DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Engineering & Surveying

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Engineering & Surveying University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Engineering & Surveying Telemetry and Communication Systems for Irrigation Management A dissertation submitted by Alison McCarthy in fulfilment of the requirements of ENG4111/2 Research Project towards the degree of Bachelor of Mechatronic Engineering Submitted: November, 2006 Abstract The development of wireless communication systems for agricultural and irrigation ap- plications has enabled farm managers to access real-time data from in-field sensors to improve on-farm operations. Recent research into wireless sensor networks for agri- culture has focussed on reducing the power consumption and manual configuration of the nodes by the end-user, while commercial wireless sensor networks use short-range transceivers such as Zigbee or long-range transceivers such as UHF citizen band radio. However, the research wireless sensor networks often experienced reduced reliability under field conditions. Therefore, this project aims to design a telemetry system with a focus on reliability under field conditions. UHF citizen band radio was investigated as a candidate wireless transmission medium over which audio tones, modulated with serial data, were transmitted. The modulation technique used was frequency modulation, and was implemented using integrated circuit modems. A wireless network was designed with: a polling medium access method; star topology; error handling using repetition and cyclic redundancy codes; and robust protocol. The developed telemetry system was tested under field conditions, such as in the pres- ence of crop canopy and irrigation water, and near power lines which potentially cause noise in telemetry signals. Data delivery rates of 100% were achieved using 0.5 W radios transmitting at 1200 baud for 2 km, which satisfied all the telemetry system requirements. UHF citizen band radio is a reliable, long distance transmission medium for wireless sensor networks. The feasibility of a wireless sensor network using UHF citizen band radios and medium access methods including polling for on-farm use has ii been demonstrated. Further research on the use of UHF citizen band radios in wireless sensor networks may potentially allow higher data rates and rival data rate capacities of short-range transceiver networks. University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Engineering and Surveying ENG4111/2 Research Project Limitations of Use The Council of the University of Southern Queensland, its Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, and the staff of the University of Southern Queensland, do not accept any responsibility for the truth, accuracy or completeness of material contained within or associated with this dissertation. Persons using all or any part of this material do so at their own risk, and not at the risk of the Council of the University of Southern Queensland, its Faculty of Engineering and Surveying or the staff of the University of Southern Queensland. This dissertation reports an educational exercise and has no purpose or validity beyond this exercise. The sole purpose of the course pair entitled “Research Project” is to contribute to the overall education within the student’s chosen degree program. This document, the associated hardware, software, drawings, and other material set out in the associated appendices should not be used for any other purpose: if they are so used, it is entirely at the risk of the user. Prof G Baker Dean Faculty of Engineering and Surveying Certification of Dissertation I certify that the ideas, designs and experimental work, results, analyses and conclusions set out in this dissertation are entirely my own effort, except where otherwise indicated and acknowledged. I further certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for assessment in any other course or institution, except where specifically stated. Alison McCarthy 0050009145 Signature Date Acknowledgments My family for their support throughout my project and program. My project supervisors, Mark Phythian, Professor John Billingsley and Erik Schmidt for their assistance and guidance. Nigel Hopson and Lindsay Evans in Jondaryan and Ray Griffith in Dalby for providing field trial sites. Alison McCarthy University of Southern Queensland November 2006 Contents Abstract i Acknowledgments v List of Figures xvi List of Tables xxi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Broad Aims and Specific Objectives .................... 2 1.2 Overview of the Dissertation ........................ 3 Chapter 2 Background 4 2.1 Telemetry in Irrigation in Australia ..................... 4 2.2 Furrow Irrigation ............................... 4 2.3 IrrimateTM Surface Irrigation System .................... 5 2.4 Other Advance Rate Sensors ........................ 7 2.4.1 Capacitance Sensors ......................... 