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Notes on the Origin of the Public Space in the West Notes on the Origin of the Public Space in the West Pedro Azara. Barcelona School of Architecture (ETSAB) The Public Square Today, A Space of introduced by the agora in urban life is actu- Representation (Use and Abuse) ally the definition or delimitation of a space, which no one, citizens or representatives, could A public square is an open space. As it is public, appropriate. All voices and all decisions were it does not belong to anyone in particular or to welcome, provided none dominated. One of any one group but to everyone. It is a place of the great conflicts in history, Achilles’ refusal passage where people come to exchange goods to fight along with his comrades-in-arms in and ideas. An empty square symbolises that the sacking of Troy, was because Agamem- nobody has been able to implant any sign of non briefly took the lead in the agora (in this belonging. case, an empty space on the beach where the The occupation of a square is always regu- Achaean ships had moored in front of the wall lated: it lasts for a limited time. Markets, fairs, of the city of Troy) or, rather, he imposed his “entertainment” activities, concerts and diverse voice when he should not have because, in the types of events are held, regularly or occasion- agora, everybody participated or performed in ally, in this space provided that the public au- an ordered and orderly fashion. thorities, in keeping with all citizens who they However, it is true that public squares are represent whether they have voted for them or taken over by demonstrators, on some occasions not, have clearly stipulated this, without the for an almost indefinite time. Let’s recall the edict giving rise to conflictive interpretations. occupation of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. In all cases, those who occupy the public In most cases, the aim is the abolition not only space know that they have to leave it after the of a government but a whole political system, agreed time. In contrast with a private space, almost always dictatorial, in favour of another nobody can take root in a public space. They can democratic way. The change is substantial. The only pass through; the interruption of move- prevailing order and law are no longer accepted. ment is momentary. A public space is always The occupation is not, therefore, illegal because empty; in other words, available to anyone legality is not recognised. who wants to express an opinion, to exhibit However, in the case of the 15-M Spanish merchandise or even themselves (games and demonstrations, the aim was not to denounce theatre were authorised in the Roman forum a political system but to exalt it, cleansing it but not in the Greek agora in the classical era, of imperfections, distortions and corruptions. although they were before the 5th century Everybody took the democratic system for BC). The great contribution to coexistence granted, so much so that any decision was not IEmed 26.indd 113 25/05/2018 11:15:52 114 Notes on the Origin of the Public Space in the West Pedro Azara taken into consideration if it was not voted for (it is significant that in classical Athens some (by a show of hands, a system unacceptable to citizen assemblies were held in a theatre). What Athenian democracy). They sought to preserve mattered was what was said or debated but it the heart of the system. Therefore, the objec- was also important for the debate to take place tive was not to annul or abolish the law, or to in full view of everyone, not to be followed or confront it, but to refine it. But this law that discussed by everyone, but rather to be seen, was extolled by returning its purity was at the symbolising a “state” of protest. What was same time challenged when a space that cannot said mattered as much as the performance of be occupied but rather shared was occupied. what was said; that it was discussed and that The presence of demonstrators in the Span- the image of the event appeared on the front ish public squares in 2011, as a response to the page of the press. economic crisis and the measures taken by the right-wing Catalan and Spanish governments, We live in the world of image, amidst a gave rise to interesting legal cases. Settled performative event. The square is a big indefinitely, they erected what some demon- stage where people always debate in front strators called a “city”. A “city” governed by of an audience. Demonstrators were (are) some rules, divided into neighbourhoods or representatives or acted as representatives. activities, with areas for food or rest, debates, They assumed a role trade and leisure (mainly concerts). Perhaps it was not really a city but a camp but it was of We live in the world of image, amidst a course a regulated area. Regulated, however, by performative event. The square is a big stage rules that were not those of the city because, where people always debate in front of an audi- by law, the public space cannot be occupied ence. Demonstrators were (are) representatives permanently. So in the event of conflict – of or acted as representatives. They assumed a occupation of the public space by a group of role. They were known as representatives. legally non-representative citizens –, what But they probably represented themselves; law must be applied? The law approved by the they represented themselves as citizens who city or the law that the demonstrators had is- debated. While those who debate in the fora sued for a space that belongs to everyone but usually do so because they are (elected) rep- that cannot hold everyone, at least physically? resentatives, in this case when debating they This should not have been a problem. Those become representatives. Action gave meaning occupying the square might have been the to them. This is why the demonstrations should representatives of all citizens or groups. But have lasted forever; their end was not foretold. were they? Which law supported them? Who The aim of the action was to last forever. had appointed them? They might have been The protest was just or unjust; this is not the elected but the election had not been made vis- issue, because the issue concerns the occupied ible. Moreover, which law could be invoked by “space”. The debate, then, occurred as a perfor- those moving around the square but who were mance. Those taking part assumed a role. Real not demonstrators, or those attending what debates are always public. They take place in was happening without being agents? Public spaces arranged as a theatre, as we have seen law or the law that prevailed in the square? (such is the shape of many modern parlia- The debates were public. They took place in ments: the members of the parliament are at full view of those who wished to attend or the same time actors and members of an audi- observe. They were, therefore, performances ence, watching themselves acting). Halls of de- IEmed 26.indd 114 25/05/2018 11:15:52 Quaderns de la Mediterrània 26, 2018: 113-121 115 bate, congresses and assemblies have stands and itself; although, paradoxically, the fact that the a stage. The orators “go up on” the dais. What square was occupied by a small “city” was proof happens possesses the truth contained in art: it of the goodness of urban life, a goodness faced imitates or enacts life. But, for this to happen, with which the occupation of the square should those taking part must have been elected. They have been meaningless. must have been recognised by the whole audi- ence; that is, by the citizens. In a debate taking place in full view of everyone, the city, through The Mesopotamian Square: Between its representatives, offers itself as a perfor- High Street and Junction mance; and the play is the city under debate. in Southern Mesopotamia Is this exactly what happened in the case of the 15-M demonstrations in spaces that The great archaeological missions of the 20th were public or taken by those attending? century interwar period in Iraq cleared and Occupants appropriate a space. They make it excavated large areas thanks to hundreds or their own. Thus they “steal” or take it from the thousands of workers. A famous photo taken enjoyment of others. This action is legitimised in the city (or site) of Ur, during the discovery if the occupants have been designated for the of the royal tombs from the mid-third millen- role or the function they take on. Was it so in nium BC, in a place unknown today, in the late those cases? 1920s, illustrates the enormous task. In a few years the political and religious centre of this Halls of debate, congresses and assemblies very extensive and highly populated metropolis have stands and a stage. The orators “go was revealed. up on” the dais. What happens possesses The excavations, however, progressed rap- the truth contained in art: it imitates or idly. The discoveries of valuable objects and enacts life. But, for this to happen, those inscribed tablets were essential to prevent the taking part must have been elected. They patrons who were privately funding the mis- must have been recognised by the whole sions from cutting the funds. The architectural audience; that is, by the citizens structures were of less interest. Although tem- ples, palaces and tombs, often visible because Of course, the demonstrations symbolised they were – or were meant to be – in the upper a breakdown of public law.
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