1. Let me propose the neologism “monumentaries” to describe the notion that monuments are not just material documents of the past, but also the expression of a contemporary editorial point of view. Monumentaries are historical buildings that have been purposefully altered post facto in

01/10 order to influence our perception and conception of them. Any careful observer of historic buildings knows that, in order to keep them standing over the centuries, some measure of alteration is always necessary, but that doesn’t make every monument a monumentary. We have to distinguish between alterations due to low- level maintenance, like replacing a couple Jorge Otero-Pailos shingles to fix a leaky roof, and alterations made to express an idea, like replacing a metal roof with clay shingles in order to create a more Monumentaries: historically accurate image of the building at the moment of original construction. Only the latter Toward a Theory type of alteration, insofar as it is justified by both a technical need and an intellectual proposition, of the Apergon is an intentional attempt to turn the monument into a monumentary. Monumentaries are both material and conceptual objects meant to operate discursively in various social, cultural and political realms, as well as disciplines such as architecture, art, history and others. I will focus in particular on the material that is added to monuments in order to transform them into monumentaries. This material, while often presented as a purely functional repair meant to be invisible, or at least dismissible, is in fact a very important aspect of the aesthetics of monumentaries. As modifying aesthetic, it also operates as a conceptual supplement, able to reconfigure, sometimes slightly, other times completely, the ideas previously associated with the monument. While material supplements to monuments are typically intentionally obvious and easy to see, their conceptual status is paradoxically rather difficult to decipher. Building on Derrida’s analysis of artistic parerga, the supplements described in Kantian aesthetics, I will argue that monumentaries are created through supplements that are both the same and different than those at work in other artworks: the same in the sense that they are conceptually extrinsic to the work, materials that need to be removed in order to appreciate the work, but paradoxically indispensable and

e - f l u x j o r n a # 6 — c t b 2 0 1 5 đ J g O P i s M o n u m e t a r i s : T w d h y f A p g therefore constitutive of it; different in the sense that they are meant to physically and conceptually protect and preserve the work for the future. What follows is an attempt to refine the concept of the supplement as it pertains to architecture by theorizing the apergon, the part of architecture that protects it until it will have been fit to stand on its own, that is to say fit to be understood.

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Limestone supplements frame the original stones of the ancient Roman theater in Arles, France. Photo: Jorge Otero-Pailos.

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Supplemental brick scenae frons and Tudela stone cavea seating frame the original stones of the Roman theater in Sagunto, Spain. The design by Giorgio Grassi and Manuel Portaceli was completed in 1993 and received with much criticism. Photo: Iniguez Rodriguez Enrique, Wikimedia Commons.

09.20.15 / 11:36:32 EDT document – difficult to read. Precisely this 2. opacity legitimates the need for a contemporary As in film documentaries, architectural supplement that will illuminate its meaning – monumentaries must strike a careful balance document and supplement are mutually between staging historical evidence objectively constitutive. But the supplement, by definition, and presenting the filmmaker’s or the architect’s needs to appear secondary to the document, subjective editorial point of view. In the ruins of even if without it the document cannot function the ancient Roman theater of Arles, France, the 04/10 as such. So contemporary architects have to editorial point of view of the contemporary pour a great deal of creative effort into making architect appears as an attempt to present a their work appear reversible and unobtrusive, speculative image of what the ground-level even if, in the case of the Arles Theater, it would arcade of the theater’s façade might have looked be physically impossible to separate the new like when it was originally built in the first stones from the ancient Roman ones without century BCE. Pedestrians walking the perimeter inflicting some degree of material damage to the of the theater, along the Rue de la Calade, are latter. presented with a white iron fence placed along đđđđđđđđđđMonumentaries are characterized by their the exact location where the ancient façade once dual nature as both documents and stood. A few blocks of limestone that were supplements, and by the tensions within the clearly the base of the façade interrupt the work that this duality creates at the aesthetic fence. As the visitor nears the northwest corner, and conceptual levels. Monumentaries are works these blocks rise up and turn into a one-story of architecture, but they defy some of our wall with three arches flanked by Doric pilasters. expectations of what architecture is. We are The limestone ashlar is crisply rendered, accustomed to appreciate architecture and suggesting that it was laid more recently, during artworks as objects that “hold together” as a major restoration campaign carried out at the unified aesthetic experiences. But end of the nineteenth century, and retouched monumentaries often appear disaggregated between 2005 and 2009. aesthetically, with their supplements being only đđđđđđđđđđInterestingly, the hand of the architect, the punctually expressed. In other words, the editorial expression, recedes at key moments – supplement does not necessarily bring together for instance, in the case of the new ashlar that the fragments of the original work under a stops short of covering the whole surface of the unified aesthetic. In this sense monumentaries wall in order to reveal remnants of weathered are close to documentaries, where the point of ancient stones. The new stones frame the view of the director is (usually) only overtly historic evidence, staging it for us to appreciate introduced at key junctures in the film. Whereas as an “untouched” document of the past. The a typical fiction film is completely subsumed in need to show these original stones cannot be the aesthetic vision of the director, in a overstated: they are the objective historic documentary the director must try both to reveal documents that legitimate the contemporary his or her creative license more obviously and to work being expressed next to them. Yet conceal it more cunningly. Directors of paradoxically, their status as documents of documentaries and architects of monumentaries ancient Rome is not clear prima fascia. Their have to overtly call attention to their hand in deformed shapes and lack of carvings make order to give the reassuring appearance that the them partially illegible as historic evidence. The rest of the film or building has not been stones alone cannot perform their appointed tampered with and that therefore, on the whole, task as legible, unaltered documents of the past. it can still qualify as evidence. The supplement, They require a supplement, an explanation, an in other words, must be so highly visible, so expert opinion, an editorial point of view, which incredibly obvious, as to be ignorable, something the surrounding restoration is there to provide: if we can mentally remove from the work itself. The the weathered stones appear framed by a partial supplement in a monumentary functions like the replica of a Roman theater, then the visitor is stage in a play. Its obviousness is the enabling gently predisposed to read them as ancient element for the necessary suspension of

