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Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
The Banana Massacre. Diario La Economia , diariolaeconomia.com/editoriales/item/4085-la-masacre-en-las-bananeras.html. Accessed
30 Nov. 2019. This is a picture of a newspaper on the massacre and the Columbian
government.
Bananas: United Fruit Co. New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/review/Kurtz-Phelan-t.html. Accessed 28 Sept.
2019. The purpose of this illustration was to correlate the United Fruit Company with
violence. The gun along with the slogan clearly shows that the United Fruit Company has
unjust intentions, because it would not make any sense a fruit company has something to
do with weaponry.
A blank portrait of five labor leaders in the 1928 strike in Colombia. The numbers and the word
"out" appear within the frame. (Courtesy of Kevin Coleman). NACLA, nacla.org/news/2018/12/18/photos-we-don%E2%80%99t-get-see-photo-essay. This is
one of the very few photograph showing who the strikers were, and these 5 shown, led
them, one of them killed, and another jailed.
Boston Fruit Company. Wikiwand, www.wikiwand.com/en/Boston_Fruit_Company. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019. This is a article about the Boston Fruit Company, the company prior to the
United Fruit Company. This image shows the origins of the company.
Carlos Cortes Vargas. Revista Semana , www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/masacre-de-las-bananeras-90-anos-de-la-tragedia-que-
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marco-a-colombia/592107. Accessed 30 Nov. 2019. This image is to purely portray the
militant in charge that open fired at a innocent crowd.
Central America, the West Indies South America and Portions of the United States and Mexico. Loc, www.loc.gov/resource/g3301p.ct000852/?r=-0.331,-0.067,1.794,1.14,0. This is a map of the steamship routes of the United Fruit Company. It shows all the cargo routes
from the Banana Republics and America.
Chiquita bananas . Chiquita, www.chiquita.com/our-fruits/our-bananas/organic-bananas. Accessed 1 Dec. 2019. This is a eye catching picture of the Chiquita bananas today. It
shows how the company evolved over the years and how good its gotten at covering up
the bad deeds it does.
"Chiquita Banana the Original Commercial." Youtube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFDOI24RRAE. Accessed 30 Sept. 2019. This commercial
from 1987, the Chiquita Banana jingle, was important in proving my claim that the
United Fruit Company, later renamed into the Chiquita Banana, is making it seem like its
a harmless company on the exterior, but hiding all the sweat and grime of the banana
workers in the background, who are facing unfair wages, and brutal work.
Cortes Vargas. Wikimedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cort%C3%A9s_Vargas. Accessed 2 Dec. 2019. This is a execllent illustration for my website and would be perfect for my
short term impact page.
The Federal Octopus. Medium, medium.com/lit-up/united-fruit-a-company-gone-bananas-part-ii-bf734f97dcd4. This is a
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illustration showing the power of the UFC and how it spread its tentacles all around the
Banana Republics.
"Frases de Jorge Eliécer Gaitán." Frases de Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, citas.in/autores/jorge-eliecer-gaitan/. Accessed 1 Dec. 2019. These are quotes by Jorge
Eliécer Gaitán, and they give you an idea about what kind of things he has planned for
the country.
Jefferson Caffery . Louisiana Cemeteries , www.la-cemeteries.com/Notables/Politicos/Caffery,Jefferson/Caffery,%20Jefferson.shtm
l. Accessed 30 Nov. 2019. This is a photo of Bogata Ambassador, Jefferson Caffery, who
reports back to the U.S.A about what the situation is, in Coloumbia, mainly the safety of
Americans.
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. NewsBeezer, newsbeezer.com/colombiaeng/consequences-of-the-assassination-of-liberal-jorge-eliecer-
gaitan-on-april-9-1948-political-parties-politics/. This is a picture of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
standing for his people as a liberalist leader in Coloumbia which was not common. This
is a short term effect.
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. TeleMundo 62, www.telemundo62.com/fotos/Los-magnicidios-de-nuestra-historia--272107001.html.
Accessed 1 Dec. 2019. This is photograph of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, and this source is
useful because it gives a idea of who he is.
