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Water Management and Technological Advancement of the Ancient Tamils in Irrigation Practices: an Assessment from Historical Evidences

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Water Management and Technological Advancement of the Ancient Tamils in Irrigation Practices: an Assessment from Historical Evidences DOI:10.15613/hijrh/2019/v6i1/183883 ISSN (Print): 2349-4778 HuSS: International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 6(1), 18–22, January-June 2019 ISSN (Online): 2349-8900 Water Management and Technological Advancement of the Ancient Tamils in Irrigation Practices: An Assessment from Historical Evidences K. Madhusudharsanan1* and S. Murugaiyan2 1Assistant Professor and Head, Department of History; [email protected] 2Ph. D. Research Scholar, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode – 638004, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Tamil Nadu has been primarily an agricultural country. Nowadays, much attention is being given to trace out the glorious past, especially the ancient irrigation management and technology practiced in the state. Limited sources are available to know the best practices of the irrigation system during this period. The Emperors of ancient period not only patronized irrigation but also had given responsibilities to the village institutions for the apt management and appropriate uses of water bodies in the state. The maintenance work called as Kudimaramat system was functioned well. Sluice technology particularly the knowledge they had given to us for choosing the area of the construction of tanks as well as the materials tofound be used in Tamil for long land life discloses of the dam the withoutscientific any advancement damage even of inthe natural society calamities. then. We Villagecould learn societies the environmentalwere the authorities aspects, of the water rights. However, the changes in landownership pattern and the introduction of canal irrigation paved the way for the decline of tank irrigation in Tamil Nadu. This study made an attempt to highlight the irrigational practices which existed in the ancient Tamil Nadu. Keywords: Anicut, Kudimaramat , Water Rights, Water Management, Technology 1. Introduction functioned well. Sluice technology found in Tamil land discloses the scientific advancement of the society then. Tamil Nadu has been primarily an agricultural country. We could learn the environmental aspects, particularly Nowadays, much attention is being given to trace out the knowledge they had given to us for choosing the area the glorious past, especially the ancient irrigation man- of the construction of tanks as well as the materials to be agement and technology practiced in the state. Limited used for long life of the dam without any damage even in sources are available to know the best practices of the natural calamities. Village societies were the authorities of irrigation system during this period. Ancient emperors the water rights. However, the changes in landownership not only patronized irrigation but also had given respon- pattern and the introduction of canal irrigation paved the sibilities to the village institutions for the apt management way for the decline of tank irrigation in Tamil Nadu. This and appropriate uses of water bodies in the state. The study made an attempt to highlight the irrigational prac- maintenance work called as Kudimaramat system was tices which existed in the ancient Tamil Nadu. *Author for correspondence K. Madhusudharsanan and S. Murugaiyan 2. Review of Literature During the second century A.D, under the administra- tion of Karikala Chola, the Grant Anicut was constructed C. J. Baker’s An Indian Rural Economy (1800-1955): The on the river Cauvery. The credit for the construction and Tamil Nadu Countryside, Kathleen Gough’s Rural Society execution goes to then ruler of the Chola dynasty, Karikala in South East India, John Mencher’s Agriculture and Social Chola. The ruler took keen interest in agricultural devel- structure in Tamil Nadu, K. Palanisami’s Tank Irrigation opment by providing extensive irrigation facilities in the in Tamil Nadu (Revival for Prosperity), David Ludden’s delta regions. This Grand Anicut is a wonderful hydraulic Peasant History of South India, Gomathinayagam’s structure built across Cauvery in its sandy bed even when History of Irrigation in Tamil Nadu, Srinivasan’s Irrigation the technology had not developed. However, there is no and Water supply South India 200 BC to 1600 AD, K. recorded information about this wonderful structure or Rajan’s Ancient Irrigation Technology in Tamil Nadu, the manner of its construction2. Dharmakumar’s The Cambridge Economic History of India,1757-1970, A. Mohanakrishna’s History of Irrigation 4. Construction of New Tanks Development in Tamil Nadu, B. D. Dhawan’s Irrigation and Agriculture Development in India, Arun Bandopadayay’s The period of Kalabhras in Tamil land witnessed no Agrarian Economy of Tamil Nadu (1800-1855), Neel P. recorded information pertaining to irrigation devel- Verma’s Irrigation in India, V. M. Jha’s Irrigation and opment. Pallavas were the pioneers, notably in the Agriculture Development are the important studies on the construction of tanks. Suitable attention was given to subject