7 CONTENTS vii 2.4.2 Two-point Measurement of Advance Rate ............. 7 2.4.3 Agricultural Sensors ......................... 8 Chapter 3 Literature Review 9 3.1 Wireless Technologies for On-farm Sensor Networks ............ 9 3.1.1 Short-range Transceivers ....................... 10 3.1.2 Citizen Band Radio ......................... 11 3.1.3 Amateur Radio ............................ 12 3.1.4 Cellular Mobile Telecommunications ................ 13 3.1.5 Infrared, Visible-light and Acoustic Devices ............ 13 3.1.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies’ Specifications ....... 14 3.2 Research Prototype Wireless Sensor Networks ............... 15 3.2.1 Literature Review of In-field Performance of Research Prototype Wireless Sensor Networks ...................... 15 3.2.2 Comparison of Research Wireless Sensor Networks ........ 17 3.3 Commercial Wireless Sensor Networks ................... 18 3.3.1 Literature Review of Specifications of Commercial Wireless Sen- sor Networks ............................. 18 3.3.2 Comparison of Commercial Wireless Sensor Networks ...... 19 3.4 Conclusions .................................. 19 Chapter 4 Conceptual Investigations 21 CONTENTS viii 4.1 Wireless Technologies for New Telemetry System ............. 21 4.1.1 UHF Citizen Band Data Transmission ............... 21 4.1.2 Integrating Short-range Transceivers with Citizen Band Radio . 22 4.1.3 Wireless Technology Chosen ..................... 23 4.2 Feasibility of Citizen Band for Telemetry System ............. 23 4.2.1 Voice Modulation ........................... 24 4.2.2 Tone Modulation ........................... 26 4.3 Conclusions .................................. 27 Chapter 5 Data Modulation and Demodulation 29 5.1 Software-based Decoding at Base Station ................. 30 5.1.1 Software in Delphi .......................... 31 5.1.2 Software in Matlab .......................... 32 5.1.3 PICAXE Circuit to Transmit Signals for Software-Based Decoding 32 5.1.4 Conclusions on Software-based Decoding at Base Station .... 34 5.2 Hardware-based Decoding at Base Station ................. 34 5.3 Choosing a Modulation Technique ..................... 34 5.3.1 On-off Keying ............................. 35 5.3.2 Amplitude-shift Keying ....................... 35 5.3.3 Audio Phase-shift Keying ...................... 36 5.3.4 Audio Frequency-shift Keying .................... 37 CONTENTS ix 5.3.5 Multiplexing ............................. 37 5.3.6 Chosen Modulation Technique ................... 38 5.4 Evaluation of Frequency Shift-keying Modems ............... 38 5.4.1 TCM3105 ............................... 39 5.4.2 FX614 ................................. 40 5.4.3 XR2206 and XR2211 ......................... 41 5.5 Conclusions .................................. 42 Chapter 6 Design of Network Protocol 43 6.1 Network Topologies .............................. 43 6.1.1 Ring, Bus, Mesh and Star Network Topologies .......... 44 6.1.2 Network Topology Chosen ...................... 45 6.2 Medium Access Methods ........................... 45 6.2.1 Random Access Methods ...................... 46 6.2.2 Scheduled Access Methods ..................... 47 6.2.3 Medium Access Method Chosen for System ............ 47 6.3 Error Handling ................................ 48 6.3.1 Acknowledgements and Non-acknowledgements .......... 48 6.3.2 Parity Bit Schemes .......................... 48 6.3.3 Checksum ............................... 49 6.3.4 Cyclic Redundancy Schemes ..................... 49 CONTENTS x 6.3.5 Repetition Codes ........................... 50 6.3.6 Implementation of Error Handling Scheme ............. 50 6.4 Asynchronous/Synchronous Transmission ................. 51 6.5 Format of Data ................................ 51 6.5.1 Data Compression .......................... 51 6.5.2 Designed Communications Protocol for Telemetry System .... 52 6.6 Implementation of Network Protocol .................... 53 6.6.1 Design of Circuit to Implement Network Protocol ......... 53 6.6.2 Overview of Base Station and In-field Node PICAXE Software . 56 6.7 Construction of Interfacing Circuit ..................... 59 6.7.1 PICAXE Microcontrollers Chosen ................. 59 6.7.2 Circuit Schematic of Interfacing Circuit .............. 59 6.8 Workshop Evaluation of Interfacing Circuit ................ 60 6.8.1 Testing the Network Protocol .................... 60 6.9 Development of Graphical User Interface .................. 61 6.10 Comparison of Designed Protocol with OSI Model ............ 64 6.11 Conclusions .................................. 65 Chapter 7 Construction of Nodes for Field Evaluations 66 7.1 UHF Citizen Band Radios .......................... 66 7.1.1 Extending Communication Range ................. 69 CONTENTS xi 7.1.2 Interference from Other
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Radio Training Notes
