Licensing is crucial to the reuse of taxon annotations

● (.wikipedia.org) Using Crowd-curation to Improve Taxon the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit ● Wikidata (www.wikidata.org) Annotations on the Wikimedia Infrastructure Wikidata is a free and open knowledge base that can be read and edited by both humans and Andra Waagmeester, Daniel Mietchen, Siobhan Leachman, Quentin Groom machines. ● Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) a collection of freely usable media files to which anyone can contribute

● iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org) a project and online social network to share and annotate observations of the global . ● GBIF | Global Biodiversity Information Facility (gbif.org) Open access resource with biodiversity data

● iNaturalist offers its users various licenses to choose from

iNaturalist licenses Add to iNaturalist Add to Wikidata Add to Commons Add to Wikipedia

CC0 + + + +

CC-BY + + + +

CC-BY-NC (default) + - - -

CC-BY-SA + - + +

CC-BY-ND + - - -

CC-BY-NC-SA + - - -

CC-BY-NC-ND + - - -

● CC-BY-NC is the default license in iNaturalist (not optimised for reuse) ○ 35% of the observations have a non- license ○ 6.8% of all observations are available for reuse in the Wikimedia ecosystem, still 1.9 million observations ● 0.47% of iNaturalist users apply a license to their observation that allows reuse in the Wikimedia ecosystem ○ They are responsible for 6.82% of all observations in iNaturalist ○ and cover 60% of species observed through the platform

License Observations (perc) Species (perc) Identifiers (perc) Observers (perc)

CC0 3.29E+05 1.17% 3.14E+04 13.07% 1.22E+04 11.98% 1.11E+03 0.14% CC-BY 1.12E+06 3.97% 6.37E+04 26.51% 1.96E+04 19.28% 2.01E+03 0.25% CC-BY-SA 4.76E+05 1.69% 5.04E+04 20.98% 1.12E+04 10.97% 6.39E+02 0.08% CC-BY-NC 1.50E+07 53.22% 1.94E+05 80.93% 7.75E+04 76.17% 3.25E+05 40.95% CC-BY-ND 4.87E+04 0.17% 1.13E+04 4.72% 4.44E+03 4.36% 1.71E+02 0.02% CC-BY-NC-SA 8.15E+05 2.89% 7.16E+04 29.82% 1.65E+04 16.26% 1.45E+03 0.18%

CC-BY-NC-ND 7.27E+05 2.58% 6.36E+04 26.48% 1.72E+04 16.87% 1.30E+03 0.16% All licenses 2.82E+07 100.00% 2.40E+05 100.00% 1.02E+05 100.00% 7.94E+05 100.00% WM compatible 1.92E+06 6.82% 1.45E+05 60.57% 4.29E+04 42.23% 3.76E+03 0.47%

source: inaturalist.org/observations date: October 2019

Examples

Hypsopygia phoezalis ● iNaturalist:1603362 ● Wikimedia Commons:File:Hypsopygia_phoezalis.jpg ● wikidata:Q5962000 ● English Wikipedia:Hypsopygia_phoezalis

Malachius bipustulatus ● iNaturalist:24311952 ● Wikimedia Commons:Malachius_bipustulatus.jpg ● English Wikipedia:Malachius_bipustulatus

Aloe modesta ● iNaturalist:11203236 ● Wikimedia Commons:Aloemodesta.jpg ● wikidata:Q93405 ● German Wikipedia:Aloe_modesta

Procavia capensis ● iNaturalist:14693435 ● Wikimedia Commons:Cape_Dassie.jpg ● wikidata:Q323847 ● English Wikipedia:Boulders_Beach

Take a picture to

download the full paper