Molecular Study of Intraspecific Differences Among Sauropus Androgynus (L.) Merr
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Yükseköğretim Kurulu
Prof. Dr. Nermin Gözükırmızı Eğitim: Doktora sonrası, Universite d'' Amiens, Biology Department, FRANSA, 1985-1985 Doktora sonrası, The University of Houston, Biology Department, ABD, 1979-1980 Doktora, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Dr.rer.nat, 1975-1979 Lisans, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Botanik-Zooloji, 1968-1972 Mesleki Deneyim: Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, University Technology, Malaysia, 21.04.2013 - 28.04.2013 Bölüm Farabi Koordinatörü, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik, 12.03.2009 - 12.03.2014 Bilimsel Araştırmalar Komisyon Üyesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik, 10.03.2005 - 10.03.2009 Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı, TÜBİTAK, ÇİTTAE, 15.03.2004 - 15.03.2006 Bitki Biyoteknolojisi, Danışman, TÜBİTAK, MARMARA ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ, 04.03.1992 - 25.03.2006 Araştırma Alanları: Transposonlar, Endogen retrovirüsler, Uzun kodlama yapmayan RNA’lar Epigenetik, Bitki Biyoteknolojisi Dersler: Lisans: Temel Genetik, İnsan Genetiği, Bitki Doku Kültürü, Bitki Moleküler Biyolojisi, Kromozom Biyolojisi, Gelişim Genetiği, Bitirme Projesi Yüksek Lisans: Bitkilere Gen Transfer Yöntemleri, Bitki Moleküler Biyolojisi ve Genetiği laboratuvar Projesi Doktora: İşlevsel Genomik, Bitkilerde Rekombinant Protein Üretimi ve İzolasyonu Akademik Dergi Editör Kurulu Üyelikleri: Manas Tarım Veteriner ve Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi / Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Science, Degerlendirme Kurul Üyesi, 19.11.2017 - Devam Ediyor Genetics and Application, Editör, 29.06.2017 - Devam Ediyor Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, Yayin Kurul Üyesi, 02.12.2016 - Devam Ediyor MOLBİGEN, Editörler Kurulu Üyesi, 24.11.2016 - Devam Ediyor Plant Breeding and Genetics, Editörler Kurulu Üyesi, 01.01.2016 - Devam Ediyor Journal of Plant breeding and Genetics, Yayin Kurul Üyesi, 06.03.2012 - Devam Ediyor GM Crops, Yayin Kurul Üyesi, 31.03.2011 - 01.03.2017 İ.Ü. -
Genome Analysis of Plants
Khalid Rehman Hakeem Hüseyin Tombuloğlu Güzin Tombuloğlu Editors Plant Omics: Trends and Applications Plant Omics: Trends and Applications Khalid Rehman Hakeem Hüseyin Tombuloğlu Güzin Tombuloğlu Editors Plant Omics: Trends and Applications Editors Khalid Rehman Hakeem Hüseyin Tombuloğlu Faculty of Forestry Department of Biology Universiti Putra Malaysia Fatih University Selangor , Malaysia Buyukcekmece , Istanbul , Turkey Güzin Tombuloğlu Pathology Laboratory Techniques Program Vocational School of Medical Sciences Fatih University Buyukcekmece , Istanbul , Turkey ISBN 978-3-319-31701-4 ISBN 978-3-319-31703-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31703-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949383 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
68E4750dd202144b7b94704b6
Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies e-ISSN 2718-062X https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/flsrt Volume: 2 - Issue: 1 Contents Research Articles • In silico comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein using bioinformatics tools Mehmet Emin URAS Pages : 1-9 • A new species from Turkey: Eleocharis divaricata (Cyperaceae) and a note for E. atropurpurea Mustafa KESKİN, David MERRİCK Pages : 10-13 • The effect of biology teaching with concept cartoons based on constructivist learning approach on student achievement and permanence of knowledge Ali ASLAN, Tubanur ASLAN ENGİN, Gülbübü KURMANBEKOVA, Fethi KAYALAR, Filiz KAYALAR, Yalçın KARAGÖZ, Adem ENGİN Pages : 14-20 Review Articles • Modern agriculture and challenges Abdulgani DEVLET Pages : 21-29 • The new era in office-based facial rejuvenation: Promising technology of silicone threads Naci CELİK Pages : 30-34 Issue Editorial Board Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu AKCAL Prof. Dr. MNV PRASAD Institution: Akdeniz University Institution: University of Hyderabad Prof. Dr. Nermin GOZUKIRMIZI Prof. Dr. Muhammed ASHRAF Institution: Istinye University Institution: University of Agriculture Faisalabad Prof. Dr. Nusret ERDOGAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Olena BILOUS Institution: Istinye University Institution: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Editor Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Ilker OZYIGIT Co-Editor Ibrahim Ertugrul YALCIN Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies 2(1) (2021) 1-9 Contents lists available at Dergipark Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies Journal homepage: http://www.dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/flsrt Research article In silico comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein using bioinformatics tools Mehmet Emin Uras1 1 Marmara University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, 34722, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract The world has been encountered to one of the biggest pandemics that causing by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). -
