Russian Language Русский Язык

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Russian Language русский язык ! Daniel Labenski MT Seninar 2014 Tel Aviv University Russian • 150 million native speakers • 110 million as a secondary language • It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia Russian Origin • 500 AD the Slavic peoples separated into Western, Eastern, and Southern groups • Later, on unknown date, the Eastern Slavic language divided into Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Russian Phonology & Script • A modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. • Vowels: • 5 vowels, which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. • Consonants: • Consonants are divided into palatalized (soft) and non-palatalized (hard) ones unlike English. • Signs: Morphology • A highly fusional morphology • Words are formed using affixes which can be stacked one upon the other • Russian has some use of agglutinative compounds. • металлоломообеспечение “provision of scrap iron” • Word reduplication may occur in everyday spoken language: • белый-белый “(white-white)- very white (snow)” Morphology - Example Russian Grammar • 3 genders: masculine, feminine and neutral • no article!! (such as the, a, an in English) • Verbs Inflected for • three persons • two numbers • three tenses (present, future and past) • Marked for two voices, active and passive. • Marked for Mood. Formed by adding бы (would) after a verb in past tense Word Order • Free word order! • Examples: • Я пошёл в магазин. (I went to the store) • Я в магазин пошёл. (I to the store went) • Пошёл я в магазин. (Went I to the store) • Пошёл в магазин я. (Went to the store I) • В магазин я пошёл. (To the store I went) • В магазин пошёл я. (To the store went I) Translation Tools • Google Translate (since 2006) • Russian-English, English-Russian translator • (and through English to other languages) • text-to-speech property • phonetic typing • Russian word-form morphological analyzers References • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_grammar • http://russian.languagedaily.com/basics/basic-facts-about-the-russian- language • Michal Faktor Presentation, Seminar in NLP 2011, http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nachumd/NLP/2011/Languages/Russian.pdf .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots
Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. Forthcoming. Armenian secret and invented languages and argots. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9938150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 ARMENIAN SECRET AND INVENTED LANGUAGES AND ARGOTS. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Светлой памяти Карена Никитича Юзбашяна посвящается это исследование. CONTENTS: Preface 1. Secret languages and argots 2. Philosophical and hypothetical languages 3. The St. Petersburg Manuscript 4. The Argot of the Felt-Beaters 5. Appendices: 1. Description of St. Petersburg MS A 29 2. Glossary of the Ṙuštuni language 3. Glossary of the argot of the Felt-Beaters of Moks 4. Texts in the “Third Script” of MS A 29 List of Plates Bibliography PREFACE Much of the research for this article was undertaken in Armenia and Russia in June and July 2011 and was funded by a generous O’Neill grant through the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. For their eager assistance and boundless hospitality I am grateful to numerous friends and colleagues who made my visit pleasant and successful. For their generous assistance in Erevan and St.
[Show full text]
Zero Exponents in the Russian Language and Peculiarities of Their Learning
Proceedings IFTE-2020, 1193-1202 doi:10.3897/ap.2.e1193 VI International Forum on Teacher Education Zero Exponents in the Russian Language and Peculiarities of Their Learning Tatyana A. Korneyeva* (a) (a) Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan (Russia), 18 Kremlyovskaya street, [email protected] Abstract The research aims at finding methods and techniques for intensifying educational activities of students in the study of the Russian language, increasing their motivation, developing creative potential, and meaningfully studying the facts of the Russian language using the capabilities of the digital educational environment. The purpose of the article is to justify the effectiveness of accessing digital resources, primarily the National Corps of the Russian Language as an information and reference system based on a collection of Russian texts in electronic form, providing wide access to linguistic and speech facts in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. Research objectives: to analyze the features of the methodology for studying word formation using data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL) and to show the possibilities of using the corpus to identify semantic differences between word-building synonyms. The main research methods include theoretical analysis of scientific and educational literature, language analysis method, pedagogical observation, modeling of the educational process, conversation method. Key findings of the study are 1) we considered the productive word-formation types of zero suffix names in scientific grammar and educational-methodical complexes, 2) we analyzed NCRL materials on the derivational synonymy of names of zero suffixation and semantic with a variety of synonyms, 3) we have proven the need to use digital educational resources in the educational process and, above all, the opportunities provided for the Russian language project by the NCRL project.