of Irrigation Development undertaken in the pre agriculture by the pallavas. Tanks namely Chitrameka and post- independence period have been reviewed. Tataka, Parameswara Tataka, Vairamegha Tataka, Mahentra Tataka, Kanakavalli Tataka were their notable 3. Methodology constructions. They were popularly called as ‘kaduvet- tigal’ in terms of their construction of new tanks and In pursuing the study, archival sources have been used to lakes3. The Chola Empire rose to power after the a great extent. Manuals and gazetteers, essays and articles kalabhras with the intention of cultural and political in contemporary journals, and the books appended to the expansionism. Much attention was given to renovation notes and references form the secondary sources of the and reclamation of pools and lakes by the management study. Apart from narrative method, critical analysis has of local administration. Paranthakan, (907-955 A.D) also been adopted. built Veera Chola Vadavarayar flowing north of Tanjore It is noted that certain variety of irrigated cultivation and Maadhurantaka. Rajaraja (985-955 A.D) built the can be traced back as early as Sangam Period (300 B.C – Manniyaru flowing north of Konerirajyapuram and A.D 300). Sangam literature mentions paddy cultivation Uyyakondan Channel flowing through Tiruchurappalli 1 both in terms of river and tank irrigation . Literatures like town and Periyavaaikal4. Rajendra (1014-1044 A.D) Thirukural and Silappadikaram deal with agriculture and built the Mudikondam Aaru branching off from the irrigation practices. Thirukural points out a chapter Sundavaperumal koil. Rajendra also constructed ‘Chola for Uzhavu Cultivation. The Cauvery rises in Coorg, near Gangam’ in Gangai Kondacholopuram. This was popu- Mercara which drains an area of 26,000 square miles, and larly called as his “Watershed Victory Tower” in memory enters the delta of Thanjavur. The Grand Anicut located of his victory over the Ganaga rulers5. Veerarajendran 8 miles east of Tiruchirappalli divides into a number of (1063-1070 A.D) built the Veera Cholam Aaru branch- minor channels to which irrigation has been practiced ing off from the Cauvery near Mananjeri. Vikramachola from time immemorial. Tradition gives credit for the con- (1118-1135 A.D) built the Vikrama Aru branching off struction of the first irrigation work in Thanjavur delta. from the Cauvery north of Kuttalam. For the expansion Vol 6(1) | January-June 2019 | HuSS: International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences 19 Water Management and Technological Advancement of the Ancient Tamils in Irrigation Practices: An Assessment from Historical Evidences and the development of agriculture, they established sep- Source: H.W Fleming in Wuesten, Deiche and arate Variyams or Boards to maintain irrigation facilities. Turbinen”. The Pandya region depended on rainfed reser- voirs for irrigation. The present district of Madurai, 5. Water Rights in Tamil Nadu Ramanathapuram, was once the major dry zone area of the Pandya country. Captain Horsley, a British engineer During the ancient period Ur and Urar had the power to who worked in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu allocate and distribute water from irrigation sources. The made the following statement while renovation work was inscription of Maran Sendan in 770 A.D describes that the undertaken in Kanayakumari District. Urar had sold land to Velsendil (name of a person) along “In other countries and in India also, an engineer gener- with water rights specified for time duration. Similarly, ally works on his own lines in developing any large scheme when the land was sold or transferred to others, the water of irrigation and naturally credits his own skill and perse- share also had been sold along with it. Inscription from 7 verance with the success of his undertaking. Here, however, Pudukottai district depicts this information . I have no hesitation in saying that it has been an unmixed “When the Urar of Alattur sold in auction to a dancing pleasure to me, from a professional point of view, to merely girl of the temple 1.6 ha. of land they also sold with the lands follow the lines of original constructors of the Pandyan 16 naligais (6.4 hrs) of water out of 180 nalaigas (3 days) Canal and Padmanabhapuram Puthanar, because the evi- for which perumkumil nalaigas (Big sluice) was drawing dence of their skill and almost super human perseverance water from tank”. (Pudukottai inscription No. 666) was so marked; and I have, in carrying out the works, felt The present concept of water rights and riparian right 8 contended and fully satisfied to follow the footsteps of those had been existed in ancient Tamil Nadu . After the decline whom, I cannot but consider to have been masters in their of the Tamil Kingdoms, the feudal society dominated and art and facile pioneers in irrigation engineering” 6. gradually the popular village republics had been disinte- (Source: Appadurai A. Travancre Manual vol. II page grated. The newly emerged dynastic rule controlled all the 102) lands and tied up with the relation of non-cultivating aris- The above line clearly shows the knowledge and tocrats in the villages for getting income. advancement of the Tamils than the West in irrigation management.
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