Transposons Continue the Amaze
Gozukirmizi, N. International Journal of Science Letters. 2019. 1(1): 1-13. Review Transposons continue the amaze Nermin Gozukirmizi 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Science, Istinye University, Istanbul/Turkey Abstract Article History Transposable elements (TEs) were first discovered in maize plants. Received 01.06.2019 However, they exist almost in all species with a few exceptions Accepted 02.08.2019 (Plasmodium falciparum, Ashbya gossypii and Kluveromuyces lactis). They are the most important contributors to genome plasticity and evolution and even epigenetic genome regulation. Organisms with large genomes have high transposon percentages. For example, Arabidopsis thaliana has a genome size of 125 Mb which comprises 14% Keywords transposons, Homo sapiens (3000 Mb) 45-48.5%, and Hordeum vulgare genome (5300 Mb) has 80%. TEs are classified into two major groups Evolution, based on their transposition mechanisms: Class I (RNA transposons – Genome dynamics, retrotransposons) and Class II (DNA transposons). Recent progress in Mobile elements, whole-genome sequencing and long-read assembly have resulted in Over-sized identification of unprecedentedly long transposable units spanning transposable elements, dozens or even hundreds of kilobases, initially in prokaryotic and more Transposon based recently in eukaryotic systems. All TEs in a cell are named as genome editing transposome (mobilome), and transposomics is a new area to work with transposome. Although a number of bioinformatics softwares have recently been developed for the annotation of TEs in sequenced genomes, there are very few computational tools strictly dedicated to the identification of active TEs using genome-wide approaches. In this review article, after a brief introduction and review of the transposable elements, I discussed their effects in gene expression, evolution, recent applications and also share our research on retrotransposons with different organisms. -
RETROTRANSPOSON BASED MARKERS and THEIR APPLICATIONS in BARLEY (Hordeum Vulgare L.Cvs.) TISSUE CULTURE
PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 RETROTRANSPOSON BASED MARKERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.cvs.) TISSUE CULTURE Nermin Gozukirmizi Istanbul University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul/Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Barley has economical value and it is an important model plant. Transposons cover more than 80% of barley genome. More than 40 retrotransposons were characterized in barley genome. This type of transposons replicate via RNA and move in the genome. As a result of these movements, mutations and genome enlargements are occurred. During the recent years, active transcripts and protein products of some retrotransposons have been determined. Somaclonal variations are spontaneously occurred variations in tissue culture conditions. These variations could be produced by genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms and result in problems in gen transfer applications. We investigated the retrotransposon movements in barley tissue culture and regenerated plantlets using inter retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP), inter primer binding side (iPBS) and analytical techniques (DNA and RNA levels) and determined the relationship between retrotransposon movements, changes in copy number and differention in culture conditions. For these purposes BARE1, NIKITA, BAGY2 and SUKKULA retrotransposons were analyzed. Our research results show that tissue culture conditions and time increase the transposon based variation and copy numbers of retrotransposons and thus, cause genome enlargements. This research will be contribute the understanding of basic mechanisms related to plant development and differentiation in cultured material and also restriction of variations in applications. Keywords: Barley, Tissue Culture, Retrotransposon markers, Somaclonal variation 1 | P a g e ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. -
