ NewNew BualaBuala ¿RamataRamata 800m P a c i f i c KohinggoKohinggo GeorgiaGeorgia 1120mf f Mt Kubonitu (1219m)f NoroNoro SimboSimbo VonavonaVonavona BiulaBiula Maana`ombaMaana`omba O c e a n Malu'uMalu'u ¿ MundaMunda Cape Astrolabe Roviana KonideKonide ¿ Lagoon TatambaTatamba f680m Marovo TatambaTatamba f821m
    [Show full text]
  • CEPF Safeguard Policy: Indigenous Peoples (OP4.10)
    CEPF Safeguard Policy: Indigenous Peoples (OP4.10) Project Title: Ghizo and Kolombangara Ridges to Reef: Integrated planning for natural resources, communities, and biodiversity (Phase 2) Organization: World Wide Fund for Nature - Solomon Islands Application Code: 65964 Social Assessment –Kolombangara and Ghizo Islands As with Phase1, this project will continue to implement activities within areas where Indigenous Peoples reside; therefore, similar to the Phase 1 assessment, this Social Assessment has been compiled for communities reside on Ghizo and Kolombangara Islands, and was prepared to demonstrate how the project will comply with CEPF’s Safeguard Policy on Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous Peoples of Kolombangara The island of Kolombangara is divided into 2 provincial constituency wards, the Northern and Southern, and within these wards there are roughly 41 community villages within the Northern ward, and some 53 community villages occupying the Southern ward. Of these community villages there are 9 main settlements. According to the Kolombangara Island Biodiversity and Conservation Association (KIBCA) as of today, there are thought to be a total of 18 indigenous tribes known to reside within the two constituency wards of Kolombangara Island. KIBCA reports that approximately 6,000 people currently reside on Kolombangara Island, and current reports state that the population has been steadily growing since the last 2009 census. During the community consultation activities facilitated by KIBCA, WWF aims to generate up-to-date and accurate records of the total population, number of tribes and total number of people within each tribe, and to use this information to assist in recording indirect and direct beneficiaries of this R2R project.
    [Show full text]