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Massacre at Santa Marta Newspaper Headline . Columbian Reports, colombiareports.com/massacres-defined-colombias-armed-conflict/. This is a newspaper
in Spanish headlining the massacre at Santa Marta, which a very major primary source.
"The 1928 Massacre of Banana Workers." Kevincoleman.org, kevincoleman.org/the-1928-massacre-of-banana-workers/. Accessed 29 Sept. 2019.
These documents were important to my claim because they are the most official records
of what actually occurred during the banana massacre. They were letters sent from the
Bogota Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State.
"100 MUERTOS Y 238 HERIDOS EN EL CONFLITO DE LA REGION BANANERA" ["100
DEAD AND 238 WOUNDED in THE CONFLICT of THE BANANA REGION"]. La Prensa [Barranquilla], 14 Dec. 1928. Columbia Reports, colombiareports.com/massacres-defined-colombias-armed-conflict/. Accessed 29 Sept.
2019. This local Columbian newspaper is a very first-hand primary source, because this
was published on December 14th in the city, less than a week after the Strike and the
Massacre. This informs us of what the public were informed of the attack, and how much
the numbers were exaggerated, if they were.
1000 Colombian Pesos banknote. Leftover Currency , www.leftovercurrency.com/exchange/colombian-pesos/withdrawn-colombian-peso-bank
notes/1000-colombian-pesos-banknote-jorge-eliecer-gaitan/. Accessed 1 Dec. 2019. This
is a current note of the Columbian currency with the liberal leader's face on it. It helps me
prove my long term lasting effect.
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"Report Prepared by the National Security Council Planning Board." Office of the Historian, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/d45. Accessed 28 Sept. 2019.
These records from the United States national archive of foreign relations shows the
history of the United Fruit Company, and it's journey throughout the decades. It also
takes about relations with Central and South (Latin) America, or more specifically, those
countries who were in the Banana Republic.
Telegram from Bogata Embassy to Secretary of State December 8th . Kevin Coleman, kevincoleman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/cotie6dec1928.jpg. One the few
important documents that are one of the only few documents found on the Massacre at
Santa Marta.
Telegram from Bogata Embassy to Secretary of State December 9. Kevin Coleman , kevincoleman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/cotie9dec1928.jpg. Accessed 29 Nov.
2019. One the few important documents that are one of the only few documents found on
the Massacre at Santa Marta.
Telegram from Bogata Embassy to Secretary of State December 7. Kevin Coleman , kevincoleman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/caffery7dec1928.jpg. Accessed 29 Nov.
2019. One the few important documents that are one of the only few documents found on
the Massacre at Santa Marta.
Telegram from Bogata Embassy to Secretary of State December 11. Kevin Coleman , kevincoleman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/cotie11dec1928a.jpg. One the few
important documents that are one of the only few documents found on the Massacre at
Santa Marta.
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Telegram from Bogata Embassy to Secretary of State December 29 . Kevin Coleman , kevincoleman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/caffery29dec1928a.jpg. Accessed 29
Nov. 2019. One the few important documents that are one of the only few documents
found on the Massacre at Santa Marta.
Telegram from Bogata Embassy to Secretary of State Feburary 8-29. Kevin Coleman , kevincoleman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/caffery16jan1929.jpg. Accessed 29 Nov.
2019. One the few important documents that are one of the only few documents found on
the Massacre at Santa Marta.
Telegram from Bogata Embassy to Secretary of State June 20. Kevin Coleman , kevincoleman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/caffery8june1929a.jpg. Accessed 29 Nov.
2019. One the few important documents that are one of the only few documents found on
the Massacre at Santa Marta.
"The United Fruit Company." Genius Lyrics, genius.com/Pablo-neruda-the-united-fruit-company-annotated. Accessed 28 Sept. 2019.
This poem by Pablo Neruda, went along with my claim, that the United Fruit Company
had done unjust to the overworked Banana Workers in the Banana Republic countries,
and the struggles of the Banana workers.