Long Non-Coding Rnas
Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research New Player of ncRNAs: Long Non-coding RNAs Abstract Mini Review Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in a wide range of biological processes as regulatory factors at the epigenetic, transcriptional and Volume 3 Issue 4 - 2016 of lncRNAs discoveries including their identification, classifications and functions. post- transcriptional levels. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge 1Department of Biotechnology, Istanbul University, Turkey Keywords: Long non-coding RNAs; Discovery of lncRNAs; Classification of 2Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Turkey lncRNAs; Post- transcriptional levels; Epigenetic; Regulatory factors *Corresponding author: Nermin Gözükırmızi, Department of MolecularBiology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Istanbul, 34118 Vezneciler, Turkey, Email: Received: | Published: November 04, 2016 November 15, 2016 Introduction Novel lncRNAs can be detected and discovered by both The mechanism underlying the functions of non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs or npcRNAs) that have no or little protein-coding experimental (next generation sequencing, NGS, technologies) potential is a fascinating area of research [1]. Based on transcript microarrays.and computational Then, thescreenings transcripts [33-35]. sequences First, are the mapped fragments to the of transcripts are obtained by using NGS technologies or tilling The criteria for discriminating between coding and non-coding length, ncRNAs are classified as short (<200 nt) and long ncRNAs as cDNA/EST in silico mining, whole-genome tilling array and sequencesreference genome of RNAs and are identified based on transcribed similarity unitsto known of the codingRNAs. (lncRNAs; >200 nt). The recent high-throughput analysis such RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) has revealed that the transcription sequences or statistics of codon frequencies for coding potential landscape in eukaryotes is much more complex than had been to[36]. -
Prof.Dr. Nermin GÖZÜKIRMIZI
Prof.Dr. Nermin GÖZÜKIRMIZI Kişisel Bilgiler İş Telefonu: +90 212 455 5700 Dahili: 1515101 EF-apxo Tsetale: fnoenrum:i n+@9i0s t2a1n2b u4l5.e5d u5.8tr11 PWoesbta: hAtdtpr:e//sai:v İe.Üs..iFsteann Fbaukl.üedltues.tir, /Mnoelremküinle/r Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü, 34134 Vezneciler-İstanbul Biyografi Prof.Dr.Nermin Gözükırmızı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Profesörü, İzmit, Türkiye'de 18 Haziran 1951 tarihinde doğdu. A19n6ab7i lyimılın Ddaal ıg'nirddai ğPi rİostfa. Dnbr.u El mÜninivee Brsiligtes’ni iBno dtaonkitko-rZao öoğlorjei nBcöislüi omlaürnadke bna 1ş9la7d2ığ yı ıdlınodktao mrae çzaulnış omldalua r vıneı P rBooft.Danri.Nk evbea Gheantetik ıYşaınklaarr-ıTna ent kyiölenrei’tdimiri. nde 1979 yılında tamamladı. Doktora tezi başlığı: Vicia faba üzerine bazı kimyasal maddelerin ve 1 985 İstanbul Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü'e doçent olarak atandı ve 2003 yılından itibaren akademik çalışmalarını Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümünde sürdürmektedir ve 1993 yılında profesör ünvanını almıştır. 1N9e9rm2-i2n0 G0ö6z Büiktıkrim Bıizyıo TtÜekBnİToAloKji, A Mraşrtmıramra BAirraimştıirnmina vMee İrsktaenzib, uGle Ünn Mivüehresintedsisi lMiğoi vleek Bülieyro tBeikynoololojij iv Ae rGaeşntıermtika BEönlsütmitülesrüi,nin P koulrimulomrafiszımnd vae aMkotilfe gköürleerv malamrkışetrırla. Ar,r GaDştOır manaa alilzain vlea rbı;i yGoe-ngeütvike,n Bliikt kvie d Eopkiug eknüelttüikr üo lsairsatekm talenrıim vlea nGaebni ltir.a nLsisfearnis, ve lisansüstü düzeyinde dersler vermektedir. bAirlipmas, eblu mğdaakya,l ep a(t7a0te) sv, en okihtaupt, bkaövlüamk, lperaimniunk -
2 2019 Issue / Sayı: 3