    BUSH SEARCH AND RESCUE VICTORIA RADIO TRAINING NOTES BSAR members use Police and CB radios on search operations. These notes cover the skills required to effectively use those radios, including: How to use the controls on the Police and CB radios Sending and receiving radio messages The radio checks required prior to leaving the search base Use of call signs Use of pro-words such as Standby, Over, Say again, Out Use of the phonetic alphabet: e.g. Bravo Sierra Alpha Romeo Send, receive and record location information with grid references in correct format. Reference: BSAR Manual Chapter 11: Additional Skills - Communications Section, pp 82-90. RADIO SAFETY Do NOT operate any radio in an explosive atmosphere Obey “Turn Off Two-way Radio” instructions eg at petrol stations, hospitals, etc Do NOT touch the antenna when transmitting Do NOT transmit when the antenna is missing or damaged. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Rik Head for preparing these notes. Use of the Victoria Police radio instruction sheet is acknowledged in developing parts of these notes. The radio images are courtesy of Simoco and Uniden. The radio system diagrams are courtesy of Rik Head. Version: 2.7 Date: Jan 2015 Bush Search And Rescue Victoria Radio System Types There are two basic types of radio systems, conventional and trunking systems and within conventional systems there are two modes: simplex and repeater operation. Simplex – a conventional radio system Remote Base f1 (if in place) Good reception - high on hill f1 f1 Simplex Operation Search Base Poor reception One channel - uses No reception - Good reception - due to foliage the same transmit and shaded by hill close by & line of sight receive frequency Simplex channels use a single frequency (f1) for transmit and receive and allow direct communications between one radio and all other that are within range.
    [Show full text]
  • Mhz As a Primary User
    Response to Ofcom Consultation Q1. What future uses might this spectrum support? The availability of this spectrum is a rare opportunity. As such, the benefits should be made to the general public, as well the business stakeholders. 1. Amateur Radio:The UK Amateur Radio service is allocated the 2m band from 144.000 to 146.000 MHz as a Primary User. In comparison, the USA has an allocation from 144.000 through to 148.000 MHz. An expansion of this band by 0.5 – 1 MHz immediately above 146.000 MHz will be beneficial to the amateur radio community. 2. VHF Citizens' Band service: The UK only CB Service at 934 MHz was withdrawn in 1998, with the loss of 20 channels to GSM 900 Mobile operators. This is an opportunity to re-introduce a 20 channel CB service, at a frequency range which does not have the propagation characteristics of the 27 MHz band. An allocation at VHF will allow practical antenna lengths to be used in vehicles and buildings. In comparison, ACMA (Ofcom's counterpart in Australia) has sanctioned the use of a 77 Channel “UHF CB” service at around 476 – 477 MHz. 3. Simple UK (Business Radio): The business radio Simple UK licence permits 15 spot frequencies to be used at a 12.5 kHz bandwidth. The addition of more frequencies for this licence type will ease congestion. 4. A “personal use” radio service: There are a number of licensable and licence-free radio services available for individuals. This include PMR446 (licence-free) and the licensable Business Radio (Simple UK), as well as CB Radio on 27 MHz and a number of low-power allocations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ubc92xlt Scanner
    UBC92XLT SCANNER 200 Channels 6 Pre-Programmed Service Banks with Close CallTM RF Capture OWNER’S MANUAL Precautions PrecautionsBefore you use this scanner, please read and observe the following. EARPHONE WARNING! Use only a genuine Uniden earphone. An incorrect earphone may be hazardous to your hearing. Turn down volume before connecting the earphone and then adjust volume to suit. WARNING! Uniden does not represent this unit to be water- proof. To reduce the risk of fire or electrical shock, do not expose this unit to rain or moisture. Trademarks used throughout this manual are the property of their respective holders. Precautions 2 UBC92XLT Controls and Display Antenna UBC92XLT ControlsHeadphone and Display Jack (see “Connecting the Antenna” on Page 19) Squelch Volume Display DC 6V UBC92XLT Jack Power Keypad UBC92XLT Controls and Display 3 Contents Introduction ........................................................... 6 FeatureContents Highlights ................................................. 8 About This Manual ........................................... 9 Understanding Scanning .................................... 11 What is Scanning? ......................................... 11 What is Searching? ........................................ 11 Conventional Scanning ................................... 11 Where To Obtain More Information ............... 13 Included With Your Scanner ............................... 14 Setting Up Your Scanner .................................... 15 Using Internal Batteries .................................