Roman stones. After a visit to Arles circa 1905, e - f l u x j o r n a # 6 — c t b 2 0 1 5 đ J g O P i s M o n u m e t a r i s : T w d h y f A p g disbelief. This practice of making the supplement Sigurd Curman, Sweden’s influential National apparent was canonized in the 1964 Venice Antiquarian, praised the “sensibly and Charter, which demanded that every supplement instructively executed supplementary works to a monument “be distinct from the which identify themselves clearly without architectural composition and must bear a spoiling the overall impression of the contemporary stamp.”2 monument.”1 đđđđđđđđđđThe physical building material that makes 3. up monuments can sometimes be an opaque But how do we know if we are expressing a

09.20.15 / 11:36:32 EDT supplement too obviously or too indistinctly? archeological practice of anastelosis – a term Let’s look at an example that has been initially describing the re-erection of the fallen condemned for being excessively obvious: the stele around Greek temples – they inserted some monumentary created by architects Giorgio remaining ancient fragments into the new brick Grassi and Manuel Portaceli at the ancient wall in order to give a sense of how highly ornate Roman theater in Sagunto, Spain. The ruins that the original scaenae frons would have been. remained in the 1970s were mainly the three đđđđđđđđđđDespite the architects’ attempt to follow tiers of cavea, or semi-circular rows of seating. 05/10 convention and render the supplement in an The scaenae frons, or high enclosing wall behind obvious fashion, the project was heavily the stage, was entirely missing, save for the criticized immediately upon completion in 1993. foundations. Preservation architect Antonio Almagro đđđđđđđđđđGrassi and Portaceli wanted to create a protested: “The contemporary spectator or monumentary that would convey the original visitor that enters the space of the theater will architectural experience of an ancient Roman find that, of the surfaces presented to his or her theater. They were designing in 1985, during the sight, not even a fourth part are original Roman years of postmodernism, at the height of the remains.”4 The supplement seemed to him too Italian school of typological urban morphology, obvious and too overwhelming of the original. It which Grassi, Gianfranco Caniggia, and Gian was so present that it could not be ignored, or Luigi Maffei helped shape, and which Aldo Rossi imagined away. Such was the uproar that the and Rafael Moneo disseminated internationally.3 socialist municipality was taken to court by the In order to express the ideal of the Roman opposing conservative party. theater building type, Grassi and Portaceli đđđđđđđđđđAfter decades, the Spanish Supreme Court thought it essential to construct a new wall decreed that the supplement had to be behind the stage as high as the original scaenae physically removed and the theater returned to frons. They were very careful to make it very its “original state.”5 Arguably, this original state obviously contemporary, building it out of was precisely what Grassi and Portaceli unadorned yellow brick to differentiate it from attempted to express in their project. But the the original grey stone. Following the standard Spanish Law of Cultural Patrimony forbids

Supplemental plexiglass seating over the original stones of the Greek Theater at Heraclea Minoa, Agrigento, designed by Franco Minissi (1960–63). Left: as built in 1973. Photo courtesy of C. Bellanca. Right: The first level of bleachers with breaking laminate and greenery infestation, 2000, (N. P. Stanley-Price, J. Jokilehto, “The decision to shelter archaeological sites: Three case studies from Sicily,” Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites no. 5, 2001: 19–34). 09.20.15 / 11:36:32 EDT Erechthion’s caryatid column stands in the Acropolis Museum, Athens. Photo: Jorge Otero-Pailos.