[Show full text]
Russian Federation Interim Opinion on Constitutional
Strasbourg, 23 March 2021 CDL-AD(2021)005 Opinion No. 992/2020 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) RUSSIAN FEDERATION INTERIM OPINION ON CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND THE PROCEDURE FOR THEIR ADOPTION Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 126th Plenary Session (online, 19-20 March 2021) on the basis of comments by Mr Nicos ALIVIZATOS (Member, Greece) Ms Claire BAZY MALAURIE (Member, France) Ms Veronika BÍLKOVÁ (Member, Czech Republic) Mr Iain CAMERON (Member, Sweden) Ms Monika HERMANNS (Substitute Member, Germany) Mr Martin KUIJER (Substitute Member, Netherlands) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2021)005 - 2 - Contents I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 II. Scope of the present opinion .......................................................................................... 4 III. Chronology of the preparation and adoption of the constitutional amendments ............. 4 IV. Analysis of the procedure for the Adoption of the Constitutional Amendments .............. 6 A. Speed of preparation of the amendments - consultations ........................................... 6 B. Competence of the Constitutional Court ..................................................................... 7 C. Competence of the Constitutional Assembly .............................................................. 7 D. Ad hoc procedure .......................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic Language of Siberia Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov
Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov To cite this version: Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov. Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia. In Martin Haspelmath, Uri Tadmor. Loanwords in the World’s Languages: a Comparative Handbook, de Gruyter Mouton, pp.496-524, 2009. hal-02012602 HAL Id: hal-02012602 https://hal.univ-lyon2.fr/hal-02012602 Submitted on 23 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 19 Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia* Brigitte Pakendorf and Innokentij N. Novgorodov 1. The language and its speakers Sakha (often referred to as Yakut) is a Turkic language spoken in northeastern Siberia. It is classified as a Northeastern Turkic language together with South Sibe- rian Turkic languages such as Tuvan, Altay, and Khakas. This classification, however, is based primarily on geography, rather than shared linguistic innovations (Schönig 1997: 123; Johanson 1998: 82f); thus, !"erbak (1994: 37–42) does not include Sakha amongst the South Siberian Turkic languages, but considers it a separate branch of Turkic. The closest relative of Sakha is Dolgan, spoken to the northwest of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
[Show full text]
The Ethno-Linguistic Situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory at the Beginning of the Third Millennium
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Siberian Federal University Digital Repository Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 7 (2011 4) 919-929 ~ ~ ~ УДК 81-114.2 The Ethno-Linguistic Situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory at the Beginning of the Third Millennium Olga V. Felde* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia 1 Received 4.07.2011, received in revised form 11.07.2011, accepted 18.07.2011 This article presents the up-to-date view of ethno-linguistic situation in polylanguage and polycultural the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The functional typology of languages of this Siberian region has been given; historical and proper linguistic causes of disequilibrum of linguistic situation have been developed; the objects for further study of this problem have been specified. Keywords: majority language, minority languages, native languages, languages of ethnic groups, diaspora languages, communicative power of the languages. Point Krasnoyarsk Territory which area (2339,7 thousand The study of ethno-linguistic situation in square kilometres) could cover the third part of different parts of the world, including Russian Australian continent. Sociolinguistic examination Federation holds a prominent place in the range of of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is important for the problems of present sociolinguistics. This field of solution of a number of the following theoretical scientific knowledge is represented by the works and practical objectives: for revelation of the of such famous scholars as V.M. Alpatov (1999), characteristics of communicative space of the A.A. Burikin (2004), T.G. Borgoyakova (2002), country and its separate regions, for monitoring V.V.
[Show full text]
Sibir' (Siberia)
Ethnolinguistic 28 Lublin 2017 I. Research articles DOI: 10.17951/et.2016.28.187 Aleksandra S t a r z y ń s ka (Olomouc, Palacký University, Czech Republic) Sibir’ (Siberia) in the Russian language system∗ SIBIR’ (СИБИРЬ, SIBERIA) belongs to the concepts and words with a special status in the Russian lexis, and so in the Russian worldview. The present study reconstructs the image of SIBIR’ on the basis of the Russian language system (more precisely, on the basis of dictionaries) and with the use of the cognitive definition proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński. Discussed is the etymology of Sibir’ (Сибирь), the lexeme’s synonyms, opposites, semantic and word-formational derivatives. The analysis is complemented with a survey of fixed expressions and collocations. Thus we arrive at the cognitive definition that consists of thirty defining features organised into the following facets: category, part, opposition, location, non-physical features, size, appearance, localiser, living conditions, function, feelings and attitudes to Siberia, and the region’s inhabitants. In various contexts of the usage of Sibir’ (and its derivatives) the most conspicuous is the negative valuation of Siberia as a place of exile, harsh climate, and unwelcoming living conditions. Key words: cognitive definition, Siberia, language system, Russian ∗ The present paper is an abridged version of a fragment of my Ph.D. dissertation, prepared during my research stay at the Department of Polish Philology, Maria Curie- Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. The research stay for doctoral students of Palacký Univeristy Olomouc was possible thanks to an agreement between the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Republic of Poland, and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport, the Czech Republic.