    [Show full text]
  • Airband Radio Operator Certificate Manual
    Airband Radio Operator Certificate Manual 1- Version: January 2012 About the airband radio operator license Very high frequency (VHF) airband radios are becoming more common as a tool for aircraft pilots to identify the location and intention of other aircraft in their vicinity (for VHF use at non-towered aerodromes see Civil Aviation Advisory Publication 166-1(0) and 166-2(0)).i In some classes of airspace the use of VHF airband radios is mandatory. Using a VHF airband radio requires a license endorsement. To obtain a VHF airband radio operators license you must satisfactorily (80% pass mark) complete both written and practical exams. This manual provides you with information regarding VHF airband radio use in Australia for the satisfactory completion of the written VHF airband radio operator examination. Radio communications in Australian are controlled by the Australian Communications and Media Authority ( www.acma.gov.au ). About the airband Airband radios transmit and receive a radio frequency. Radios are set to transmit and receive on specific frequencies across a band of frequencies. The radio waves that are transmitted and received are base on wavelengths and amplitudes. A cycle is one complete wave action. The frequency, measured in Hertz, is the number of cycles passing a given point in one second. One cycle per second = 1 Hertz (Hz) 1,000 Hz = 1 kilohertz (KHz) 1,000 KHz = 1 megahertz (MHz) 1,000 MHz = 1 gigahertz (GHz) The wavelength is the length of one cycle. The height of the peak or trough from the centreline is called the amplitude ; the greater the amplitude, the stronger the signal.
    [Show full text]
  • JULY 1962 50C
    JULY 1962 50c the citizens bare journal www.americanradiohistory.com INTERNATIONAL'S Executive k8 o Check these outstanding features .. Crystal filter for minimizing adjacent channel interference. Built-in calibration circuit 12 position crystal controlled transmit channel selector Front panel micro- phone jack Provision for connecting external speaker and S/meter Tunable dual conversion superheterodyne receiver covering all 23 channel Two crystal controlled receive positions Push -to -talk operation Three way power supply for 6/12 vdc and 115 vac Five watts plate input Certified tolerance ±.005% Brown cabinet with brown and silver panel Dimensions: 51/2" H. x 81/2" W. x 9" D. Complete with 1 transmit crystal, 1 receive crystal, new style ceramic microphone and coil cord $199.50 Model 100 0 Executive Approved For Canada International's Model 100 B with built-in speech clipper is now fully certified and approved for two way Citizens communication throughout the Dominion of Canada. Visit your dealer today and ask him for a demon- stration. Model 100 B complete with microphone $239.50 www.americanradiohistory.com The International Model 100 Executive is designed for top performance and dependability. Here is a transceiver to fill the requirements of the most demanding Citizens licensee. Twelve crystal controlled transmit channels, a tunable dual conversion superheterodyne receiver covering all 23 channels, plus two crystal controlled receive positions are only a few of the out- standing features of the Model 100. Highest quality components and rugged construction add up to years of trouble free operation.. model 100 EXECUTIVE ACCESSORIES .. External Speaker S/Meter The perfect companion unit for the Model 100 Executive.