09.20.15 / 11:36:32 EDT reconstructions in new materials, and only site had been documented by archeologists and permits reconstructions based on the was officially listed as a Resource of Cultural anastelosis of original fabric. Despite the Interest, but it was never supplemented. Without supplement’s clear appearance as something a supplemental treatment, the monument could extrinsic to the work, it proved to be impossible not be recognized as such: it was invisible to the to extricate from the ruins. In 2009, the Regional untrained eye. Supreme Court of Valencia argued it was đđđđđđđđđđSimilar cases abound of untreated physically, legally, and financially impossible for 07/10 monuments being misidentified as insignificant it to carry out the orders of the Spanish Supreme objects. In 2013, Belizean construction workers Court.6đSo the supplement still stands. tore down a 2,300-year-old Mayan temple they đđđđđđđđđđAlmagro’s emblematic critique further cues mistook for a pile of rubble to make gravel for us to the paradoxical status of the supplement: it road filler. Dr. John Morris of the Belizean must be obviously expressed but also appear Institute of Archaeology suggested the workers insubstantial, in both senses of the word, as a were being disingenuous: “There is absolutely no material that can be seen through and that is way that they would not know that these are meaningless. This insight has led some creators Maya mounds.”10 of monumentaries to experiment with đđđđđđđđđđAmbiguous legibility threatens the transparent materials, like glass and plastics. existence of monuments. In order to recognize Architect Franco Minissi became well known for something, we must by definition have seen it his transparent plastic supplements, especially before. This means that it would be theoretically his coverings of the cavea of the Greek Theater at impossible for us to identify a construction we Heraclea Minoa (Agrigento, 1960–63).7 But the had never seen before as a monument. To norm, as we’ve seen in Arles and Sagunto, is for survive, they must unequivocally appear as supplements to be expressed with opaque monuments. Supplements are meant to help materials. Using visual techniques such as monuments do what we expect them to do but “phenomenal transparency,”8 opaque cannot do by themselves: to appear as supplements can achieve disappearing effects, monuments. This is their primary role: to impose by carefully matching the original’s regulating conventional attributes upon the extraordinary lines while completing its missing volumes in objects that will render them recognizable as order to create the sense of continuity, monuments, that is, as evidentiary documents of overlapping fields, depth, and so on. When taking the past. in the monumentary as a whole, supplements appear as a material through which we can glean 5. or imagine aspects of the original that are in fact For any object to be considered evidence – for it not there. to enter a courtroom, for instance – it must first be prepared according to protocols accepted by 4. the court. Scientific techniques supplement the Done properly, the supplement confounds, blurs object, collaborate with it, and support its claim the line between reality and fiction, and allows to evidentiary status. Evidence is therefore never us to suspend disbelief, to satisfy our desire for free of some degree of necessary manipulation – meaning, to see what we want rather than what a fact well known to forensic experts. As Eyal is before us: to experience the monumentary as Weizman reminds us, forensics is the application unassailable documentary evidence of the past. of scientific methods and techniques to objects The supplement plays on our human propensity such that they may be recognized as evidence in towards binary thinking: its materiality is so forensis, the Latin word for an open court.11 At overdetermined as something artificial and some rudimentary level, the public is aware of meaningless that it makes everything else this artificial contrivance through the media around it, namely the original, appear authentic coverage of, for instance, celebrity court cases. and deeply significant. Preservationists too use media to make the đđđđđđđđđđMonuments without supplements are rare, public aware that the monuments they visit have and for a reason. Recently, a municipal been treated in some way. Think of the maintenance team discovered a rare e - f l u x j o r n a # 6 — c t b 2 0 1 5 đ J g O P i s M o n u m e t a r i s : T w d h y f A p g ubiquitous panels planted in front of monuments unsupplemented six-thousand-year-old Celtic to explain what elements have been replaced tomb in the Galician village of Ardesende, in and with what techniques. Even though they are northwestern Spain. They confused it with an old not physically on the historic object, such panels picnic table with broken benches, and with the and other related media are also its best of intentions, demolished it and replaced it supplements, essential to helping it appear as a with a new table and benches, made of shiny monument. new polished granite slabs to meet the đđđđđđđđđđEvery discipline has its supplements, but standards of the most exacting picnicker.9 The only some have turned the supplement itself into