[Show full text]
Language Policy in the Russian Federation: Language Diversity and National Identity
Language Policy in the Russian Federation: language diversity and national identity by Marc Leprêtre Abstract This paper gives an overview on the different language policies implemented in the Russian Federation, stressing the relevance of the historical background, the relations between language and nationalism, and language promotion as a tool for preventing inter-ethnic conflicts and for ensuring a peaceful and balanced linguistic diversity. The text is structured in four sections: historical overview (language policy and nation-building in the USSR); interethnic tensions in the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet context; the awakening of national groups in Russia; and strategies for a peaceful and balanced management of linguistic diversity in the Russian Federation and the Soviet successor states. 1 1. Historical overview: language policy and nation-building in the USSR The processes of language planning and language policy carried on since 1991 in the Russian Federation can't be explained without a short reference to the historical, political and social outcomes raised by the nationality and language policies implemented during decades in the former USSR. Nevertheless, insofar as the topic of this paper is what is going on nowadays regarding the management of language diversity, I will try to summarize this historical background2. The ideological bases of the Soviet nationality policies and the process of nationalization3 implemented in the republics had a rather paradoxical character as far as on the one hand the Soviet regime entitled the nationalities with a well-defined political and territorial status -even for those which had not yet reached a pre-capitalist level of development- which led to a process of nation-building where political and territorial units were created on the basis of nations that constituted themselves as historical cultural communities during the Tsarist period, contrary to what had been the usual pattern in Western Europe.
[Show full text]
15. Language Policy Under Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the State Language Throughout the Territory of the Russian Federation Is Russian
Doing Business in Russia 15. Language Policy Under Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state language throughout the territory of the Russian Federation is Russian. All official election materials, legislation, and other legal acts, must be published in the official state language. In addition, the Constitution upholds the rights of each of the individual republics within the Russian Federation to establish its own state language. Thus, regional state bodies and local institutions of self-government within Russia’s 21 republics may conduct official state business in two languages: Russian and the republic’s national language. There are a few other principle legislative acts dealing with language policy in Russia, in addition to Russia’s Constitution. These are: the Federal Law On the State Language of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law On the Languages of the Nations of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law On Protection of Consumer Rights, and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 1473). According to the abovementioned laws: (i) All Russian state and municipal bodies, and all companies operating in Russia, including those owned by foreign investors, are required to use Russian in their activities, for example in book-keeping, tax reporting and office paperwork. Official paperwork in the national republics within Russia may also be conducted in those republics’ national language. Paperwork in the sphere of commerce may be also conducted in a foreign language as provided in respective agreements between commercial partners. (ii) The names of companies operating in Russia must be either in Russian or expressed in Russian transliteration.
[Show full text]
Turkey in the Caspian Sea Region
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2008 Turkey In The Caspian Sea Region Seyma Akkoyunlu University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Akkoyunlu, Seyma, "Turkey In The Caspian Sea Region" (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3734. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3734 TURKEY IN THE CASPIAN SEA REGION by SEYMA AKKOYUNLU B.S. Istanbul University, 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Masters of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Spring Term 2008 Major Professor: Houman Sadri ©2008 Seyma Akkoyunlu ii ABSTRACT This thesis will determine the influence of Turkey’s domestic resources on Turkey’s foreign relations with the five Turkic states in the Caspian Sea Region. The spheres analyzed in this study are the common ties, which are history, culture, religion and language, with the regional countries, pan-Turkism, Turkey’s initial interactions as well as ongoing constructive policies in the region. Findings showed that both Turkey and the five Turkic republics were enthusiastic to carry their relations in every field to future cooperation following the break up of the Soviet Union.