    [Show full text]
  • Communications
    Australian Disaster Resilience Handbook Collection This manual is no longer current. It has been archived. This manual will not be reviewed and should be used for historical reference only. For further information please refer to AFAC Doctrine AUSTRALIAN EMERGENCY MANUALS SERIES PART IV Skills for Emergency Services Personnel Manual 38 COMMUNICATIONS Second Edition EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AUSTRALIA © Commonwealth of Australia 1998 First edition 1991 Second edition 1998 ISBN 0 642 47306 4 Edited and published by Emergency Management Australia Typeset by Defence Publishing Service, Department of Defence Printed in Australia by Paragon Printers, Canberra Copyright Permission to use the document and related graphics is granted provided that (1) the below copyright notice appears in all copies and that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear, and (2) use of document and related graphics is for educational, informational and non-commercial or personal use only. In all cases the Commonwealth of Australia must be acknowledged as the source when reproducing or quoting any part of this publication. Examples and quotations from other sources have been attributed to the original publication whenever possible and are believed to fall within fair use provisions, but these portions retain their copyright protection and must not be used without attribution. Enquiries related to copyright should be addressed to: The Director General Emergency Management Australia P0 BOX 1020 Dickson ACT 2602 Or telephone (02) 6256 4600 or fax (02) 6256 4653 or email [email protected] Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved. Disclaimer This publication is presented by Emergency Management Australia for the purpose of disseminating emergency management information free of charge to individuals who provide professional training and supervision to members of professional organisations in the field of emergency management.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Watt Compact UHF CB Radio
    5 watt compact UHF CB radio INSTRUCTION MANUAL CONTENTS IMPORTANT INFORMATION Depending on how close your receiving radio is to another transmitting radio, there can be interference from the The use of the Citizen Band radio service is licensed in INTRODUCTION ....................................................................3 HIGH VOLTAGE WARNING ...................................................15 transmitting radio if it is using a channel adjacent to the Australia by the ACMA Radio communications (Citizens channel you are listening to. Simply try moving up or down a IMPORTANT INFORMATION ...................................................3 ANTENNA CONNECTION ....................................................15 Band Radio Stations) Class Licence and in New Zealand by few channels from the currently selected channel. the Ministry of Economic Development New Zealand (MED). POSSIBLE ISSUES ...................................................................3 NOISE SUPPRESSION ...........................................................15 A General User Radio Licence for Citizens Band radio and The above situations are not a fault of the radio but a normal symptom of operating wideband and narrowband radios in the EMERGENCY CHANNELS.......................................................3 CTCSS TONE FREQUENCY CHART ........................................16 operation is subject to conditions contained in those licences. same bandwidth. This possible interference will decrease over TELEMETRY CHANNELS .........................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • INSTRUCTION MANUAL Compact 5 Watt UHF CB Radio
    Compact 5 watt UHF CB radio INSTRUCTION MANUAL CONTENTS ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED ...........................................................2 Receive (RX) only Channels ..................................................16 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................2 Configuration Menu .............................................................16 IMPORTANT INFORMATION ......................................................3 INSTALLATION .......................................................................18 Possible Issues .......................................................................3 DC Power Connection ..........................................................20 Emergency Channels ..............................................................3 High Voltage Warning ..........................................................20 Telemetry Channels ................................................................3 ANTENNA CONNECTION........................................................21 FEATURES ................................................................................4 NOISE SUPPRESSION ..............................................................21 CONTROLS ...............................................................................5 CTCSS TONE FREQUENCY CHART ...........................................22 Front Panel Controls ...............................................................5 DCS TONE CHART...................................................................23 Rear
    [Show full text]
  • Code of Practice for the Pairing of Vhf Aeronautical Stations to Vhf Or Uhf Land Mobile Radios
    CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PAIRING OF VHF AERONAUTICAL STATIONS TO VHF OR UHF LAND MOBILE RADIOS ‘Best practice’ recommendations for interconnection of services between VHF Airband (AB) and Land Mobile Radio (LMR) systems Australian Radio Communications Industry Association Inc. (ARCIA) Unit 9 – 21 Huntingdale Road, Burwood, Vic 3125 Australia www.arcia.org.au - @ARCIAorg – [email protected] “© This document is protected by Copyright legislation and may only be reproduced in its entirety and without amendment or alteration.” CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PAIRING OF VHF AIRBAND AND UHF/VHF RADIOS Code of Practice for the pairing of VHF Aeronautical radios to VHF or UHF Land Mobile Radios. This code of practice has been developed by the Australian Radio Communications Industry Association (ARCIA), both the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) and Air Services Australia (ASA) were consulted during the development of the code. The code is designed to provide information for regulators, airlines and communication industry members on a standard interface format for interconnection of radios. Guiding Principles VHF Aeronautical (AB) frequencies and networks are a critical part of aviation networks in Australia. Protection of these networks in particular from interference is paramount for the safe operations of Aeronautical networks. This code of conduct is intended to maintain the expected protection of VHF Aeronautical frequencies and networks in Australia. All Radio Frequency (RF) equipment has the potential to cause interference and this Code of Conduct serves to highlight suitable standards for all RF equipment used in airports. The Code of Conduct does NOT permit (under normal operational circumstances) equipment to be connected in this format for other than provision of ‘Ground service facilities’ at any airport, it must not be used for any form of Flight Operations.