Volume / Cilt: 2 2019 Issue / Sayı: 3 Editor in Chief / Baş Editör Assit. Prof. Dr. Yilmaz Kaya, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey Editorial Boards/ Editör Kurulu Fahrul Zaman Huyop, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, Ismail Kocaçalışkan, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Ercan Bursal, Department of Nursing Science, Muş Alparslan University, Turkey Nermin Gozukirmizi, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istinye University, Turkey Azzmer A. Abdul Hamid, Department of Biotechnology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Muhammet Kurulay, Department of Mathematics Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Ertan Ermis, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul S. Zaim University, Turkey Mohamed Faraj Edbeib, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Baniwalid University, Libya Ali Yuksek, Department of Islamic Law, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey Hasan Murat Aksoy, Department of Plant Protection, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey Ayşe Feyza Tufan, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Halic University, Turkey Muhammed Yüceer, Department of Food Processing, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey Sevgi Marakli, Department of Medical Techniques and Services, Amasya University, Turkey Sibel Yilmaz, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yeni Yüzyıl University, Turkey, Sahin Ozel, Department of Chemistry, Bursa Uludağ University, Turkey Kasım -
Editor in Chief / Baş Editör Asst. Prof. Dr. Yilmaz Kaya Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey
Volume / Cilt: 3 2020 Issue / Sayı: 2 Editor in Chief / Baş Editör Asst. Prof. Dr. Yilmaz Kaya Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey Section Editors / Bölüm Editörleri* * sıralama akademik unvan içinde alfabetik sıralamaya göredir. * The ranking is arranged alphabetically within the academic title. Prof. Dr. Ali ASLAN, PhD, Van Yuzuncuyıl University Prof. Dr. Ercan BURSAL, PhD, Muş Alparslan University Prof. Dr. Hasan AKAN, PhD, Harran University Prof. Dr. Nermin GOZUKİRMIZİ, PhD Istinye University Prof. Dr. Tengku Haziyamin TENGKU ABDUL HAMİD, PhD, International Islamic University Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayhan HORUZ, PhD Ondokuz Mayıs University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Murat AKSOY, PhD, Ondokuz Mayıs University Editorial Board / Editör Kurulu Prof. Dr. İsmail KOCAÇALIŞKAN, PhD, Yildiz Technical University Prof. Dr. Muhammet KURULAY, PhD, Yildiz Technical University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulbubu KURMANBEKOVA, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University Assoc. Prof. Dr. İsmail ERPER, PhD, Ondokuz Mayıs University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arshad JAVED, PhD, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roswanira AB. WAHAB, PhD, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevgi MARAKLI, PhD, Amasya University Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdussamat GÜZEL, PhD, Inonu University Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali Yuksek, PhD, Ondokuz Mayıs University Asst. Prof. Dr. Cihan İNAN, PhD, Karadeniz Technical University Asst. Prof. Dr. Ertan ERMİŞ, PhD, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University Asst. Prof. Dr. Feyza TUFAN, PhD, Halic University Asst. Prof. Dr. Harun ÖZER, PhD, Ondokuz Mayıs University Asst. Prof. Dr. Kasım TAKIM, PhD, Harran University Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohamed EDBEİB, PhD, Baniwalid University, Libya Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhammed YÜCEER, PhD, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Dr. Aliyu ADAMU, PhD, Kaduna State University Dr. Lect. Abdulgani DEVLET, PhD, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Dr. -
211 Nikita Retrotransposon Movements in Callus Cultures of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare
POJ 5(3):211-215 (2012) ISSN:1836-3644 Nikita retrotransposon movements in callus cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Emre Bayram, Sibel Yilmaz, Halide Hamat-Mecbur, Gonul Kartal-Alacam, Nermin Gozukirmizi* Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul-TURKEY *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Retrotransposons are dynamic elements of the genome and exist in high percentages in the genome of many organisms. However, the majority of retrotransposons are inactivated during development by different mechanisms such as methylation. Some stress conditions may have a stimulating effect on the activation of retrotransposons. In vitro culture conditions can be considered as one of these stress factors due to nutrients, chemicals, physical factors and photoperiods. In this study, Nikita retrotransposon polymorphism was investigated on different calli ages (30-, 60- and 90-day-old) of barley, which developed from the same embryo on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L 2,4-D. Mature barley embryos (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Zafer-160) were cultured for callus formation and sub-cultured every 30 days. Three experiment sets were constructed to determine the polymorphism between individual calli originated from different embryos in the same culture time. Polymorphism was detected using Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) technique with two different Nikita specific forward primers. Three mature embryos were used as control. In total, 20 homomorphic PCR bands were obtained from both reactions in intact embryos. However, some polymorphic bands (~ 550 and 650 bp) were solely observed in calli. Our results showed that tissue culture conditions caused the movement of Nikita retrotransposon at different ages of calli that originated from the same embryo and at the same time. -