United Fruit Company Steamship Line. Caribbean and Latin America Daily News, www.newsamericasnow.com/caribbean-american-heritage-month-factoid-13/. This is a
source showing the stemline that the UFC maintained to earn extra profit, andd transport
goods as well.
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Workers working at banana crops. modern farmer, modernfarmer.com/2014/07/latest-old-time-farm-crime-banana-massacre/. Accessed 29
Sept. 2019. This photograph portrays a image of the banana workers' plantations and
what kind of environment they work in on a daily basis.
Secondary Sources
"The Banana Massacre." NeatORama, www.neatorama.com/2014/07/27/The-Banana-Massacre/. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019. This is yet another website contributing to a source of
information about the banana massacre incident.
"The Banana Massacre." Ozy, www.ozy.com/flashback/the-banana-massacre/38073. Accessed 28 Sept. 2019. I chose this article for one of my secondary sources, because it portrays
the timeline of the event similar (not exact) I would have, especially in my historical
context, and also it focuses in on one of the founders, Minor Cooper Keith, who plays a
major role in the UFC and their success, because he owned numerous railway systems in
the South, especially Columbia.
"The Banana Massacre." Vimeo, vimeo.com/81230547. Accessed 24 Nov. 2019. This is a video outline the events that occured and led up to the Banana Massacre, and the main
guideline I followed in my website.
The Banana Massacre . Vimeo, vimeo.com/81230547. Accessed 1 Dec. 2019. This image is a very crucial bit of the video that I am already using. It contains a sort of depiction of the
strikers and their demands on clear signs.
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"BANANA MASSACRE 6 DECEMBER 1928." History Channel, foxtel, www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/banana-massacre/. Accessed 28 Sept.
2019. This is a must-go-to source, because History.com is the home base of secondary
sources, because they have a little bit of everything from all the other secondary sources,
and then some. It didn't take a lot of digging to reach this source, and is a major
contributor to my information in my research.
"Big Fruit." NY Times [New York]. NY Times, www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/review/Kurtz-Phelan-t.html. Accessed 28 Sept.
2019. There were many reasons for using this news article. The first and foremost, is the
amount quotes it has, especially by the famous Spanish author, Gabriel Gracia Marquez,
who wrote the ground-breaking piece, among other credible people. Another reason is
that it represents a new different insight from a very credible, the New York Times itself,
and to end it off, there is a illustration to go with the article, that could be useful to put in
the website.
, Brian. "What is the Significance of the United Fruit Company?" WorldAtlas, Aug. 1, 2017,
worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-significance-of-the-united-fruit-company.html. This
secondary source article surrounds the United Fruit Company and their role in history,
specifically between the United States and Columbia, among other Latin countries that
were part of the Banana Republic. This sources sort of gives information on the bad guy,
and their bad deeds throughout history.
Bucheli, Marcelo. Bananas and Business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia, 1899-2000. NYU Press, 2005. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jjtj. This is a database source, a
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book to be exact, that could potentially help me with my website, by providing quotes,
etc.
"Colombia, Great Banana Strike." Encyclopedia , www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/colom
bia-great-banana-strike. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019. This is a reliable and neutral source that
explains what went down at the Colombian Massacre on December 1928.
"Colombia: no guns, no drugs, no atrocities, no rape, no murder. Just bananas…." The Guardian ,
www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/25/colombia-farmers-fairtrade-bananas-civil-war-
drug-trafficking. Accessed 30 Nov. 2019. This is another source giving insite about the
banana massacre, and helping visualize the event more.
"The Controversial History of United Fruit." Harvard Business Review , hbr.org/podcast/2019/07/the-controversial-history-of-united-fruit. This source is a radio
interview of a historian who studies the evolution, impact and responsibility of global
business, and has done extensive research on the United Fruit Company. He is a very
credible source judging that he spend a immense amount of time on the company's
history.
"The Creation of a Banana Empire: An Investigation into Chiquita Brand." Harvard Politics Review, harvardpolitics.com/world/the-creation-of-a-banana-empire-an-investigation-into-chiquit
a-brand/. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019. This source provided the website with yet another
source of argument against the UFC with some quotes that can be used in the website.