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The apergon of the Propylaea at the Acropolis protected the stones during transport and construction and was meant to be struck from the work in a future that has yet to come. Photo: Jorge Otero-Pailos

09.20.15 / 11:36:32 EDT their central endeavor and benchmark of against the work that holds up the work, like the creativity in the way that preservation has in the scaffolding against a wall.15 production of monumentaries. The annals of đđđđđđđđđđAs an obstruction, the monumentary's preservation theory are filled with treatises and supplement delays our gratification, postpones reflections on how to best express supplements. conclusive meaning. But it does not deny it. It The same is not true in painting, for instance. simply stands in the way of it, holds it in Painting theory relegates supplements to the abeyance for a moment in the future anterior, margin. The frames we put on paintings help to 09/10 when the monument will have been understood supplement them by establishing a clear inside without supplements. The supplement therefore and outside of representation. They draw the line casts itself as a part of the work that must be between what we should attend to and what we removed in order to illuminate the work, to fully should ignore, what is intrinsic and extrinsic to grasp it. In ancient Greek architecture, this part painting. of the work was called the apergon. A building’s đđđđđđđđđđOne could say, following Jacques Derrida, blocks of ashlar were delivered to the that the very idea of painting rests on the notion construction site unfinished, with rough of the frame.12 Derrida’s philosophical analysis of surfaces. These extra few centimeters were the constitutive role of frames in paintings was meant as a protective covering for the stone all the more significant because art theorists had during transport and installation. Once the stone not seriously examined frames up to that point; was safely installed, the apergon was struck in fact, they continue to mostly overlook them. from the stone as the surface was rendered and Painters still don’t design frames. It is worth the architecture revealed. Perhaps the world’s mentioning, however, that at some point after most famous apergon is the southern wall of the World War II painters realized that the frame – Propylaea, which was never removed because of especially the wrong frame – could completely the drain on Athenian coffers of the alter the reading of their work. They have since Peloponnesian War of 431 BCE. Starting pushed to have their paintings hung frameless.13 especially in the Renaissance, the apergon was đđđđđđđđđđDerrida named the frame the parergon – recognized as beautiful in itself and from the Greek para, that which is next to the aestheticized as rustication on buildings of all ergon, the work. “A parergon comes against, sorts. beside, and in addition to the ergon, the work đđđđđđđđđđTo recognize the monumentary supplement done (fait), the fact (le fait), the work, but it does as the work’s apergon is also to move beyond the not fall to one side, it touches and cooperates tendency in preservation theory to analyze within the operation, from a certain outside.”14 historic buildings according to false dichotomies The parergon is a supplement to the existing that divide their fabric into parts: one being work, a treatment that refashions it slightly, intrinsic original documentary evidence and the enhances it, helps it achieve the presence and other cast as extrinsic, derivative, contemporary meaning it should have but cannot attain alone. interpretation. It will bring us closer to grasping đđđđđđđđđđDerrida’s description of the parergon monumentaries for what they are rather than doesn’t fully capture the nature of the what we desire to see them as, and to supplement in monumentaries. To be sure, appreciating the contemporary forms of monumentary supplements also refashion the expression alongside the pasts that they spawn, work, physically and conceptually.đLike the frame and the futures they help fabulate, rather than of a painting, monumentary supplements also continuing to insist on the traditional concept of are the work. They are also shot through with an the monument as an immutable relic of the past. ambiguous status: they might or might not be đđđđđđđđđđ× considered part of the work. Monumentary All photographs appear courtesy of the author unless supplements also operate conceptually on the otherwise noted. work from “a certain outside.” But physically, they are part of the work and protect the work from further decay. In this sense their belonging to the work is not merely rhetorical.