Nermin Gözükırmızı 2. Date of Birth : 18.06.1951 3
1.Name Surname : Nermin Gözükırmızı 2. Date of Birth : 18.06.1951 3. Title : Prof.Dr. 4. State of Education : Prof.Dr. 5. Current Institution : Istinye University Education: BSc. Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Botany- Zoology, Istanbul, 1972. Ph.D. University of Istanbul, Science Faculty, Department of Botany and Genetics, Istanbul 1979. Dissertation Title: “Effects of some chemicals and rays on Vicia faba”. Assoc. Prof. 1985, University of Istanbul, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Prof. 1992-2018, University of Istanbul, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics 6. Academic Appointments Academic Member of Istinye University, Head of Molecular Biology and Genetics Department since September, 2018. Academic Member of Istanbul University since 1972 -2018 June. Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, University Technology, Malaysia, 21.04.2013 - 28.04.2013 The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey , Research Institutes of Genetics Engineering & Biotechnology, Group leader, 1992-2006. Visiting Scientist: Houston University, Biology Dept. 1979-1980. 7. Research Interest: Transposons, Endogenous retroviruses, Long non-coding RNAs Epigenetics, Plant Biotechnology 8. Research Projects and Activities 1. NATO-TU “Biotechnology-Establishment and Promotion of New Biotechnological Techniques in Turkey” Establishment of Tissue Culture and Gene Transfer Systems in Barley 1991-1994. 2. NATO -TU Biotech; "Monoclonal Antibodies- Modification by recombinant DNA Technology and Exploitation", 1994-1998. 3. Plant Biotechnology (TUBITAK)1992-2000 4. Paulownia Tissue Culture and Propagation (TEKNOGEN Comp.)2000 5. Development of Biotechnologicaly Improved Poplar Clones, (Turkish Paper and Pulp Industries)1996-2000. 6. Eureka Cereal Stresstol-1322, 1996-2003. 7. Cotton tissue culture, gene transfer and fiber improvement (Turkish Textile Foundation), 2002-2006. -
Salt Stress and Homobrassinosteroid Interactions During Germination in Barley Roots Sevgi MARAKLI*, Aslihan TEMEL, Nermin GOZUKIRMIZI
Available online: www.notulaebotanicae.ro Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2014, 42(2):446-452. DOI:10.15835/nbha4229461 Salt Stress and Homobrassinosteroid Interactions during Germination in Barley Roots Sevgi MARAKLI*, Aslihan TEMEL, Nermin GOZUKIRMIZI Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 34134, Vezneciler Street-Istanbul, Turkey; [email protected] (*corresponding author) Abstract Potential alleviation effects of Homobrassinosteroid (HBR) (0.5 and 1 µM HBR) on root germination, cell division and antioxidant system enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Hilal’) roots grown under different salt concentrations (150 mM and 250 mM) were investigated during 48 and 72 h at dark with their controls. Salt applications decreased primary root lengths, seminal root lengths, number of roots from one seed, mitotic activity and induced mitotic abnormalities. In addition, salt application decreased protein content but increased enzyme activities both at 48 h and 72 h when compared to control. Roots treated with HBR enhanced root lengths and root number. HBR-treated roots showed more mitotic activity, mitotic abnormalities and significant enlargements at the root tips when compared to controls and only salt-treated samples. Salt + HBR applications stimulated root lengths and showed more mitotic activity and mitotic abnormalities when compared to only salt-treated samples. Salt application increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities both at 48 h and 72 h. However, HBR application decreased total soluble protein content and increased enzyme activities especially at 48 h compared to control. Depending on concentration and timing, salt + HBR treatments showed varying results in total soluble protein content and enzyme activities.