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Research Paper ISSN 0189-6016©2009 Sonibare et al., Afr. J. Trad. CAM (2009) 6 (4): 518 - 525 518 Afr. J. Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines Research Paper www.africanethnomedicines.net ISSN 0189-6016©2009 PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF FOUR SPECIES OF COLA SCHOTT & ENDL. (STERCULIACEAE) Mubo Adeola Sonibare1, Micheal O. Soladoye2, Oyedokun O. Esan 2, Oluwadayo O. Sonibare3 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 2Department of Plant Science and Applied Zoology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria 3Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The in-vitro antimicrobial evaluation of ethanol extracts of four species of Cola Schott & Endl. was done using human isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger as test organisms. The assays were carried out by agar well diffusion, erythromycin and ketoconazole served as the control drugs. The leaf ethanol extracts of the plants were found to be more effective against the tested fungi than the bacteria at high concentrations. None of the extracts was active against Staphylococcus aureus. Plant extract of C. acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl. and C. nitida (Vent) Schott & Endl. showed activity on S. albus at concentrations ranging from 10-150 mgmlˉ¹ having comparable diameters of zone of inhibition of 7.3±0.03-16.0±0.0 for C. acuminata and 10.0±0.0-19.0±0.0 for C. nitida. Also, these two species of Cola demonstrated activities on C. albicans and A. niger at concentrations ranging from 90-150mgmlˉ¹ with relatively close diameters of zone of inhibition. Only C. acuminata inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae at the MIC of 90mgmlˉ¹ whereas, C. albicans was inhibited by C. acuminata, C. millenii K. Schum and C. gigantea A.Chev. at the MIC of 120mgmlˉ¹. Phytochemical screening of the four species of Cola showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and cardenolides in all the plants which apart from showing the probable closeness of the species could also be responsible for the observed activities. The antimicrobial property shown by the plant extracts is an evidence of the ethnomedicinal uses of the plants. The similarity observed in the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities demonstrated by C nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl., C. millenii and C.gigantea A. Chev. and C. acuminata suggest a probable closeness among these species. The results obtained in this study provide preliminary evidence of the chemotaxonomic significance of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activities in infra-generic taxonomy of species of Cola. Key words: Cola species, Sterculiaceae, phytochemical screening, antimicrobial studies, taxonomy. Introduction Cola Schott & Endl. (Sterculiaceae) is a genus of about 125 species of trees indigenous to the tropical rain-forest African region (Ratsch, 2005). Phylogenetic information reveals that the genus was formerly classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae and was later transfered into the separate family Sterculiaceae. Cola is one of the largest in the family Sterculiaceae and is related to the South American genus Theobroma. It comprises of evergreen moderately sized trees often growing to a height of 20m with glossy ovoid leaves up to 30cm long. Cola species are found mostly in the relatively dry parts of the rain forest, although Cola millenii and Cola gigantea are widely distributed in wet and dry forest environments (Kuoame and Sacande, 2006; Olorode, 1984). According to Russell (1955), the systematics of Cola species was in a state of “indescribable confusion”. In an attempt to resolve this confusion, Chevalier and Perrot (1911) created the Subgenus Eucola Sonibare et al., Afr. J. Trad. CAM (2009) 6 (4): 518 - 525 519 containing five species of edible kolanuts – Cola nitida (important for trade), Cola acuminata (important for socio-cultural values), Cola ballayi, Cola verticillata and Cola sphaerocarpa. The latter three species are not known to be cultivated The mature fruit of Cola species is a nut known as kolanut (Duke, 2001). It has a bitter flavour and high caffeine content (Blades, 2000; Benjamin et al., 1991). It is chewed in many West African cultures individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to tribal chiefs or to guests. Chewing kolanut can ease hunger pangs. Kolanuts are used mainly for their stimulant and euphoriant qualities. They have effects similar to other xanthine containing herbs like cocoa, tea etc. However, the effects are distinctively different, producing a stronger state of euphoria and well being (Benjamin et al., 1991). They have stimulant effects on the central nervous system and heart. Kolanuts are used as a source of alkaloids in pharmaceutical preparations (Newall et al., 1996; Bradley, 1992; Opeke, 1992). Various medicinal and pharmacological values have been observed in species of Cola (Daels- Rakotoarison et al., 2003; Steinegger and Hansel, 1992). Kolanuts are often used to treat