Monumentary supplements cannot be physically e - f l u x j o r n a # 6 — c t b 2 0 1 5 đ J g O P i s M o n u m e t a r i s : T w d h y f A p g removed without letting the monument incur significant damage, even total collapse. Monumentary supplements do not, as is often claimed, reconstruct the work. Rather, they obstruct it. The word “obstruct” shares the Latin word struere, meaning to build, with construction; but it carries a different Latin prefix: ob-, meaning against. It is a buildup

09.20.15 / 11:36:32 EDT Jorge Otero-Pailos works at the intersection of art, đđđđđđ1 Press, 1987). architecture andđpreservation. He has been Sigurd Curman, “Principles of Restoration: Examples and đđđđđđ13 exhibitedđat major museums, festivals, galleriesđand Desiderata (1906),” Future Derrida would have argued that foundations. Notably, Manifesta7đand the 53rd Venice Anterior, no. 2, vol. 7 (2010): 68. the frame is still conceptually Art Biennial.đIn 2009 he was listed as one of ten young there in a frameless painting. Spanish artists to watch in Architectural Digest and đđđđđđ2 The denial of the physicality of ICOMOS, “International Charter the frame is an featured that same year in the BBC TV’s documentary for the Conservation and acknowledgement and Ugly Beauty alongside Damien Hirst,đAnish Kapoor, Restoration of Monuments and affirmation of its conceptual role Carl Andre, and Yoko Ono. Heđhas received awards Sites (The Venice Charter, 1964)” in creating a border within which 10/10 http://www.icomos.org/charte the painting is constituted as from major art, architecture and preservation rs/venice_e.pdf the site of meaning, and outside organizations including the Kress Foundation, the of which there is only Graham Foundation, the Fitch Foundation, and the đđđđđđ3 insignificance. The frame’s For a good primer on the school invisibility could be read as an Canadian Center for Architecture, and in 2012đthe of typological urban morphology, unknowing attempt to express UNESCO Eminent Professional Award. Heđis a member see Gianfranco Caniggia and its conceptual status as a of the Academy of Arts and Sciences of Puerto Rico. Gian Luigi Maffei, Composizione nonentity. architettonica e tipologia edilizia: Vol 1, Lettura dell’edilizia đđđđđđ14 di base., Vol 2, Il progetto Derrida, The Truth In Painting, 45 nell’edilizia di base (Venice: Marsilio Editori, 1979). đđđđđđ15 It is worth pausing for a moment đđđđđđ4 to consider how the supplement Antonio Almagro, “Arde Sagunto: can be against the work that it is La Polémica Restauración del part of. For example, the missing Teatro Romano,” Arquitectura portions of the Erechthion’s Viva no. 32 (September–October caryatid column are 1993): 67. My translation. supplemented with square masonry and a titanium rod. đđđđđđ5 Physically, these supplements Manuel Marín, “El TS echa abajo are the work. Without both old la rehabilitación del Teatro and new pieces, the column Romano de Sagunto: Considera does not stand up. But they are que su reconstrucción vulnera la crafted in a deliberately crude Ley de Patrimonio HIstórico,” and unadorned way. On the Diario ABC, October 18 2000, 48. aesthetic level the supplement prevents us from immediately đđđđđđ6 appreciating the aesthetic unity “El TSJ considera 'imposible' of the work – we must imagine demoler las obras del Teatro it. At the same time, they Romano de Sagunto,” El Mundo, prevent the ancient fragments April 27, 2009 from disaggregating completely. That is to say, conceptually the đđđđđđ7 supplement is positioned Beatrice A. Vivio, “Transparent against allowing the monument Restorations: How Franco to naturally decay into a Minissi Has Visually Connected formless ruin. Multiple Scales of Heritage,” Future Anterior, no. 2, vol. XI (Winter 2014): 1–17.

đđđđđđ8 Colin Rowe and Robert Slutzsky, “Transparency: Literal and Phenomenal…,” Perspecta 8 (1963): 45–54.

đđđđđđ9 Margarita Lázaro, “Denuncian la construcción de un merendero sobre un yacimiento arqueológico de más de 6.000 años,” Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.es /2015/08/24/yacimiento-arque ologico-merendero_n_8031478. html?utm_hp_ref=spain&ncid=tweetlnkushpmg00000067

đđđđđđ10 “Mayan pyramid bulldozed by Belize construction crew,” BBC News, May 14, 2013 http://www.bbc.com/news/worl d-latin-america-22521669 e - f l u x j o r n a # 6 — c t b 2 0 1 5 đ J g O P i s M o n u m e t a r i s : T w d h y f A p g đđđđđđ11 Eyal Weizman, “Introduction: Forensis,” in Forensis: The Architecture of Public Truth (Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2014), 9–32.

đđđđđđ12 Jacques Derrida, The Truth In Painting, trans. Geoff Bennington and Ian McLeod (Chicago: University of Chicago

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