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García Márquez, Gabriel, and Gregory Rabassa. One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York, Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006. This book is the most prized and worthy
resource I have. It sold 30 million copies in 37 languages, and the author had one a Nobel
Peace Award for Literature. It is a historical-fictional story about a fake Columbian
family, living and their experience of the Massacre.
Green, W. John. Gaitanismo, Left Liberalism, and Popular Mobilization in Colombia. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. This book shows the reactions of the
liberal side of the Colombian government and how they responded to the massacre
"Jorge Eliécer Gaitán." Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/biography/Jorge-Eliecer-Gaitan. This is a encyclopedia description
of liberalist politican in favor of the banana strike, when nobody else was.
"Jorge Eliécer Gaitán." United Fruit Company , www.unitedfruit.org/gaitan.htm. Accessed 1 Dec. 2019. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán is a liberalist politician who gave a lot of speeches and
one of the major leaders that stood with the banana strikers and fought for better wage for
them. This webpage us mini-bio on him and his actions.
"LA MASACRE DE LAS BANANERAS" ["THE BANANA MASSACRE"]. Revista Credential , www.revistacredencial.com/credencial/historia/temas/la-masacre-de-las-bananeras.
Accessed 2 Dec. 2019. This is a article from a latino perspective. It is important to
accomadate other ethnic point of views.
"The Nation." Banana Kings, www.thenation.com/article/banana-kings/. This is another article about the UFC with reveals their dominance in the Latin American countries.
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"One Hundred Years of Remembrance." Harvard Political Review, harvardpolitics.com/books-arts/one-hundred-years-remembrance/. Accessed 28 Nov.
2019.
"One of Colombia's worst massacres in history a communist myth: Opposition senator."
Colombian Reports, colombiareports.com/one-colombias-worst-massacres-history-communist-myth-oppositio
n-senator/. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019. This is a article that gives more info about the
massacre itself, and address the political aspect of the situation, where the strikers were
falsely mistaken to be communist.
"The Tentacles of 'El Plupo'" ["The Tentacles of 'The Octopus'"]. Dspace, file:///C:/Users/new/Downloads/thetentaclesofelpulpo.pdf. Accessed 28 Sept. 2019. This
is a pdf article the whole thing, the United Fruit Company, the Banana Republic and
Massacre, the pre and post events relating to the Massacre and UFC's rise. It's a perfect
source because it is done by a student who had done research just like I am, so most of
the information on there is already simplified, it is one of my reliable sources.
"United Fruit Company." World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2019, worldhistory-abc-clio-xaaa.orc.scoolaid.net/Search/Display/312209. Accessed 28 Sept.
2019. A database source can never do any harm, because it is the most reliable out of all
my other sources. Although there wasn't much, considering it is a relatively small topic, I
was lucky enough to find this source alone, on the United Fruit Company, which may
come in handy.
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"United Fruit Company." Encyclopedia, www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/united-fruit-compan
y. Accessed 11 Nov. 2019. Although I have many resources on the United Fruit
Company, most of them are aganist to the company, as I am. But, this source is neutral,
which makes its special because it's good to view the company and its history from a
different source, a different perspective as one would say.
"United Fruit Company in Columbia." UFC in Columbia, ufcincolumbia.weebly.com/ufc-who-are-they.html. Accessed 29 Sept. 2019. There are
two reasons I picked this source. The first is that it also is a website constructed by
research, most likely a student, so it is a good reference. Another reason is that, a lot of
these sources cover the United Fruit Company as a whole, but its history in Columbia
specifically.
The United Fruit Company Radio Stations. WBF - a Typical Ute, www.pateplumaradio.com/genbroad/utes/wbf.htm. This webpage gives insite on what
was happening with the the radio networks and what the UFC did with them.
"Welcome to the United Fruit Historical Website." United Fruit Historical Society, www.unitedfruit.org/chron.htm. Accessed 28 Nov. 2019. This source is a online
database, started by historians Marcelo Bucheli and Ian Read at a time when, their were
not many sources on the United Fruit Company. It contains, a timeline, biographies, etc.