whooping cough and asthma. The caffeine present acts as a bronchodilator, expanding the bronchial air passages (Jayeola, 2001; Kim, 2001). Kolanuts are also employed in the treatment of malaria and fever (Odugbemi, 2006). Experiments using animals indicate that kolanuts have analeptic and lipolytic properties and stimulate the secretion of gastric juices (GRIN, 2007). Odugbemi (2006) reported that the leaves of Cola millenii are used in the treatment of ringworm, scabies, gonorrhoea, dysentery and opthalmia. Traditionally, the leaves, twigs, flowers, fruit follicles and the bark of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata are used to prepare a tonic as a remedy for dysentery, coughs, diarrhoea, vomiting and chest complaints (Burkill, 1995; Irvine, 1961). This paper reports the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of four species of Cola with a possible evaluation of their chemotaxonomic significance. Materials and methods Plant materials Fresh leaves of Cola acuminata was collected in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Cola nitida, Cola millenii and Cola gigantea were collected at different location in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria in June 2007. The plants were identified and authenticated by Mr. T.K Odewo at the Forest Herbarium Ibadan (FHI) where the voucher specimens were also deposited under the following numbers: Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl. FHI 107892, Cola milleni K. Schum. FHI 107893, Cola nitida (Vent) Schott & Endl. FHI 107894, Cola gigantea A. Chev. var. gigantea Bull. FHI 107895. The voucher information which includes locality of collection and herbarium numbers of the Cola species are presented in Table 1. Extraction of Plant Material The air-dried and powdered leaves were extracted by maceration of 200g of the dried, pulverized leaves at room temperature for 48 hours in 2.5 litres of 96% ethanol. The mixture was filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper and the filtrate solution was evaporated in a water bath at 70ºC to obtain a paste. The extracts gave yields of 3.9%, 0.6%, 2.8% and 2.5%, respectively, for C. nitida, C. acuminata, C. millenii and C. gigantea. Phytochemical screening The dried, pulverized leaves were subjected to phytochemical analysis to screen for the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, cardenolides and tannins. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedure (Ajaiyeoba et al., 2003; Trease and Evans, 1989). Brief description is as follows: Alkaloids: 70ml of 10% HCl was added to 4g of each sample in appropriately labeled conical flasks and boiled for 10 mins. Each boiled sample was filtered and allowed to cool. The filtrates were poured into four labeled test tubes. Few drops of Dragendoff’s, Mayer’s, Wagner’s reagents were added to each test tube separately. Alkaloids were recorded as present in the sample if turbidity or a brownish precipitate was observed. Saponins: 4g of each sample was dissolved in distilled water and heated for 2-5 mins. The mixtures were filtered, allowed to cool and shaken continuously for 2 mins to induce the production of froth. They were then left to stand for 15 mins. The observation of frothing was indicative of presence of saponin. Test for Tannins: 1g of each sample was heated with 20ml of water for 5 mins in appropriately labeled test- tubes. Each solution was allowed to cool and then filtered. 1m of each filtrate was diluted with 5ml distilled water in a test tube; few drops of 0.1% ferric chloride solution were added. A characteristic blue, blue-black, green or blue-green colour and precipitate indicate the presence of tannin. Sonibare et al., Afr. J. Trad. CAM (2009) 6 (4): 518 - 525 520 Anthraquinones: 1g of each sample was shaken with 10ml of ferric chloride solution mixed with 5ml of HCL. Each mixture was heated in a water bath for 10-15 mins, filtered and allowed to cool. The filtrate was extracted with chloroform and shaken gently. The clear layers at the base were pipette into test tubes and 2ml each of ammonia solution was added. An observation of a delicate pink rose colour indicated the presence of anthraquinones. Cardenolides: 4g of each sample were extracted in test tubes with 80% ethanol, all appropriately labeled. They were then divided into two portions for Kedde’s test and Keller-Killiani’s test. For Kedde’s Test, few drops of 10% lead acetate were added to each of the tubes, followed by few drops of distilled water and chloroform. The contents were then evaporated to dryness in a water bath. 5% NaOH was added to each residue and then 2% of 3.5 dinitrobenezene acid. For Keller – Killiani’s Test, few drops of 10% lead acetate, water and chloroform were added to each test sample. The mixtures were also evaporated to dryness in a water bath and subsequently, few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid were added. For Keller-Killiani’s test, a brown ring indicated the presence of cardenolides while for the Kedde’s test, a brown to purple colour was indicative of presence of cardenolides.
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