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Gruen Watchmaking Lessons

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Gruen Watchmaking Lessons '.' .,~ THE GRUEN WATCH COMPANY ,.., ._. ' Tim§ Hill / . Cincinnati 6 Ohio .. _) 1 LESSON III Balance - Page 9 ( Part l - What is the Balance Wheel? The balance is the governing part or regulator of a watch. It was first used about 1600 and was merely a crude wheel of any kind of material. The complete · balance wheel assembly ,is composed of the balance wheel, balance staff, roller table and hairspring. The timekeeping possibilities of a watch depend upon the·balance. If its size and weight are not in the correct proportions to the motive force and the rest of the movement, no a_djustment can be made that can make it a good time­ piece. Therefore, the hairspring and all other parts are always secondary in importance to the balance wheel, There are two types of balance wheels, the cut bi-metallic and the solid rim or mono-metallic wheels. A brief description of each ldnd follows: The cut-rim bi-metallic balance is made of a steel center bar or arm, carry­ ing a circular rim cut into two sections, each of tho sections having one free end. and the other end attached to the center bar. Tho circular rim is constructed of ,j(i_'~--- brass·and steel fused together, The former metal, which is affected most by tempera­ tures, is placed on tho outer side of tho rim, Holes are drilled and tapped radial­ . ly through the rim to cal'ry tho balance screws, The purpose of the balance screws . is to provide a weight that may be shifted to make temperature adjustments, Tho number of holes exceeds the number of screws in the balance, as allowance must be 1.. -t,····_ given for moving the screws in·the final temperature ad.justments, Then tho watch is '.'.t;.-<-ir exposed to higher· temperatures, the rim expands, and tho watch runs slower. Tho ::~~ii.x·~-; action of the rim, however, countoracts the slower running because the braes on the ~Yf~:.;. outer side,·which expands more than the steel inner side, curves the· two free rim ·,• ends inward, thus bringing the weight towards tho center of tho balance. When a watch is exposed to lowe r temperatures, the exact opposite occurs,. Tho brass counteracting moro than the steel tends to straighten out tho rim, and carry its weight outward. It will gain in heat if the screws are too near tho center or attached end of tho arm, and will lose in cold if tho screws are too near tho free end of the arm. The size of the balance is governed by tho distance between tho center of its weight and its axis; therefore tho object or the compensation is to keep that distance at its proper point in all temperatures, The other, tno solid rim mono-etallic balance wheel, is the type used in· practically a~l watches today, There are various metals used in its construction, but the alloy of Gruen balance wheels is known as 11 Elinvar11 , manufactured under our trade-marked name 11 CONORUMA 11 , This alloy is a combination of nickel, steel, Chromi­ um, manganese, tungsten and carbon, and creates no thermal·error, therefore requir­ ing.no compensation in the balance wheel for heat and cold, and also is not affected by magnetism, Furthor description and advantages ·or this may be dlound under the .. · topic of 11 Hairsprings11 in another lesson. ( .. ' v'·' ,r:· \ Lesson III - Page 10 f ' \ \ \ ' Part 2 - Staking the Balance Wheel to the Bafance Staff A. To remove the roller, the balance staff is held·by tho collet shoulder in a pinvise. After inserting the roller in a·wire chuck, it is removed gradually by turning the lathe pulley with the left hand, while the pinvise, holding the balance staff, is kept ~teady in the right hand, B, To remove the old staff from tho balance wheel, tho staff is chucked by the hairspring collet shoulder. Turning the lathe rit·slow speed, carefully cut . away the hub for the baknce seat until a little ring, which is the portion of the staff that drops off at the moment the graver turns the hub away to the edge of tho . hole in the b11lanco arm. · C, To rivet the bal11ncc wh00l on the staff, select and cente1r with the coutering punch, a hole in tho staking tool that will fit the roller shoulder of tho staff without binding. Place the balance wheel on the st.aff and use a snug­ fitting round-faced punch which will spread the rivet. (Fig 36) Tap tho punch .a few light blows with a brass hammer at the same time turning the- balance whiiel continuously with the little finger of the left hand,· Now select the proper flat punch, which is used to flatten tho rivet so there aro no