[Show full text]
The Russian Language in the Socio-Cultural Adaptation of Kurds Who Resettled to the Republic of Adygea
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 5 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy September 2015 The Russian Language in the Socio-Cultural Adaptation of Kurds Who Resettled to the Republic of Adygea Alla Nikolaevna Sokolova Asiet Yusufovna Shadje Federal State Budget Institution of Higher Professional Education «Adyghe State University» (ASU) 385000, Maikop, street Pervomayskaya, 208, Russian Federation; Email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p283 Abstract Migration flows, which have significantly altered the demographic composition of the South of Russia over the last 25 years, are connected with the inflow of population with poor knowledge of the Russian language. One of the numerous ethnic groups that compactly settled in the Krasnogvardeysky District of the Republic of Adygea is the Kurds (more than 5,000 people). According to the census of the Russian Federation in 2010, every 13th Kurd in Adygea did not speak Russian. In a multiethnic environment, which is characteristic of the Republic of Adygea, the Russian language plays an important unifying role. It largely provides the political stability of the region, true friendship of peoples, and tolerance towards different cultures. Most materials were obtained by researchers in the course of three years of work with the Kurds of Adygea, numerous interviews with people of different ages and occupations, and due to studying the official documents of the administrations of rural settlements and observation of the behavior of students in school and ordinary people in everyday life. The authors used statistical, logical, and sociometric techniques and methods of interdisciplinary research considering the Kurdish ethnic group from the standpoint of sociology and cultural anthropology, as well as the method of participant observation, which allows stating changes that occur in the development of ethnic groups.
[Show full text]
The Movement Toward a Monolingual Nation in Russia: the Language Policy in the Circassian Republics of the Northern Caucasus
Journal of Caucasian Studies (JOCAS) / Kafkasya Çalışmaları - Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi September / Eylül 2015, Yıl / Vol. 1, № 1 ISSN 2149–9527 (print / basılı) ISSN 2149–9101 (online / çevrimiçi) The Movement Toward a Monolingual Nation in Russia: The Language Policy in the Circassian Republics of the Northern Caucasus Sufian Zhemukhov * Şener Aktürk ** Abstract In the context of an institutionalized multi-nationalist ideology, the language policy in Russia is based on the distinction of the native language of the Russian people and the languages of all other non- Russians. Such a distinction is reflected in ‘the Constitution of the Russian Federation,’ federal and regional laws and policy practices that have given advantage to Russian over the other titular languages of the indigenous people in the Russian Federation. This article charts the grand ‘shift’ in Russian state policy toward ethnic diversity. The Soviet- era multinational Leninist/Stalinist approach summarized in the slogan "druzhba narodov" (friendship of peoples) shifted toward a more assimilationist nation-building model. Such ideology reduces the ethnic diversity into just a cultural, folkloric feature of an otherwise monolingual, mono-cultural nation-state. What is the purpose of this discriminatory ethnic and language policy? Our case study of Circassians, one of the ethnic groups in the North Caucasus, demonstrates that, after many decades, such a policy has only caused political and cultural damages to all sides and alienation between them. On the one hand, the assimilationist language policy continues to cause problems with the non-Russian ethnic groups adding to the major challenges that the Russian state faces today. On the other hand, non-Russian ethnic groups, though not yet assimilated into the Russian culture, have undergone significant decrease in terms of their rights to develop their languages.
[Show full text]
Facts About Russia and Its People
Facts about Russia and Its People Name: conventional long form: Russian Federation conventional short form: Russia local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya local short form: Rossiya former names: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Population: 138,739,892 (July 2011 est.) Population Comparison to the World: ranked number 9 Form of Government: Federation Capital City: Moscow Official language: Russian Currency: Russian ruble Interesting Country Facts: Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of area, covering almost twice as much area of the next-largest country, Canada. In fact, part of Russia is in Asia and part of it is in Europe. The country also has nine time zones. It is approximately 1.8 times larger than the U.S. Despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture. Mount El'brus, located in Russia, is Europe's tallest peak.* Long ago, two missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, took Christianity to the Slavic people who settled Russia. These people didn’t have a written language, so these early missionaries created an alphabet for them. It was named for Cyril and the Russian language is based on this Cyrillian alphabet. Russia Religion 1 Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 estimate). Note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non- practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule. Sports 2 Among the most popular sports in Russia are soccer and ice hockey. Basketball is also popular.
[Show full text]