    [Show full text]
  • TX3350 Instruction Manual
    Super compact 5 watt UHF CB radio with ergonomic speaker control microphone INSTRUCTION MANUAL CONTENTS ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED ..................................................... 3 Selecting a Scan Group ............................................. 12 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 3 Programming Scan Channels .................................... 12 IMPORTANT INFORMATION ................................................ 3 OPEN SCAN MODE ......................................................... 12 Possible issues ............................................................ 3 GROUP SCAN MODE ....................................................... 13 Emergency channels ................................................... 3 Auto Skip ................................................................. 13 FEATURES .......................................................................... 4 Quick Channel Select ................................................ 14 Telementry channels ................................................... 5 Using two Group Scan or two Open Scan Modes ....... 14 GENERAL OPERATION ........................................................ 5 SELECTIVE CALLING ......................................................... 14 MC634B Controller Microphone ................................. 5 SelCall Indentification Number (IDENT) ..................... 14 Display ....................................................................... 5 SelCall Ident Labels .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Watt Uhf Cb Radio Tx3100
    PRINTING SPECIFICATIONS: TX3100 IM FINAL ARTWORK PROOF Flat size: 276 x 100 mm folded to: 138 mm (w) x 100 mm (h) 28 pages DRAWING # 49381-3 Book to be saddle stitched in 2 place PART # 311028 Stock: 130gsm + Gloss Laminiate JIRA REFERENCE GRA-1639 Print: Colour - CMYK ECO # 8457 Finishes: Gloss laminate SUPPLIER WK Part Number: 311028 Drawing Number: 49381-3 MPE # 5 WATT UHF CB RADIO TX3100 INSTRUCTION MANUAL CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 3 Using Scan ............................................................................... 14 IMPORTANT INFORMATION....................................................... 3 Skipping Over Busy Channels While Scanning ......................... 15 TELEMETRY CHANNELS.............................................................. 4 Transmitting While Scanning ................................................... 15 FEATURES................................................................................... 5 INSTALLATION .......................................................................... 15 GENERAL OPERATION ................................................................ 6 Antenna Installation ........................................................ 16 Unique Flip Feature ........................................................... 7 Noise Suppression ........................................................... 16 Power................................................................................. 7 DC Power Connection .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UNIDEN Uh088sx CB RADIO
    UNIDEN uh088sx CB RADIO UNIDEN UHF CB Transceiver Contents Controls/Indicators/Connections Controls....................................................................................... 3 Indicators.................................................................................... 4 Connections................................................................................ 5 Introduction Features....................................................................................... 6 PreventativeMaintenance............................................................ 6 Troubleshooting.......................................................................... 6 MemoryBackup.......................................................................... 6 Layout......................................................................................... 7 Includedwithyouruh088sx CBradio................................................ 8 Operation SettingtheSquelch....................................................................... 9 SelectingaChannel...................................................................... 10 Transmitting................................................................................ 10 UsingRepeaterChannels............................................................. 10 Operatingtheuh088sxinDuplexMode........................................ 11 Scanning...................................................................................... 11 OpenScan(OS)Mode.................................................................
    [Show full text]