uneven surfaces,(Fig 37) This flattening operation is dono in the same manner as tho riveting process. D, To re-fit the roller, ·put it on the roller shoulder of the balance staff and the table should drop on to the1 staff to about the thickness of the upper roller, Place the balance staff over the same hole in tho staking tool and push or tap the roller to its final position by using a flat punch, Part 3 - True Balances Place tho balance·in tho calipers and set the index, (Fig 38) First true the b_alance in the flat, starting with the balance arm so that it is flat and not cupped and both rirma are level, True one segment at a time, beginning at the arm and working towards the open end, (Fig 39) This should be done as much as possible 'with the fingers. Next true in the round, also starting at the arm. Any kinks are to be removed with the wrench or a flat plier that is. lined with cardboard, After truing the balance in the round, it is necessary to test it again in the flat. Part 4 - Poise Balances First clean the poising tool ,jaws and the staff pivots with pith, and level the poising tool and adjust tho jaws, Place the balance in position on the poising tool, (Fig 40) If the balance is out of poise it will start to rotate. When the balance comes to rest the screw that is heaviest will bo the lowest point on the balance rim, To subtract weight use tho balance holder rnnde for this purpose and remove the heavy screw with a screwdriver, Place the screw in the·lathe and under­ cut the screwhoad slightly, Then replace the screw in the balance, and aback the · balance for exact poise by stopping it at each quarter,. A slight tapping of the. 1 poising tool with the tweezer will aid the balance in finding its heaviest point, The greatest care must.bo taken when poising a balance wheel so that tho weight of tho balance is not altered, The slightest addition or subtraction in weight will cause tho watch to lose or gain time, If it is necessary to remove considerable weight, it is advisable to only remove about one-half the runount needed from the heavy screw •. Then tho final . poising is done by ·adding a timing washer on the screw directly opposito the heavy one. This will maintain the original weight of the balance as nearly as possible. •• Page lOA THE Gil.UJ,;N WATCH COl,iPANY TIME HILL CINCINNATI 6, OHIO Fig;, 37 Fig. 36 Bending Rim Up Fig. 39 · Bending Rim Down Balance Fig. 40 (_; Balance In Truing Calipell' ,, Fig. 38 ' ' THE GRUEN WATCH COMPANY .····)· \ .\! Time Hill ·...... · .. ·· J Cincinnati 6 Ohio . 1 '.,,,-''',.. LESSON IV HAIRSPRINGS Pago ll Part l - What is a Hairspring?· · A hairspring is a simple, delicate circular spring, whoso object is to give a constant, regular, harmonic motion (to and fro; back and forth) to·the balance wheel, (Properly speaking, harmonic motion is along a straight line, but it can so well be applied to the circular motion of tho balance.) The harispring was first introduced by Huygens in Pnris in 1674, While l'Abbe Hautefeuille of Orleans was experimonting with pigls bristle and Hooks was busy with angular energy, Huygens, with the holp of Thurst, was applying the hair­ . -"~ spring to the watch, About 1690 it was already in general use, At first,·all forms were considered and tried; the plain flat, the two flat superimposed, the cylindrical, conical and spherical. The only survivals today are the cylindrical for the chronometer and the flat for the watches, Formerly, hairsprings were made primarily of steel, but there wore numerous other types made of various metallic composition, CONORUMA·is the Gruen trade­ marked name for this now metal, discovered by Dr,·Guilliame, and is of great' importance to watchmaking, As an alloy of nickel, steel, chromium, manganese, ( tungsten and carbon, it produces a hairspring with 11 invariable elasticity", creat.. ing no thermal error -- and requiring no compensation·in the balance wheel for heat and cold, The bi-metallic cut-rim balance, therefore, becomes no longer necessary, .As an identification and explanation of the advantages of CONORUMA hairsprings and monometallic, uncut balances, all Gruen·movements which carry'those features · are marked on the balance bridge - CONORUMA, which means CO - Cpmponsation NO - No . RU - Rust or MA - Magnetism and in addition to tho advantages given above, denote~ the following, l - Hairspring will not vary with temperature 2 - Impervious to rust · 3 - Non-magnetic, The first watches had 3 to 4 coils and now we find 11 to 18, · Moro coils are required when the Breguet is used to allow the proper swing.
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